MULTIVARITE =

CALcOLOS

let z
=1(7,,2,.. 3n)
Cx,2-.. Zn)e R'zER,
7,, 72, . Kn aAe he n indepndent aniab
whcae
UOAiable,
s the deperdcnt
Z
les
(x,,7azn) S called n- tuple and
he point
Sn this case he punction
n
dimusieral space
RxRXR .
map Rn to. R. f: R°-e
Er t ( z ) = (z, ,72)ER

RxR
C7,
varialbles z =f(z,y)Distance bw
Function two .

ink
kuvo ptnts
kuro peints let P(76,to)f «Gy,) be
the
=/ Pa} -J(z,-7+( y,-Y is, callkd
then d (Pa)
b/w too peints
ist.
-(7,4):r-x.jity8
a point :- ngP)
Neiohborhood

) -77,4): 17-xk s fy-4.l<s f}

kcoe asables
Let z #(7,1) e funetien e
imit-
peint in o
. i. Lct p(2o96) e
domain
ejina in
a
ae can
Aouxven smalt,
a a givenAeal
z>o
4
8 Such Ahat.{a U
wmbea >0
ind a Aeal
Yo)
the
S-ncightouahocd
P (
peint (z,y) in
h e n e N jCz-»)+(y-Y)
e S. hen
9)-LI< Z f(2,)
L is callkd Limit o inc
the Acol finite.
t
9.) this kis wibtn Lim t(7,9)=
as(7,y)>(2o, (2,9> (2e9,
 Note
a) lim f(7,9) 4 it txists is wque .

(,9)>(o,Jo)
6 Lct Los O -tan U/x)

oso

Lim4 (a cose,Jsin®)- LE

c)since (7,)>(75,9.) in the 2d lane theie ahe

sinc
infinite no.
of paths feining (7,4) to ( Y)
is unique, the m i t i s
alon-
s a m e alen
he temit
imit is indpenden.
.all the paths h a t is the
the path,S t h e imit is deperdent n the paA

imit dloesnt ist

cz im (+m),o Limit Rxistt

imit ooesnt exist.C: dependent

m

in its cwn path not including */:

ste -

Sf fC7,49 and 7(7,4) J e ttoo unctiens such

f(7,9)= L,
(,)>(7,90)
ga,4)L
Jim
#)+90a, C,9)(a9»)
t7,1)* im
C,9>0.9.
q(7,9)

(i)im
f7,9) k Jim
,9)3) -

) im im f(79). Lin
(7 (7o Yo) C9)7% o)
L,.2
( v )A a m
(74)>7,9.)
f(7,9)
a,9)-zs)(1(79) Lim
9 ) > o ) 37,9

)sing 6.e oppieach shous that

(3+444) = 10
ii') Jim Ca24)= 3.
Lim
,9)(2,)
o,
is dejined at 20
, )
sd l t f(7) =3Y +4y
Limit f(a,g)-L {2 e uhen z-ol<S 19-/2
fo
4(y-)/s 3/7-a/+4p
|3x +4y -101- (3(7-2)+ 38148

T 78

I9-1l<8
37+44- 1o)< E heneve l7->/< 8
(37+44) =10
(.9),

Aet f(z)z+24 delincd ot C1,i)

-
C2 2 27+1
+2y-2
Ia+2y-3l> a-+2(7-1) +{Y-1|
2-1+ 2/7-1/ +2 |y-1)
S+0
sS+2S+28
E +0
SS 48
S+48 5 S SUalue - |

En) lim

Lct f(7,9 y
i m coso sive].
LunACos6 Asin/

= O
en e .
HUe A is inolependent

fol cose sine|-> it is depcndent

on &(:ne
ez.
s o i m t net erist
fa1) 7 ites ned. defined ot (o,o.

179

to find s Jca-2 (y-y» <5

(x-o)+(y-o2
-ol< S 19-98
S.t tune oloesnt exist lEmit. 7+ at (0,0)
im y=m ) y = m*
>0,0) YH
+Jm22 im becouse iomverted
Co) 24 nto single vauable

u +Jm) ' mt dosnt exe&6

+mJ
3
(7,1)>0,0) + Y

(29)(o,°)

Lin m3
(7o) +(ma
Jim
()+my
)
(1-7) CI+m)
nluk
f8some
ee itis dpendent on
limit dotsnt enist
o m chonges difeently .
 AS Saldt
ntinuity - functien Z =#(x,7)
Ccnttnous at peint (z, 9). Sf
is dcined cn that poirt
i t ,)
Fa,) cnist
(2,4)2(, S)

i') Ai
(7,9) ()
endittons are nd sotsfi-
khe acoue
9 is
then
thD the ffunc
the unc
statemerd
aleve

he any
at thot POUd
discontnous

sontinus a ( 7 ) k4 f
wnction
is
a e 85
whsneue JC7-zo)+(Yy-y

4(7,9)-f(7, T)|e 8E

(OR) Aum f(7,9)

(2e,
(X,9)>( Y) (o, o)
centinueus at peint (o,
Pont o)
ase

ta s.t func.

