ROSARIO A.

SALAS, PhD
Dept Of Horticulture College Of
Agriculture And Food Science
Visayas State University (VSU)
Baybay City Leyte 6521-A
 To learn the basic steps of transplanting, trellising
and irrigating; and

 To acquire the skills needed in the above

management practices.
What are the things to do before transplanting?
What are the recommended planting distance
What are the steps in transplanting?

Why do we need to trellis?

What are the materials needed?
When is the best time to put up the trellis?
What is the proper height of trellising post?
Why is it important to give water to plants?
When do you know if plants needed water?
What will happen to plants with little or too much
water?
What are the different methods in irrigating the
plants?
What are some of the tips in watering?
• Put the recommended basal fertilizer :
( One week or one day before
transplanting)
• Measure recommended plant distance
( anytime or day before transplanting)

• Punch the plastic mulch with metal

puncher or hot tin can ( anytime or day
before transplanting)

• Water the seedlings in the tray preferably

in the morning of transplanting day
 Ang layo ng “furrows” depende sa
rekomendadong layo sa pagtanim:

Gulay Layo Gulay Layo

(m) (m)
Kamatis 0.75 x 0.50 Batong 0.75 x 50
Talong 1.00 x 0.50 String Beans 1.00 x .50
Atsal 0.75 x 0.40 Bush Beans 0.75 x .50
Repolyo 0.75 x 0.50 Cauliflower 0.75 x .50
Broccoli 0.75 x 0.50 Paliya 3.00 x 1.0
Pipino 1.00 x 0.50 Kalabasa 2.00 x 1.00
Ang layo sa pagtanim sa loob ng „plots‟:

Gulay #Linya Bawat Layo ng tanim

Plot Sa Loob ng Linya
(cm)
Pechay 5 10
Lettuce (head) 3 15
Lettuce (leaf) 4 10
Carrots 3 10
Radish 3 15
Sibuyas 5 10
Bawang 5 10
 POLE SITAO

1.0 m

O O O O O O
0.5 m 0.5 m 0.5 m
O O O O O O

O O O O O O

O O O O O O

O O O O O O

O O 0.5 m O O O O

O O O O O O
1. Select for good and healthy seedlings

2. Push out the seedlings carefully

so that the roots will not be damaged
3. Transplant late in the afternoon or morning if it’s cloudy

4.Press seedling base firmly and

cover the holes with soil
5. Drench the newly transplanted seedling with fertilizer
Pag-aabono
Dalawang klase ng abono:

• Organic (compost, „farm manure‟,

„mudpress‟, etc.)
• Inorganic (urea, complete fert.,
solophos, muriate of potash, etc.)
Ang inorganic fertilizer
• Mabilis ang pagpalabas ng
„nutrients‟ para sa tanim ngunit
mabilis maubos.
• Kapag walang halong organic
fertilizer, ito ay makapagpatigas
ng lupa, at maging sanhi ng
pagiging maasim nito.
Ang organic fertilizer
• Hindi mabilis ang pagpalabas ng
„nutrients‟ ngunit ito ay magtagal
• Makapagpalambot sa lupa

• Nakapagpigil sa pag-asim ng lupa

• Hindi madaling matuyo ang lupa kapag
mataas ang “organic matter content”
• May mga “beneficial microorganisms”
na kumakalaban sa mga mikrobyo na
siyang sanhi ng mga sakit.
Fermented fish-molasses mixture
Nutrient content of some agro-industrial wastes

Waste N(%) P (%) K (%)

Cattle manure 1.04 0.60 1.82
Chicken manure 1.86 4.33 2.03
Swine manure 1.66 3.66 2.28
Mudpress 1.56 3.38 0.42
Rice straw 0.96 0.35 2.03
Coco coir dust 0.47 0.13 0.70
Banana peelings 1.03 1.47 7.18
Rice hull 0.25 1.00 0.90
Saw dust 0.13 0.67 0.91
Ang “Tea Manure”

 1 kg ‘chicken dung’ sa 20 L tubig

 Ibabad sa loob ng 7 adlaw
 Ihalo araw-araw
 Lagyan ng 1 kg molasses
 Dagdagan ng tubig
 Gamiting pang-spray sa halaman
 Gabay sa Paglalagay ng Pataba
Gulay Kailan Pataba/Dami
Ampalaya Pagtanim C. Dung – ½ kg/hill; 14-14-14 – 10 g/hill
21 DAP Urea – 10 g/hill
Flowering Urea – 10 g/hill
Harvesting 14-14-14 – 10 g/hill every two weeks
Melon at Pagtanim C. Dung – 1 kg/hill; 14-14-14 – 15 g/hill
Pakwan 30 DAP Urea – 10 g/hill
45 DAP Urea – 10 g/hill
60 DAP 14-14-14 – 10 g/hill every two weeks
Pipino Pagtanim C. Dung – ½ kg/hill; 14-14-14 – 10 g/hill
21 DAP Urea – 5 g/hill
35 DAP Urea – 5 g/hill
42 DAP Urea – 5 g/hill
 Gulay Kailan Pataba/Dami

