AP’s NOTES
WRITING MODULE
0 ACADEMIC (AT): Report writing
=> Third test in IELTS - 1 hour - 2 Tasks
=> It is different for Academic and General;
=> Task 1 is different; Task 2 is similar
=> Task 1: (AT) Report Writing;
Task 1: (GT) Letter Writing;
=> Task 2: Essay Writing (AT & GT)
TASK 1: Letter Writing / Report Writing
GENERAL (GT): Letter writing
- Can be Formal / Semi-formal / Informal
letter
- Provided with a situation like: Requesting,
apologizing, thanking, inviting, complaining,
seeking information, applying for a job
- At least 150 words (Safe zone: 160-180
words) - No upper limit
- Ideal time - 20 minutes (3 Minutes for
planning + 15 Minutes for Writing + 2
Minutes for Reviewing)
- Task 1 has 1/3 weightage of overall writing
test;
- Can be a 'Pictorial/Diagrammatic
Representation of Data' – It is an info-
graphic.
- Provided with bar diagram, Pie chart, Line
graph, Tables, Map, and Process/Diagram
based questions;
- At least 150 words (Safe zone: 160-180
words) - No upper limit;
- Ideal time - 20 minutes (3 Minutes for
planning + 15 Minutes for Writing + 2
Minutes for Reviewing)
- Task 1 has 1/3 weightage of overall writing
test;
TASK 2: Essay writing
GENERAL & ACADEMIC: Essay writing
- Simple argumentative essay for both AT &
GT - Difference: Must be more formal for
AT; a little informal writing for GT;
- Simple argumentative essays where the
candidate will be provided with either an
'Opinion Based Essay or a Non-Opinion
Based Essay'
- At least 250 words (Safe zone: 260-280
words) – No Upper limit;
- Ideal time - 40 minutes (10-15 Minutes
for planning + 20 - 23 Minutes for
Writing + 3-5 Minutes for Reviewing)
- Task 2 has 2/3 weightage of overall
writing test;
- TYPES OF ESSAYS INCLUDE:
1. AGREE AND DISAGREE
2. PROBLEM AND SOLUTION
3. COMPARE AND CONTRAST
4. CAUSE AND EFFECT
5. TWO POINT/PART QUESTIONS
6. DISCUSS BOTH SIDES WITH
OPINION / TWO OPINION TYPE
7. ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES
=> Discuss the advantage and
disadvantage.
=> Does the advantage outweigh the
disadvantage?
=> Discuss the advantage and
disadvantage. Give your opinion.
 AP’s NOTES
WRITING MODULE
=> TASK 1 & TASK 2 ARE EVALUATED SEPARATELY AND
THEN THE AVERAGE IS DECLARED AS THE RESULT IN
THE SCORE CARD.
=> DIFFERENT BAND DESCRIPTORS FOR T1 & T2;
=> We term it as TASK RESPONSE from TASK 2 & TASK
ACHIEVEMENT for TASK 1
=> 4 FACTORS FOR EVALUATION: (EQUAL WEIGHTAGE)
1. TASK ACHIEVEMENT (TA) / TASK RESPONSE (TR) [25%]
2. COHERENCE AND COHESION (CC) [25%]
3. LEXICAL RESOURCES (LR) [25%]
4. GRAMMATICAL RANGE AND ACCURACY (GRA) [25%]
1. TASK ACHIEVEMENT (TA) – For Task 1 / TASK
RESPONSE (TR) – For Task 2:
=> Understanding the question completely and answering
all the parts of the question appropriately; Check position,
Word count, Adding relevant examples, Writing to the
point/ staying within the topic; NO memorized version to be
produced;
2. COHERENCE AND COHESION (CC):
=> Coherence - Logical sequencing of ideas; Cohesion -
Logical connectivity between sentences and paragraphs
which allows a smooth flow and clear understanding;
=> Check logical & smooth flow, To be paragraphs (NOT
like PowerPoint presentation), Paragraphing - structure,
usage of connective devices/discourse markers (discussion
markers), etc.,
3. LEXICAL RESOURCES (LR):
=> About vocabulary - Not just fancy words (it is important, but), usage