#(7,) =(27+3 C7,y)+0,0)

C,y)- (o,0).
O

tn u e s t , called
(*Fuen
- +(0, 0)
=0

et #(20,%) unctional tnlue).

2739-o
07,4)-Flz%96))
hom Cont. def
2 coso+31sine

(2coet3 stn°)

|(20o'e+
36u9)
 ill2 ceel+|3atel)
s(cotel +3|8tn tel)
*(2|+ 311) nang oCos©,Sn® -E,

5 52 s 58 E +yt

-)Lim f(a,9)= +(7,Yo)= t (o,o) =

(7,9)0,0)
The ven furnction Contus on to

Ea) S.t the func ae Continous at Potnt (0,0)

(2,9) 2 7 7 ) (2,9)+ (o,0)

Ca,9)-Co,o)
L e t +(7oY.) = +(0,0) =0

ct2= h COSG s i n e ,

ACoseeose- BiO)
222
2+y - 2

-|2tcos6(coso- )

2h.cose Ccas-sirs)|
2 3 sose cos20

A2sose 28
y<E
21
 C2+-) =I, ( 2 - ) -7
im
,9)>y) (7,4)>(2)
O
i),7,9o,) 7*+Y
the holloing limits i they ei
#) Betemine
-y
C7,9)>C%) 7-9
(7,)(0,0) x*+y

(iv) Ln Cot
(7,9)O0) (I+ z / )
C1+ /4) (z,9)(% o)

(vi)o (y1) tanz

v) i (7-)siny (7,9C (y-1)
(7,9)O,0) Y La

(i)

7 - + 19-+ 2 a-i1+ 21y-

SS+8+28

S+48 <68,

value thehe t eist d

Hos
Hos to ind mitirg
Nat eist
]= lim[xJ+

4(a)=1
un
imut o
.
 2
ti +27-yi-7= (-y-2S+6(7-2)-2(y=1)
12-21-+ |9-1 G2-2- 2 y-
8+8
8268128

S 28 +88 1O8

772
inin (rir22-y)J= f+2-J :7
un (+2x-)= un8 =7 = 4
4

ti -
Ia1+19)
<-D+1y-o

S+S2S<&
 ane sonlhO
)the folour2 urrlitns
the ucn point.
(7,4)-1o,0)
7,9)(0,0)
(o,0)o Ael ym ) Chcosura Palh
) ( o ,9o) =

lim r(1-m)
7-9 m
I+m)
(7,9)-(0,) 7+y
Aimit doesn
m
heie the llmit depends upern
discortinose
s
aist nee, qitcn fune
-7 , (7,)=Co,o)

249 (7,9) - (0,0)

O

let =
ma cheosurg Path
f(o, o) -
0 4
so F(Yo, Yo)
=

) - z Jmz
(2,4-(o,o) +
-Jm
-Jm)
tm
1+m)
nd ( s t
imit depends upon m
tene
Here the
the
oslontus

Pence giun
nte unc is

C2,)l
+ ( 9 ) =C2,2)

f(20,1.) f(2,2) 4
(T>9(1+)
7y+7ty
( 7,4)->(2,2) ( 7 )
y
(9->(,2)
2 +

(7,9)(2 4#3

.'. dscontinouus
 Pantial Oervatives-
The derivatives Aafurc o L
b0iabes to.s,to one the indk percient ni
fccping all the othen indeperrierd miable
ccpin
Corst. is salled the Ottal Deintüve of

h.to to the 0iable

fune
Nete Aim AxZ m (o+ Yo)-4C%, 9.)
4X>0 A 0
A
Z #,9) S t h i s ismit exists, then thi

Lmit is catled the fist ddk poiol

deriative z f,) with 3.to X af porl(4

t is denoted ky Za(7o,
Nte- 7he defenation of continuity lim
oz a97t4
)dx/44a4z(1,
(x,9)-,9.)
ASO Guttc ab un 7 A , , Ho+Au) -fta,i0
(Ax>o, Ay+o)l

ir z 0
AS->0

&den partial derivattue 4

6a) pind the 4inst
folotoing twne
fC7,9): ye

af (79)
t,) -
sin(2+3
) (7,9 L (7t42,9)-4 (7,4)

i ( + ) + +7+b7 - [a+y+)
Ax t o

+ 2a2 +A+¥+7+A-7-YA

2Ax +A+87 um x2+AX+)