Kalabasa Pagtanim C. Dung – 1 kg/hill + 14-14-14 – 20 g/hill

30 DAP Urea – 10 g/hill
45 DAP Urea – 10 g/hill + KCl – 7.5 g/hill
60 DAP Urea – 5 g/hill + KCl – 10 g/hill
Kamatis Pagtanim C. Dung – ½ kg/hill + 14-14-14 – 15 g/hill
21 DAP Urea – 7 g/hill + KCl – 3 g/hill
35 DAP Urea – 7 g/hill + KCl – 3 g/hill
Talong at Pagtanim 12.09 N - 6.94 P2O5 - 3.33 k2O g/plant
atsal 21 DAP 12.09 N - 3.33 k2O g/plant
35 DAP 12.09 N - 6.94 P2O5 - 3.33 k2O g/plant
49 DAP 12.09 N - 3.33 k2O g/plant
RR: 150-100-160 N, P2O5, k2O
Pagtanim 400 g Chicken Dung (ACIAR-Soil)
 Gulay Kailan Pataba/Dami

Cabbage, Pagtanim C. Dung – ½ kg/hill + 14-14-14 – 10 g/hill

Cauliflower 21 DAP Urea – 10 g/hill
at broccoli 35 DAP Urea – 10 g/hill

Lettuce Pagtanim C. Dung – ½ kg/hill + 14-14-14 – 15 g/hill

14 DAP Urea – 5g/hill

Carrot, Pagtanim C. Dung – 15 kg/10 m2

radish 14-14-14 – 650 g/10 m2
Solophos – 150 g/10 m2

Stringbeans Pagtanim C. Dung – ½ kg/hill + 14-14-14 – 10g/hill

Bushbean 35 DAP Urea – 5 g/hill + 5 g KCL/hill
B. Beans
 Gulay Kailan Pataba/Dami
Onion Pagtanim C. Dung – 15 kg/10 m2
14-14-14 – 650 g/10 m2
Solophos – 150 g/10 m2
1. To PREVENT fruits from touching
the ground making it clean

2. To PROTECT a plants from

strong wind and typhoon
3. To MAXIMIZE the space by
growing some plants
vertically

5. To HARVEST fruits
comfortably

4. To MONITOR plant diseases

and insects easily
 Right after transplanting, start putting up the trellising posts

 Finish trellising the crops within the first 2 weeks after

transplanting
 Any local material that is cost efficient and effective
 Material that is strong and durable
 Posts: kakawate, kawayan, kahoy, bakal, semento,
 Tali: blue string, nylon, lubid na plastik o abaka
 Depends on the height of the worker because
below 4 feet and above 6 feet is difficult to manage
and harvest the fruits
• Water is an essential ingredient in photosynthesis
• Water transports mineral and nutrients to the plants
• Water keeps the plant plump & erect
• Water makes up 70-95 % of plant weight
• Water regulates temperature of the plant
When do you know if plants need water?
Is it when the soil is dry and cracking?

Or when the leaves are curling or wilting?

Distort young leaves and burn the tips
of mature leaves

Stunt growth of plants

Cause Blossom end rot in tomato and

pepper

Deform fruits of cucumber and beans

Cause wilting and death of leaves and

eventually the whole plant
Too much water will result to the following:
• Dropping of lower leaves
• Yellowing of leaves
• Showing of black wet patches
• Changing the color of roots or
lower stem to black
• Wilting of plants
• Cracking in tomato and bitter gourd,
• carrots and radish (due to fluctuations
• in water supply)
1. Hand watering through hose, watering cans,
plastic sprinkler or specialty hose
2.Overhead irrigation/sprinkler irrigation- water is
applied in the form of spray or rain
3. Surface irrigation/ furrow irrigation or flooding
4.Drip or trickle irrigation
• Water early in the morning when air is cool and wind is
low
• Make sure that watering is deep enough throughout the root zone
• Concentrate watering in the root zone to avoid waste of water
• Keep amount of water applied as uniform as possible
• Spread a layer of organic mulch to conserve moisture or use
plastic mulch to avoid frequent water application
 Irrigation method involving delivery of
water through a pipe distribution network
consisting of a main pipe, sub main,
manifold and lateral pipes under low
pressure and emission through small outlets
of drippers or emitters into the soil
surrounding the crop to be irrigated
 a.k.a trickle irrigation or micro irrigation
 Adaptable to any crop, soil and topography
 Can be used under limited water supply conditions
 High water use efficiency
 Low operating cost
 Easier field operations
 Minimizes incidence of leaf diseases caused by direct
water contact
 Facilitates liquid fertilizer application thru fertigation
 High cost (esp the conventional systems)