of appropriate words (even if it is simple) in the right place; Topic
related words to be used, Check on Spellings and Repetitive words -
Usage of synonyms and paraphrasing are important;
4. GRAMMATICAL RANGE AND ACCURACY (GRA):
=> Basic grammar - Accuracy is vital; Basic grammar - Punctuation,
Parts of speech (Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Articles,
Preposition, Conjunctions, and Interjections), Subject-Verb Agreement;
Then comes the range: Sentence structures - Simple, compound and
complex sentences, Using passive voice, Shift of tenses;
=> TASK 1 & TASK 2 ARE EVALUATED SEPARATELY AND THEN THE
AVERAGE IS DECLARED AS THE RESULT IN THE SCORE CARD.
TASK 1: (1/3 Weightage)
=> TA: 7; CC: 6; LR: 8; GRA: 7
TOTAL: 7+6+8+7 = 28 => EQUAL WEIGHTAGE = 28/4 = BAND 7
TASK 2: (2/3 Weightage)
=> TR: 5.5; CC: 7; LR: 6; GRA: 5.5
TOTAL = 5.5+4.5+6.5+5.5 = 22 => EQUAL WEIGHTAGE = 22/4 = BAND 5.5
OVERALL WRITING SCORE CALCULATION:
T1 = 7; T2 = 5.5 => (7 X 1/3 ) + ( 5.5 X 2/3 ) = 7/3 + 11/3 = 18/3 = Band 6
T1 = 5.5; T2 = 7 => (5.5 X 1/3 ) + ( 7 X 2/3 ) = 5.5/3 + 14/3 = 19.5/3 = 6.5
NOTE: IF IT IS AN UNUSUAL NUMBER LIKE 6.35 - THEN THE VALUE IS
ROUNDED OFF TO THE NEAREST .5 or .0
 AP’s NOTES
=> Things to remember:
1. You must act smart rather than
just working hard.
2. Understand the questions and
respond appropriately; logically
sequence ideas; Versatility in English
Language (Grammatical point and
Language/Vocabulary point)
3. In a nutshell:
- Usage of synonyms/complex
words/topic related vocabulary;
- Logical sequencing of ideas / Usage
of connectors (Under/Over use of
connective devices -> Band 5.5 in CC)
- Have a check on Grammatical and
Spelling errors;
- Being original and keeping within
the topic without any deviation;
- Keep an eye on number of words
(WORD COUNT) and the time taken;
- Always write in paragraphs and
NOT like PowerPoint presentation
(No Bullet Points)
WRITING MODULE
4. Penalized for:
- Under length
- Off topic
- If memorized / Plagiarism
- Illegible / unable to read
PAPER BASED TEST: To
calculate Word Count:
Different Answer scripts for
both TASK 1 and TASK 2;
you will have 40 lines in one
sheet;
=> Write 8 words per line (on
an average)
Task 2: 8 words x 35 lines =
280 words
Task 1: 8 words x 22 line =
176 words
BAND DESCRIPTORS are a
set of assessment criteria that
the examiner uses to assess
one’s performance in IELTS
writing test. The band
descriptors are different for
Task 1 and Task 2
CBT versus PBT: Writing
Module:
CBT:
- Type your response on
screen;
- Can be easily edited; Have
options to copy (Ctr++++++
++++++l+C) and paste
(Ctrl+V)
- Automated word count;
- Demands good typing
speed; must be tech savvy;
- Question and Answer will
be displayed on the same
screen; Question on the left
and type the answer on the
right;
- Timer will be visible; Easy
to plan;
- No auto correct option for
spellings;
- Screen gets locked the
moment the timer stops;
PBT:
- Write on a paper; can use
pen or HB Pencil; (HB
Pencil is preferable – easy
to erase and edit)
- Demands understandable
handwriting;
- Question paper and
Answer scripts are
different; (Task 1 and Task
2 Answer scripts are
different - Care to be taken
while filling details)
- Will be provided with an
additional sheet (if
required)
- No timer; Must be careful
while allocating the time for
tasks;
- Calculate approximate
