CC0006 Sustainability: Society, Economy, and Environment

Week 2

No Poverty, Social
Inclusion, and Equality (II)
Presented by Dr. Swati Sharma, School of Social Sciences

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 Social Inclusion and Equality

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 Social Inclusion
• “A society that entails respect for human rights, cultural diversity, and democratic
governance, and upholds principles of equality and equity” (Dugarova, 2015)
• Broad-based prosperity, eliminating discrimination, equal protection under the
laws, ensuring that every human being can meet basic needs, and enabling high
social mobility.

Dugarova, E. (2015). Social inclusion, poverty eradication and the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. UNRISD Working Paper No. 2015-15. http://hdl.handle.net/10419/148736

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 1. Income Inequality
• Gini coefficient/index: Statistical measure of
income inequality within a country or social group

Gini coefficient: Latest available OECD data (2017–2020)

0 1
Perfect Perfect
equality inequality

Gini coefficient does not

show the overall
wealth/income of a country,
quality of life, or general
economic well-being.

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 Forces of Income Inequality
Skills, education
and
globalisation
Racial
discrimination
Technology and
Forces digital revolution

Social
widening of
discrimination the income Political
Social and gap influence and
historical economic
factors Exacerbated winners
Ethnic
discrimination income inequality
Redistribution
policies

Gender
i.e., progressive taxation
discrimination
and social transfers such
as public retirement
benefits
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 Forces of Income Inequality
Social mobility Wealth concentration

10 richest
men

700 billion Mar 2020

1.5 trillion Nov 2021

1BN 252 men

women
and girls

Oxfam International, Jan 2022

© 2022 Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. All Rights Reserved. World inequality report, 2022
 How to Achieve Income Equality?
By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain
income growth of the bottom 40% of the Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and
SDG10.1 SDG10.4 social protection policies, and
population at a rate higher than the national
average progressively achieve greater equality

By 2030, empower and promote the social, Improve the regulation and monitoring of
SDG10.2 economic and political inclusion of all, SDG10.5 global financial markets and institutions and
irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, strengthen the implementation of such
ethnicity, or economic status, etc. regulations

Ensure enhanced representation for

Ensure equal opportunity and reduce developing countries in decision-making in
SDG10.3 inequalities of outcome, including by SDG10.6
global international economic and financial
eliminating discriminatory laws, policies, etc. institutions

SDG10.7 Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible

migration and mobility of people

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 2. Gender Inequality
Regional trends in earning and employment ratio: 1990–2020
• Labour force participation
and the gender pay gap
• Double shift at home
• A growing challenge from
automation
• Economic fallout due to
pandemics and other shocks
• Gender-based violence

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 Measuring Gender Inequality
The Gender Inequality Index (GII): Reproductive health (maternal mortality rate, adolescent fertility
rate), female empowerment (share in parliament and higher education), and labour force participation.
A low GII indicates low inequality between women and men.

GI time trend (1995-2019)

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 Measuring Gender Inequality
Gender Development Index (GDI): Measures gender inequalities in achievement in three basic
dimensions of human development—health, education, and estimated earned income. The higher
the GDI, the smaller the gap between women and men.

GDI time trend (1995–2019)

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 How to Achieve Gender Equality?
End all forms of discrimination Recognise and value unpaid care
SDG5.1 against all women and girls SDG5.4 and domestic work through the
everywhere provision of public services, etc.

Eliminate all forms of violence Ensure women’s full and effective

SDG5.2 against all women and girls in the SDG5.5 participation and equal opportunities for
leadership at all levels of decision-
public and private spheres making

Ensure universal access to sexual

SDG5.3 Eliminate all harmful practices, such SDG5.6 and reproductive health and
as child, early and forced marriage
reproductive rights

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 SDGs in Action app
Learn about the 17 SDGs, get
news on your favourite goals,
find out what you can do to Thank You for
achieve them, create your own
events and invite others to join Watching
you in sustainable actions and
events.
Download: iOS : Android

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