 Susceptibility to clogging
 LAYOUT DESIGN
SINGLE BED SIMPLE DRIP
IRRIGATION
DOUBLE BED SIMPLE DRIP
IRRIGATION
Drip kit

Drip hose (1/4” PVC pipe (main and

or ½‘”) sub-main) ,½” or ¼”
Fittings

Tee Barb connector

 Sealant Materials for
bed preparation

water Drum (Head

unit)
 Use
sealant

Main and sub-main pipeline

Drip line
Prepare knife Make a hole Insert fittings (barb
(Holing) connector)

Insert the connector Insert the drip hose Ready to install to the head
plug unit
 CONSTRUCTION OF THE HEAD
STRUCTURE

Drill four holes for the Construct a platform

platform

Install the faucet/gatevalve

CONNECTING DRIP PIPE LINE FROM SUB-MAIN PIPE

CONNECTING MAIN WATER SOURCE TO SUBMAIN PIPE

Water
source
Check for water droplets from the
hose
Table 1. Maximum rooting depths of irrigated crops in a
medium textured soil (Evans et al., 1996)
ROOTING DEPTHS
30cm 45cm 60cm 75cm
Flowers Field Peanuts Alfalfa
strawberry Potatoes Field corn Cotton
Kale Tobacco Soybean
Lettuce Beans Asparagus
Mustard Beet Cantaloupes
Spinach Broccoli Sweet corn
Onion Cabbage Eggplant
Pepper Cauliflower Okra
Carrots Watermelon
Collards
Peppers
Turnips
Rutabagas
Cucumber
 Table 2. Critical growth stage of crops, and crop total water use, for determining
irrigation water needs (Doorenboes and Kassam, 1979)
Crop CM/HA CRITICAL NEED STAGE
Asparagus 63-115 establishment and fern development
Bean, green 63-95 bloom and pod set
Beet, table 63-95 establishment and early growth
Broccoli 125-160 establishment and heading
Cabbage 125-190 uniform throughout growth
Cantaloupe 83-125 establishment vining to first net
Carrot 63-95 emergence through establishment
Cauliflower 125-190 establishment and 6-7 leaf stage
Celery 190-223 uniform, last mont of growth
Collards/Kale 75-90 uniform throughout growth
Corn, sweet 125-223 establishment, tassel elongation,ear development
Cowpea 63-95 bloom, fruit set, pod development
Cucumber, pickle 95-125 establishment, vining, fruit set
Cucumber,slicer 125-160 establishment, vining, fruit set
Eggplant 125-223 bloom through fruit set
Garlic 95-125 rapid growth to maturity
 Crop CM/HA CRITICAL NEED STAGE
Lettuce 50-75 establishment
Mustard green 63-95 uniform throughout growth
Okra 95-125 uniform throughout growth
Onion 160-190 establishment, bulbing to maturity
Pepper, bell 160-223 establishment, bloom set
Pepper, jalapeno 160-190 uniform throughout growth
Potato 125-255 vining, bloom, tuber initiation
2-4 wks after emergence, bloom, fruit set and
Pumpkin 160-190 development
Radish, red
globe 33-63 rapid growth and development
Spinach 63-95 uniform throughout growth, after each cut if needed
Squash 45-63 uniform throughout growth
Sweetpotato 63-125 uniform until 2-3 wks prior to anticipated harvest
Tomato 125-160 bloom through harvest
Watermelon 63-95 uniform until 10-14 days prior to anticipated harvest
 Table 3. soil water relations and irrigation requirements of various
vegetable crops (Doorenbons and Peruitt, 1992)
Irrigation Preferred Drought Defects
Rooting
Crop Critical Irrigation Toleranc Caused by Comments
Depths (4)
Moisture Period Method (2) e (3) Water Deficit

Wthstand
Crown set, and
Asparagus a,b H D Shriveling most
transplanting
drought
Drying pod-
Poor pod & no
Beans, dry Flowering a M M beans irrigation
Cooling
Beans, Poor pod & irrigation
lima Flowering a,b L-M D beans better
Steady
Beans, Poor & pithy moisture-
pole Flowering a L-M M pods flowering
 Irrigation Preferred Drought Rooting Defects
Crop Critical Irrigation Tolerance Depths Caused by Comments
Moisture Period Method (2) (3) (4) Water Deficit
Irrigation
prior o
Beans, Poor & pithy flowering has
snap Flowering a L-M M pods little benefit

Veg.
soybean Flowering a,b M M Poor pod fill

Growth
Beet Root expansion a,b M M cracks

Head
Broccoli development a,b,c L-M S Stong flavor

Brussels Sprout Poor sprout

sprout formation a,b,c M S production

Head Growth
cabbage development a,b M-H S cracks
IRRIGATION METHOD : a= Sprinkler; b=Big gun; c= Tinkle (drip); d=
Flood.