word count with average
words and number of lines
written to ensure crossing
the minimum limit;
 AP’s NOTES
OBJECTIVE OF IELTS WRITING TEST:
=> To know how well one can respond to a
situation – Letter writing
=> To check how well one can summarize a
pictorial/diagrammatical representation of
data or write a report - Report writing
=> To see how well one can answer to a
question in a detailed manner - Essay writing
=> Organization of content:
- Organizing thoughts; how sequential they
are; having smooth transition from one concept
to the other; paragraphing and structuring;
=> Range of Vocabulary:
- Command over Grammar; Number of errors
(Grammar/Spellings) and level of
understanding and usage of appropriate
structure;
WRITING MODULE
WRITING MODULE: TASK 2: ESSAY
WRITING
GENERAL INFORMATION:
Writing module is the 3rd test of IELTS
Exam
It is divided into two tasks – Task 1 and
Task 2 – Task 1 is different for Academic
and General module; Task 2 is the same
for both Academic and General module
Task 1: Report Writing (Academic) and
Letter Writing (General); Task 2: Essay
writing (Both Academic and General)
Duration of the writing test - 1 hour (20
min for Task 1 + 40 min for Task 2)
ESSAY WRITING (TASK 2 –
IELTS WRITING)
=> Provided with Simple
Argumentative Topics
=> Word limit: At least 250 words
(minimum) and there is no upper
limit – Safe zone: At least 260 to
280 words; NO UPPER LIMIT
Suggested time: 40 minutes (10-15
Minutes for planning + 20 - 23
Minutes for Writing + 3-5
Minutes for Reviewing)
Total Weightage: Two-Third of
total writing task – Twice the
weightage as compared to Task 1
 AP’s NOTES
WRITING MODULE
ESSAY WRITING - I. OPINION BASED ESSAY:
II. NON-OPINION BASED ESSAY:
(1) Opinion based; 1. INTRODUCTION: (30-50 words)
1. INTRODUCTION: (30-50 words)
----- Paraphrased question statement
(2) Non-opinion based; ----- Paraphrased question statement
----- Thesis statement (Position/Stand)
GENERAL STRUCTURE: ----- Outline of the essay (This essay...)
----- Outline of the essay (This essay...)
2. BODY PARAGRAPHS:
=> Introduction - Keep your introduction
2. BODY PARAGRAPHS:
short. Should be able to write your => Body Paragraph 1: (90-110 words)
=> Body Paragraph 1: (90-110 words)
introduction fairly quickly so you can start ----- Opening Statement (Answer
writing your body paragraphs. ----- Opening Statement (Reason 1 for question 1)
agreement/disagreement)
----- Supporting point
=> Body Paragraphs - You should have 2 or 3
----- Supporting point
body paragraphs - no more, and no less. For ----- Example
----- Example
body paragraph, each paragraph should => Body Paragraph 2: (90-110 words)
contain one controlling idea, and have => Body Paragraph 2: (90-110 words)
----- Opening Statement (Answer
sentences to support this. ----- Opening Statement (Reason 2 for question 2)
agreement/disagreement)
=> Conclusion - The conclusion only needs to ----- Supporting point
----- Supporting point
be one or two sentences. Re-state what the ----- Example
essay is about (re-write the last sentence of ----- Example
3. CONCLUSION: (25-30 words)
your introduction in different words). Give 3. CONCLUSION: (25-30 words)
----- Summarization of highlights and
some thoughts about the future. Don’t forget to
----- Summarization of highlights with a generalized observation
use connectors. reiteration of opinion
 AP’s NOTES
WRITING MODULE

