Answer Scheme

Task 1
The Future of Global Governance Diplomacy

What are the two things that have given terrorists like the al-Qaeda and ISIS
the capacity to spread chaos?
Ideology and technology have given some groups, such as the al-Qaeda or the
Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), the capacity to spread chaos, challenging
former concepts of governance.

What are the dual functions that the international organizations will retain as
they continue to play a significant role in the diplomacy?
International organizations will continue playing a highly significant role. In fact, they
are likely to become more significant. They are not a panacea, but they render
services beyond the capacity of nation states. They will remain very diverse.
They will retain their dual function—first, as forums where member states
dialogue, debate issues, and make joint decisions, and second, as international actors,
taking initiatives of their own, participating in international affairs and causing their
role to escalate, for example, by engag-ing in peacekeeping and peace building.

Why are regional and limited membership organizations helpful for the future
global governance?
Some international organizations will add to their effectiveness by working together,
forming partnerships. Regional or limited membership organizations can also be
helpful for the future of global governance. They enable states with common
interests and affinities to achieve greater cooperation and greater problem-solving
capacity leading to some experimentation, for example, the creation of international
banking systems—thereby making use of so many tools of global governance once
thought utopian.

State the three parties who can convene conferences.

As global society organizes it seems more willing to try new mechanisms.Old-fashioned
tools, however, remain promising. The international confer-ence is a prime example. It
is flexible and versatile. The participants can be chosen to suit the purpose at hand.
Conferences can be convened by states, by international organizations, or even by
civil society institutions and NGOs.

What is the purpose of preconference meetings of officials?

What is the purpose of postsummit proceedings?
A new variety of small meetings has been added: specialized ministerial meetings.
Many summits have preconference meetings of officials to prepare for the main
event and there are postsummit proceedings to make better use of what was done at the
summit. The UN has called meetings “at the highest level.” A new variety of
conference that seems to have a future is built into some important treaties, such
as “Conferences of the Parties (COPs),” in which rep-resentatives of the parties to a
given treaty are mandated to meet periodically, not only to assess implementation but
also to negotiate revisions.
Why are informal forums now convened on the occasion of large diplomatic
conferences?
Informal forums are now convened on the occasion of large diplomatic conferences
to enable those who are not participating in the proceedings to be heard and perhaps
present a collective statement to the diplomatic conference.

What are the factors that lead the private sector and its NGO to seek greater
involvement in global governance?
Increasing interdependence and the communication revolution are lead-ing the
private sector and its NGOs to seek greater involvement in global governance.
This will escalate. The UN has greatly contributed to this development. Kofi
Annan, former secretary-general, was fond of the idea of partnership with the private
sector. A number of UN bodies are more open to NGO contribution. The private
sector fosters openness in international affairs and gives a new dimension to some
international dialogues.

What way that is likely to grow in expanding the international dialogue?

A different way of expanding the international dialogue is likely to grow in the form of
interparliamentary bodies (attached to regional organizations), composed of members of
national parliaments, often representing the politi-cal diversity found there. These
delegations do not speak for national govern-ments. They do not have to abide by
national policy and do not take orders from their national leadership. Their functions
depend upon the regional organizations creating them, but they are seldom part
of the organizations’ decision-making process.

If peacekeeping is not suited for large conflict, what are the useful methods
suggested by the scholars?
Peace-keeping is not suited for large conflicts such as the civil war in Syria.
Peace observation, supervision, or monitoring will remain most useful in many situ-
ations. Peacebuilding is an enormous step in the right direction, but hard to do and
without standard methodology. It has to be attempted one step at a time. International
organizations can make a serious contribution in this area.

What is the problem that hinders diplomacy from mobilizing international

support to combat terrorism?
Diplomacy is critical to mobilize international support in combating it. A major
problem is that each terrorist movement has different origins, political objectives, and
even international allies.

State the old-fashioned method of peace settlement that is considred

attractive in serving international peace and briefly explain how does it work.
International peace has another dimension that can be served by the old-
fashioned method of peaceful settlement, that is, accommodation, keeping conflict
under control, or finding alternatives for what states are fighting over. This will
remain an attractive method.

What do international actors do when contenders refuse to negotiate?

Now there is nothing automatic in conflict management and the best efforts may always
fail. But there are more international actors prepared to help, including NGOs.
Mediation will remain an important procedure. As in the past, the critical element is
diplomacy. But more actors are prepared to intervene and serve as intermediaries
even when the contenders refuse to negotiate.
How does arm control work?
Can arms control make peace more secure in the future? It helped dur-ing the
Cold War. Effectively supervised arms agreements contribute to international
confidence building. Preventing arms races creates a better international climate.
Keeping weapons of mass destruction from falling into the hands of terrorists is
indispensable for international security and it will require continuing diplomatic
efforts.

What are two dimensions included in the definition of security as addressed in

the UN Charter?
Interestingly, over the years, security has grown to encompass a larger meaning:
human security. This is not intended to replace protection from aggression, but it
includes an economic and social dimension that is already found in the UN Charter,
especially with the ECOSOC and the creation of the Specialized Agencies.

What are the roles of IMF and World Bank in the realm of global finance?
In the realm of global finance, the IMF and the World Bank have led the way, trying to
foster financial stability and reduce economic inequality.

Why does making modern medicine pose a challenge to people living in the
remote villages?
Disease does not respect boundaries. And then, there is the challenge of making modern
medicine available to the millions who do not even have clean drinking water in their
remote villages.

Who created the International Labor Code?

The ILO, now a UN Specialized Agency, created the International Labor Code with
the unusual participation of independent labor representatives—showing how some
organizations can innovate. These labor representatives challenge member states
during the annual Labor Conference on the manner in which they enforce labor
standards, thus applying public international pressure for decent labor treatment.

How does UNESCO foster international cooperation in education, science and

culture?
The UN is also generating global dialogue in education, science, and culture.
UNESCO, the UN Specialized Agency, is fostering international cooperation in
these areas, although such efforts are not without controversy, which illustrates the
importance of having an organization engaged in such pursuits.

How does humanitarian crisis happen?

What caused social destabization in many countries?
The mass movement of people to escape violence, oppression, or poverty is occurring on
an unprecedented scale and creating a humanitarian crisis. The states in which
they are seeking refuge also need help. The UNHCR is making a remarkable
contribution. But the continuing migration of people trying to escape destitution is
causing social destabilization in many countries in which they seek resettlement.
They are a different kind of refugees, and international society is still looking for
ways to address this growing prob-lem as well as the related issue of organized
human trafficking.
How did the UN make human rights a global concern?
The UN made human rights an important matter of global concern and defined
them in the Universal Declaration even including economic, social, and cultural rights—
a significant contribution.

How do civil society and the expanding role of its NGOs become an important
factor in the protection of human rights ?
Civil society and the expanding role of its NGOs will be an increasingly important
factor in the protection of human rights, particularly their use of global “forums”
widely open to stakeholders of all kinds in addition to official representatives.
International organizations are also likely to increase the role of civil society in their
decision making.

Name the two frameworks used in the environmental protection.

The UNEP’s Urban Environ-ment Program and companion UN-Habitat are
frameworks for future work in the field as the problem evolves. This will remain the
advantage of creating agencies specialized in specific issues.