DROUGHT TOLERANCE; L= low; M= moderate, needs irrigation

most years; H= high, seldom needs irrigation.

DEPTH OF ROOTING OF MOST ROOTS: S= shallow, S= shallow, 30-

36 cm; M= moderate, 46-61 cm; D= deep, 61 cm plus.
 Irrigation Defects
Preferred Drought Rooting
Critical Caused by
Crop Irrigation Tolerance Depths Comments
Moisture Water
Method (2) (3) (4)
Period Deficit
Flowering,
fruit
Cantaloupe development a,b M S-M
Avoid
Seed Growth droughts
germination cracks,miss during root
Carrot root expansion a,b M-H S-M hapen roots expansion
Head Ricey curd,
Cauliflower development a,b,c L S buttoning
Moisture
deficit can stop
Small growth
Celery Continuous a,b,c,d L S petioles irrevesity
Chinese Tough
cabbage Continuous a,c L S leaves
Tough
Collards Continuous a,b,c M S leaves
 Irrigation
Preferred Drought Rooting Defects
Critical
Crop Irrigation Tolerance Depths Caused by Comments
Moisture
Method (2) (3) (4) Water Deficit
Period
Irrigation prior
Corn, to silking has
sweet Silking a,b M-H S Poor ear fill little value
Moiture defici
drastically
Cucumber, Flowering and Pointed and reduce yied
pickles fruiting a,b,c L S-M cracked fruit and quality
Cucumber, Flowering and
slicer fruiting a,b,c L S-M
BER,
Flowering and misshapen
Eggplant fruiting a,b,c M M fruit
Good
Greens continuous
(turnip, moisture
mustard, essential to
kale) Continuous a,b L M Tough leaves good yield
 Irrigation
Preferred Drought Rooting Defects
Critical
Crop Irrigation Tolerance Depths Caused by Comments
Moisture
Method (2) (3) (4) Water Deficit
Period

Leek Continuous a,b L-M S Thin leaves

Head
Lettuce expansion a,b D Small leaves

Irrigation can
Okra Flowering a,c M-H D Tough pods reduce yield

Bulb
Onion development a,b L S Poor size

Root
Parsnip expansion a,b H D

Peas,
Garden Flowering a L M Poor pod fill
 Irrigation
Preferred Drought Rooting Defects
Critical
Crop Irrigation Tolerance Depths Caused by Comments
Moisture
Method (2) (3) (4) Water Deficit
Period
Shriveled
Transplanting pods, Irrigate for
flower-fruit blossom-end increased pod
Peppers growth a,b,c M M rot size and yield
Regrowth Irrigate at
and drought
After misshapen during root
Potato,Irish flowering a,b M S roots development

Blossom-end
Pumpkin Fruiting a,b M D rot
Good and soil
needed for
Radish Continuous a L S Pithy stems rapid growth

Leaf
Rhubard emergence a,b M D Pithy stems
 Irrigation
Preferred Drought Rooting Defects
Critical
Crop Irrigation Toleranc Depths Caused by Comments
Moisture
Method (2) e (3) (4) Water Deficit
Period

Root
Rutabagas expansion a,b M M Tough roots
Plants recover
Flowering from drought
Southern and pod but yield is
peas swelling a,b M M Poor pod fill reduced
Fruit sizing.
Pointed and Irrigation can
Squash, misshapen double or triple
summer Fruit sizing a,c L M fruit yields

Squash,
winter Fruit sizing a,b M D
 Irrigation
Preferred Drought Rooting Defects Caused
Critical
Crop Irrigation Tolerance Depths by Water Comments
Moisture
Method (2) (3) (4) Deficit
Period

Fruit & Small,

Sweet last 40 misshapen
potato days a,b H D roots
Good
moisture
Blossom and avoid BER
Tomato, Fruit root growth and increase
staked expansion a,c M D cracks fruit size

Blossom and
Tomato, Fruit root growth
process expansion a,b M D cracks

Tolerate
Fruit drought, low
Watermelon expansion a,b,c M-H D Blossom yield