COMMON SPELLING ERRORS:

GENERAL TIPS/ THINGS TO REMEMBER:
=> Single/Double Letters: For example, Embarasment -
=> No examples in INTRODUCTION Embarrassment
=> No new points in CONCLUSION => Silent Letters: In English, one or the other letter may be silent in
=> Minimum 2 and Maximum 3 BODY PARAGRAPHS a particular word when you say it but in writing, you cannot ignore
that letter. For example, Hankerchief -Handkerchief
=> Each BODY PARAGRAPH must have ONLY ONE
CONTROLLING idea => Position of ‘i’ and ’e’: For example, Recieve —Receive

=> Add at least ONE example in EACH BODY PARAGRAPH
=> Never write in SECOND PERSON note (‘You’/’Your’
should not be used in essay)
=> Notes or bullet points in whole or in part are not acceptable
as answers.
=> Confusion with ‘or’ and ‘er’: Words that end with ’or‘e.g.
doctor, while you use ‘er’ in some words e.g. gather.
=> Words that Sound Similar: Many words in English language
sound very similar to each other but are drastically different in
meaning. For example, Accept/Except; Their/There/They’re

=> Ideation is the key to writing a good essay. Concentrate on

the quality of ideas. 
HOW TO AVOID SPELLING ERRORS
=> Remember to write a minimum of 250 words. No upper
limit though; => Make the habit of reading articles in magazines, newspapers or
on the websites.
=> Use good vocabulary wherever you can and be
grammatically correct. => Practice writing those words where you usually make mistakes
=> Use your paragraphs well and connect the paragraphs using again and again as this will help you to learn them well.
appropriate connectors.
=> Play spelling games online that would help remember words in
=> Manage your time well. You have just 40 minutes and use fun learning method/environment.
them wisely.
=> One basic tip is that once you make any spelling error,
=> Take time to think about what to write and follow the
remember the correct spelling of that word confidently and then try
directions to components of a good essay. Answer the question
correctly. best to avoid making the same mistake again and again.
 AP’s NOTES
WRITING MODULE
HOW TO IMPROVE SENTENCE QUALITY?
=> Sentence structure is an essential element of assessing skills,
especially in writing. If you improve the structure of a sentence,
you would see the difference it makes.
=> Using complex structure with the use of sentence connector
and good vocabulary is quite effective;
HOW TO IMPROVE A SENTENCE STRUCTURE?
=> USE OF SENTENCE CONNECTORS: Appropriate use of
connectors must be ensured. Avoid using these connectors
excessively which would otherwise lower the impression of your
writing.
=> USE OF SYNONYMS: Always use the words about which
you are comfortable with and learn the complex vocabulary
thoroughly before using it in your writing. Using vocabulary or
synonyms incorrectly brings negative impression.
=> CONVERT SIMPLE TO COMPLEX SENTENCES: Using
complex sentences is a sign of advanced level of English. If you
can incorporate or master the art of using complex sentences
without making any grammatical mistakes, you are bound to
score Band 7 or even above. You can use complex sentences
using words such as even though, although, however, but,
because, if, in order to etc.
HOW TO ORGANIZE THE ESSAY WELL?
=> It is extremely important that you structure and organize essay in
order to score well in coherence and cohesion criterion of writing
assessment.
=> By reading a well-organized essay, the examiner will get better
clarity of task response, and hence the candidate would get good band
score.
==> ENSURE PROPER PARAGRAPHING OF ESSAYS: It is
recommended that you write 2 - 3 Body Paragraphs in between
Introduction and Conclusion.
==> USE COHESIVE DEVICES FOR LOGICALLY CONNECTING
IDEAS: Include cohesive devices such as whereas, on the other hand,
moreover, furthermore, in contrast to this, etc. wherever required.
Such words or phrases help to logically connect your sentences together
and create a flow for properly forming a body paragraph. Do not
overuse them - their usage should be natural and should not look
mechanical.
==> START AND END THE BODY PARAGRAPH WELL: The start
or end of the paragraph should indicate when you are about to begin or
conclude your explanation of ideas. The body paragraph should begin
with such words, phrases or sentences that help the reader know what
the paragraph is about. For example, you may use "to begin with" at
the start of a paragraph/ "moreover" which you can use when you are
about to include another point to the already written point.
AP’s NOTES
WRITING MODULE

II. 5 - STEP STRATEGY => TO PLAN THE ESSAY

=> STEP 1: Read the essay topic intently/Identify the task or the question:
To get the answer right, spend some time understanding your question
right. It is more like a postmortem of the question itself;

=> STEP 2: Develop focus questions: Once the task in the topic is identified,
create two focus questions. These will act as paragraph guides and also
keep you from going off the topic. Focus questions must be simple and
direct.

=> STEP 3: Forming body paragraphs: The normal structure of an essay

is: (1) Introduction; (2) Body paragraphs; and (3) Conclusion. Generally,
the body paragraphs should not be less than 2 or more than 3. Always
remember, each body paragraphs must have ONLY ONE
CONTROLLING IDEA.