A

2+
n f.Y+ by) f(7,9)
t,9)=
-.

by7D
Ay
2
m (y+oy)+7 -C7+9+)
Ayd

Of,C7,9)- i (zt4x,9) -f7,4)

A

f(2,1)- Ye+Ay
y 7

-
Jtal Aenttal and Aihkesntiabliey
A z = +(a+8z ,4*A4)f (7,9).
coRespending
tolled he total inciement ån z

47 in and Ay iny
Ttheinckcment

f(7,9) i soid to be dble (,9)

The function z

as
this Can e t8itten
at oz

bay)+ ( E,0x AY) --0

a z = (asz +
A A9.
inceperdent
hehe aG b ane

E ,E >0 as (e7,Ay)->0 0)
Cohich is linah in 47& AYy
he Ost pasl in ean0
the deeration
taued total dit" arol smpy
Ot oted by dz df that is
 d z = aA7+b A9 dz =ad7+ bdy
Note Eristerce ef P.o 1 * ty ot a point p

is a necessasy condition f8 dtenttabiit,

Cf fC7,9) at p (?,4).
Note 2- S the fre 2 -f(7,) has ccntnous

deh P.D o t a point Pay) in D, hun f(x,9) 4

at Point P(X, 9).

litferentiable
ex n d the tetol ditbnd. t h e fellowing fune.
2 = ta (7/9) (7, 4)+6,0): contineus

sol ut tc 19)
f+(Cly y
y2
) +(/y2 » )-
y
tetas ditbné. dz -( di
dz dz-zdy
V.UIMP Ghain Aule -

Let z-+(,9) e a hunetien of tece independr

aiables i e Auppoie tbot ae thems

eues funes oSome inolependert asiable t , say
then Z = f(ot), vt)) is a

Composing une theirdependunt vOsiabtk ,

NOLs, t7,9) haue centüneus pottal liitaues
w.Yto z & and ot), Plt) ane atheRenttalle

une ot t
thanddt d+
2 dt -
NOU, I t ord e fct on ec uoinb
)and V ay = u,v) 4'CU,v)
then 2 f (0¢0,v), vCU,v))
(7,9, ¢(,v), p (,u) 5ume thal (hece Anes

haue p
ontinous pOsttal deuivafiucs i t h
Apto
Apto agus thhen Z -0t 7 df Jy
y

o 9 i t can Je Rlerakd t
oV
2 =f(7,,...
..7n)hich
n-aialtes
anc
ndkpendent tiablus
ane olitfble uné. y Kome
then
dt X t

uhese
Eind dt alt-0
dt yt+t
X= t+l
+(7,,4 7 coy +e'sin y,

t-o
d4 of t
olt t
* C7 n +e Cy) (3t+)
(ccy+ esin 4)2t.

e
Ghe
n d Bf at t-o 3
t Zt
eYecost,
+25+7+P+7yz
C79,2)
Z =0,
t-0, 7=',
 hain d ariables-SuYtese that 2-
id
foeUaniabies ,9 and , Y a
is a
lune
V g b
tune tuwd new variables
then V

he ecoion tianstdmatton y
I6 Called

- (u,u) u

nd
(y)- 62
= Asne thun S.t
4 z #l7,) s cese

) - ( aie
ansfomaten
t he aiiattes o
CosS
(A,o) sine

|=hn-sine
- sine acss

=-SSUrst - tse

CesO
e)
 .n.sine f. - cot
7
.in + cuso 1

3ouaing hn adding O

Z 2

thn tind (7,9,Z

(3,, 2
c - 3 in o

ino
C,0,2)

0 i d to
fC7,4)
A c
{urtion ;-
crcs Can
n in 7 it
drgsL n
Fioing t s
the
o(u17)>3
a(,9 erp =
1 ( , 2)
>o
to (yz)
-

9) -z9 (97)
(79

9) 'g (7/9) -
 S n ultip deaiaa i u le added ut no t
acdftionJ.

C3,y)=+ Co,è)
(7,9) - (o, ) s e hind t,(ap) ,

Lortirous ,®sifjpsertable k net aiffescntia.b

TE2 1E 3
. Seheentialde is auoy Contineus bul Continty
ture i s n necd to k istecentialle.
(©,0) =0
ut f (7,) =

IA no

em conti. - /2 - 0

y
Iacaso +2(s*sin e)
i,1]

Cos 2s sn (cese+2sing)

Csos6 2no)
1'1 21)
S 3S
t ,0) -u 4C7,0)-f(0,©) jJim t(YD,9)-7 , )
10 O , 9 ) - 4 7 , y )

