Nama: Nadia Karima Izzaty

NPM: 2006546070
Departemen Teknik Sipil

TUGAS PERORANGAN PEKAN 2

HIDROLOGI TEKNIK

2.2.1. A reservoir has the following inflows and outflows (in cubic meters) for the
first three months of the year. If the storage at the beginning of January is 60
m3, determine the storage at the end of March

n
S j=S0 + ∑ I j −Q j
i=1

S j=60+[ ( 4−8 ) + ( 6−11 ) +(9−5)]

3
S j=55 m

2.2.2. Compute the constant draft from a 500-hectare reservoir for a 30-day
period during which the reservoir level dropped half a meter despite an average
upstream inflow of 200,000 m3/day. During the period, the total seepage loss
was 2 cm, the total precipitation was 10.5 cm, and the total evaporation was 8.5
cm. (1 hectare = 104 m2).

500 ha = 5.000.000 m2

Outflow Inflow
Level drop = 0.5 * 5.000.000 = 2.5*106 m3 Precipitation = 0.105 * 5.000.000 = 525.000
m3
Seepage = 0.02 * 5.000.000 = 100.000 m3 Outflow = 200.000 m3/day = 6.000.000
 m3/month
Evaporation = 0.085 *5.000.000 = 425.000
m3

S j=I −Q

S j=( 525.000+6.000 .000 )−( 2.500 .000+100.000+ 425.000 )

3
S j=3.500 .000 m

2.2.4. From the hydrologic records of over 50 years on a drainage basin of area
500 km2, the average annual rainfall is estimated as 90 cm and the average
annual runoff as 33 cm. A reservoir in the basin, having an average surface area
of 1700 hectares, is planned at the basin outlet to collect available runoff for
supplying water to a nearby community. The annual evaporation over the
reservoir surface is estimated as 130 cm. There is no groundwater leakage or
inflow to the basin. Determine the available average annual withdrawal from the
reservoir for water supply.

1700 ha = 17.000.000 m2

Reservoir area = 500 km2 = 500.000.000 m2

Non-reservoir area = (500 – 17) = 483.000.000 m2

Outflow Inflow
Evaporation = 0.13 * 17.000.000 = Runoff = 0.33 * 483.000.000 = 159.390.000
22.100.000 m3 m3
Rainfall = 0.9 * 17.000.000 = 15.300.000 m3

S j=I −Q

S j=( 159.390 .000+ 15.300.000 )−(22.100 .000)

3
S j=152.590 .000 m
2.5.2. Calculate the velocity and flow rate of a uniform flow 1 m deep in a 30-m
wide stream with approximately rectangular cross section, bed slope 1 percent,
and Manning's n of 0.035. Check that the criterion for fully turbulent flow is
satisfied.

A (1∗30)
R= = =0.9375
P ( 1+30+ 1)

. √S
2/ 3
R
v=
n

0.93752/ 3 . √ 0.01
v=
0.035

m
v=2.737
s

m3
Q=v . A=82.11
s

Fully turbulent flow criterion

n . √ R . S ≥1.1∗10
6 −13

0.0356 . √ 0.9375∗0.01 ≥1.1∗10−13

−10 −13
1.78∗10 ≥ 1.1∗10

The flow is fully turbulent!

2.5.12. A rectangular open channel 12 m wide and 1 m deep has a slope of

0.001 and is lined with cemented rubble (n =0.025). Determine (a) its maximum
discharge capacity, and (b) the maximum discharge obtainable by changing the
crosssectional dimensions without changing the rectangular form of the section,
the slope, and the volume of excavation. Hint: the best hydraulic rectangular
section has a minimum wetted perimeter or a width-depth ratio of 2.

a) Maximum discharge capacity

A (1∗12)
R= = =0.857
P ( 1+12+1)
 R 2/ 3 . √ S
v=
n

0.8572/ 3 . √ 0.001
v=
0.025

m
v=1.141
s

3
m
Q= A∗v=12∗1.141=13.692
s

b) Maximum discharge capacity with best hydraulic section

b=2 h

A=b∗h=2 h2
2
2 h =12

h=2.45 m; b=2 h=4.9 m

A (2.45∗4.9)
R= = =1.225
P (2.45+ 4.9+2.45)

. √S
2/ 3
R
v=
n

1.225 . √ 0.001
2/3
v=
0.025

m
v=1.45
s

3
m
Q= A∗v=12∗1.45=17.4
s

2.8.2 Solve Prob. 2.8.1 if the fluid is water. Assume Km =0.15 m 2/s and p =1000
kg/m3. Calculate and compare the laminar and turbulent momentum fluxes at 20
cm elevation if v = 1.51 x 10 ~6 m2/s for water.
For shear velocity (k = 0.4)

u 1 Z
= ln
u' k Z 0

1.51∗10−6 1 0.2
= ln
u' 0.4 0.01
' −7
u =2.016∗10

Velocity gradient

'
du u
=
dz k∗z
−7
du 2.016∗10
=
dz 0.4∗0.2

du
=2.52∗10−6
dz

Laminar Turbulent
ρ∗v∗du ρ∗Km∗du
τ= τ=
dz dz
−6 −6 −6
τ =1000∗1.51∗10 ∗2.52∗10 τ =1000∗0.15∗2.52∗10
τ =3.81∗10−9 τ =3.78∗10−4
Ratio of laminar and turbulent

3.78∗10− 4
R= =99212.6
3.81∗10−9

shows that the flow is rather turbulent.

2.8.5. The incoming radiation intensity on a lake is 200 W/m2. Calculate the net
radiation into the lake if the albedo is a = 0.06, the surface temperature is 300C,
and the emissivity is 0.97.

4
ℜ=e∗σ∗T

ℜ=0.97∗5.67∗10−8∗3004

W
ℜ=445.492
m2
 Rn=Ri ( 1−α ) −ℜ

Rn=200∗( 1−00.6 )−445.492

W
Rn=−257.492 2
m