=> STEP 4: Answering the focus questions: Think about 2 to 3 points under
each focus question. This will act as main point and this should be like a
phrase;

=> STEP 5: Model P-E-E (Point-Explanation-Example): Once done with

noting down the main points, one must think about sub-points to elaborate
and extend the ideas. Model P-E-E (Point-Explain-Example) is a helpful
tool for those who struggle with this task - First state the point, then explain
it further and also give an example to support the main idea.
 AP’s NOTES
WRITING MODULE

CHECK-LIST AS PER BAND DESCRIPTORS: 3. LEXICAL RESOURCES:

1. TASK ACHIEVEMENT/TASK RESPONSE: => Has topic-specific vocabulary been used?

=> Is the essay less 250 words? => Has the student used forced vocabulary? (Not

=> Does the introduction hit on all of the keywords in the question? forced or used for the sake of it)

=> Is the thesis statement clear? (In case of opinion type essays) 4. GRAMMATICAL RANGE AND ACCURACY:

=> Does the essay have strong, distinct and multiple good quality ideas? => Has the student used good quality complex and
compound sentences? (One that is easy to
=> Are the main points elaborated and explained with sub-points? understand and grammatically correct)

2. COHERENCE AND COHESION: => Does the student use correct tense?

=> Does the introduction have an outline statement? => Has the student used appropriate conjunctions?

=> Does the Essay have a logical flow? => Has the student used both active and passive

=> Does each paragraph explain one specific idea? voice appropriately?

=> Are the examples observable, real-life situations? Is it common knowledge => Has the student used proper punctuation?

(something that everyone ought to know and need not have to research to find => Has the student used correct articles? (the, a,
out?) an)

=> Does the essay have incorrect cohesive devices or have they been forced in => Are the student’s spellings correct?
without context?

=> Does the conclusion summarize the main points of the essay? Does it address
the question and come to a conclusion without introducing any new points?
 AP’s NOTES
WRITING MODULE

‘TWO OPINIONS’ TYPE OF ESSAY / ‘DISCUSS BOTH VIEWS’ TYPE OF ESSAY

Many people are of the opinion that exploiting animals by humans is unethical. However, another group of people think that using animals
for satisfying various needs such as food and research is acceptable.
Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Paragraph 3- Body Paragraph 2
How to structure it?
=> Sentence 1- State Second Opinion
Paragraph 1- Introduction
=> Sentence 2-Discuss Second Opinion
=> Sentence 1- Paraphrase the Question
=> Sentence 3- Provide Reason Why You Agree/Disagree with this
=> Sentence 2- State Both Opinions
Opinion
=> Sentence 3- Write Thesis Statement
=> Sentence 4- Give Example to Support Your Opinion
=> Sentence 4- Write Outline Statement
Paragraph 4- Conclusion
Paragraph 2- Body Paragraph 1
=> Sentence 1 - Summary and State which Opinion is better
=> Sentence 1- State First Opinion
=> Sentence 2- Discuss First Opinion
=> Sentence 3-Provide Reason Why You Agree/Disagree with this Opinion
=> Sentence 4-Give Example to Support Your Opinion
 AP’s NOTES
WRITING MODULE

‘PROBLEM AND SOLUTIONS’ TYPE OF ESSAY

Internet has completely transformed the way information is shared but this has led to many serious problems. What are the problems being
faced due to this? Suggest some possible solutions for dealing with these problems.
How to structure it? Paragraph 3: Solutions
Paragraph 1: Introduction => Sentence 1- State the solution
=> Sentence 1- Paraphrase the Question => Sentence 2-Explain how this can be the possible solution
=> Sentence 2-Outline the sentence => Sentence 3- Write an example
Paragraph 2: Problems Paragraph 4: Conclusion
=> Sentence 1- State the problem => Sentence 1- Write summary of the main points
=> Sentence 2- Explain the problem => Sentence 2-Provide advice or predict the future
=> Sentence 3-What can be the result of this problem
=> Sentence 4-Write an example
 AP’s NOTES
WRITING MODULE

‘AGREE AND DISAGREE’ TYPE OF ESSAY

In some countries the number of people suffering from health problems because of excess consumption of junk food, is increasing. It has
therefore become imperative for governments to impose a higher tax on this kind of food.
To what extent do you agree or disagree? Paragraph 4: Conclusion.
Structure of the essay: => Statement 1- emphasizing statement on the
Paragraph 1: Introduction agreement/disagreement
=> Statement 1- paraphrased statement of the question => Statement 2- a possible solution to the problem or argument
=> Statement 2- clarify your stance on the statement
=> Statement 3 and 4 - support the stance in just two sentences
Paragraph 2: Opinion Point 1
=> Statement 1- emphasize your agree/disagreement with a reason
=> Statement 2 and more - give relevant examples
Paragraph 3: Opinion Point 2
=> Statement 1- emphasize your agree/disagreement with a reason
=> Statement 2 and more - give relevant examples
 AP’s NOTES
WRITING MODULE