(74J:m
(o,0)

ty Co.0) e fCo,)-f
y0
fa,9) (7,9) 7 - )
ARD hind t , )
(,9) =(,-1)
eO 2u

Z A(7,9) 7-e+2V
83 S{ ,

f f 27 + y 2 C-2e

-
f (-2e")+ 8f (2e)

(2e+2e")+ (-2e2)
- f
y
f 2() +f (-2)

64) Hnd partial

 Tulen's thcdam - I t%,) s a homeeneus
nd 4 and has Conkinous to

dehivations fhen
hen
scond &den atial
and
nu

+22y =ntn-1) f

Result- S4 u be a, hemognous deee

fune degtee

n 2, 9,z then

volues odso nu

o<z<y<i then PAOUe

Er L U(7,) =Cos
y Cot u.
thot

(I+ 9/)

/a)
1912

n- /2

6y Euen's thåam:

\2tosSu
(-sinu) 2
=

y
-sn U)+
|2ucbu
- sinu ( +
 - Cot u

u(A,9) - 7 tos (9/7)-ytod (}y). 77, ypo

thn waluate

y
a+(7,9).
homogenuty by ( ,79)
=

hick
sd t
tas' (/a»)
(27,2) =*7 an ()2*y
( tan (y/n)-y tas'(7/9))

eni)f
kheðom 7 +27yd u +Yu
By E l e s -)
2U
Raiate
(a,9) +0,0) hhen
Ca)St u7,Y)= (a+9)

+yu

homepnuty i s deqlte
t ) Let checa
u(,9) z(1+ 9/)
1+9/7
(1 9/)
= dcgee =2

2u +y 2
. du dya
Pasbal odaui wJto
2

u 01
Jy2
 Maximum munimn
e tauncf7,9) be definrd an
ontinousAn S0mK closed and ound

hanion R.

(a,b) Ir an Arnteibi Point R ond (a-4

ond (ahh
ut

pea point in its neiotbouhoto tes innld

ere th dlNg
R.
the poin (o,b) s (oldrd a pont oAclafiw
( Apcal) rrurua, , i (a+hp*k)> (a,b)
h, n (a, b) is colld the elatiur
as JD rirnwn

Ihe prir (,bis olld potnt Aclatiu

a

2uma,i f(0+h, b+l)£Fh

n f (a b) is nled Aocal ma um as

Watirg ude f riaa maimum E miumum lai

Wairg
1 -dy O G find statoraiy (n
sicpt)

kCp(») : .t S >0 20 has mununmum altue

At -S 70 maximum nlue

t Seo has eithLN un na ma

Nothineg can be s0ud

Taza,b)=
yya,6=t
yoy o)
 +12
a+4+67
, t(7,9) :

7 3
statonay O) A tical pOUI =

(a,b) -3,0)

2 = t * a(3,0)2
->
i =2
t=9
tyy 2 a y 3,0) = 2
S-O
0 fy3,0)= 0
ty =

2(2)- => 4
hos m UaluuJ
2
C: A >o it
At S >0
+12 *5
minmuum at -3,o) s 3 + co)+ 6(-3)
NOL,

+(7,) -2(7-y+)-2+
y- 49 t4y=e
t -47-47
fy 4y(-1+ y7
t - 4 (1 -47
0,t
-0,t
(+1,t)
peints (O,0) (o, t1) (+1, 0)
statienosq
At-s 4 ( - 4 ) -o
a = 4 -127 kas reithes
6 (9t
y-4ti2 t
min a ma

At (o,)
nes at (o,0)
a C o , 1) =*

tn(0,0)=4 tyy Co,) =8

tyyCo,0= -4 =°
tay to, ) mun val
mun ual
32 =A>0
A>0
4x8-0=

txy Co,0) - 0 t-s=

At (t,at)
4t ( 1 , 0 )
At Co,-1) t a rC t 1 ) = 8
f a1,0)= -8
tar(o,)-4 =8
tyy C , t )
tyy Co1) 8 t y y + 1 , o ) = - *

y t , o ) =0

At-s=418-O nt-s = -64 hos

AE-S= 32 co
3-
neithen mun nd max.
has max
 Z0qiange method multiplies
m

ce Cant to ind the lxtiomum o h .

he conditiors
function t(7,,72
n ) undeh
Z») = 0 e
kovstuct an auilasy
Ourilay
d (7,,7 . .

FC7,,22.. Xn, A, 2.. .a)=

tunction ofthe fam
Cohere
Cohese s;'s Mn
n )+2 Aioi C7,,X2 ---- Zn)
+(,,7a .

L
and aR indWN aA
POnameteis
ard
undeteAmineol

Kaan multplien.

to. diteRmne
the Skotienat Poins
Then
.conoditions
hRCESsOiy
F we hale the

S72