‘CAUSE (REASON) AND EFFECT’ TYPE OF ESSAY

Obesity in children is a serious problem in a number of countries.
What are the causes of obesity in children? Discuss the possible alarming effects of this problem in the future.
Paragraph 4: Conclusion
How to structure it?
=> Sentence 1 - Write summary of the main points
Paragraph 1: Introduction
Note: You should not make any paragraph about Solutions.
=> Sentence 1- Paraphrase the Question
=> Sentence 2-Outline the sentence
Paragraph 2: Causes & Reasons
=> Sentence 1 - State the cause (reason)
=> Sentence 2- Explain how it is the cause (reason)
=> Sentence 3-Write an example
Paragraph 3: Effects
=> Sentence 1 - State the likely effect
=> Sentence 2-Explain how this can be the possible effect
Sentence 3- Write an example
 AP’s NOTES
WRITING MODULE

‘COMPARE AND CONTRAST’ TYPE OF ESSAY

Some people want to live in a house while others prefer living in an apartment.
Does living in a house bring more advantages than living in an apartment?
Paragraph 4: Conclusion
How to structure it?
Sentence 1- Summary of the main point to conclude which is
Paragraph 1: Introduction
better and why
=> Sentence 1- Paraphrase the Question
NOTE: DO NOT get confused with ‘DOES ADVANTAGE
=> Sentence 2-Outline the sentence
OUTWEIGH DISADVANTAGE?’ essay type.
Paragraph 2: (Your supporting side)
=> Sentence 1- State the benefit
=> Sentence 2- Explain how it brings this benefit Sentence
=> Write an example
Paragraph 3: (Your opposing side)
=> Sentence 1- State the issue
=> Sentence 2-Explain how it leads to this issue
=> Sentence 3- Write an example
 AP’s NOTES
WRITING MODULE

‘TWO-POINT/TWO PART’ TYPE ESSAY QUESTIONS

It is generally said that supervisor is responsible for the productivity and actions of a group of employees. What are some important qualities
of a good supervisor? Explain why these qualities are important.
Structure of the essay:
Paragraph 1: Introduction
=> Sentence 1- Paraphrase Question
=> Sentence 2- Give outline of your opinion on both the questions
Paragraph 2: Main Body Paragraph 1
Paragraph 4: Conclusion
=> Sentence 1- Answer the first question
=> Sentence 1- Summary: In conclusion, simply paraphrase the body
=> Sentence 2- Give explanation
paragraphs by writing about both the questions. Do not skip any
=> Sentence 3- Further explain
question in conclusion.
=> Sentence 4- Example
Paragraph 3: Main Body Paragraph 2
=> Sentence 1- Answer the second question
=> Sentence 2- Give explanation
=> Sentence 3- Further explain
=> Sentence 4- Example
 AP’s NOTES
WRITING MODULE

‘ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES’ QUESTION TYPE ESSAY

Essay Type 1: Discuss its advantages and disadvantages.
Nowadays, with the advancement of technology, people can work and live anywhere they want. Discuss its advantages and disadvantages.
Paragraph 4- Conclusion
How to structure it?
=> Sentence 1- Write summary of the main points
Paragraph 1- Introduction
=> Sentence 1- Paraphrase the Question
=> Sentence 2-Outline the sentence
Paragraph 2- Body Paragraph 1 (Advantages)
=> Sentence 1 - Topic of the sentence (Advantage 1)
=> Sentence 2- Explain how it is an advantage
=> Sentence 3-Write an example
Paragraph 3- Body Paragraph 2 (Dis-advantages)
=> Sentence 1- Topic of the sentence (Disadvantage)
=> Sentence 2-Explain how it is a disadvantage
=> Sentence 3- Write an example
 AP’s NOTES
WRITING MODULE

‘ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES’ QUESTION TYPE ESSAY

Essay Type 2: Does the Advantage outweigh Disadvantage?
Nowadays, with the advancement of technology, people can work and live anywhere they want. Do the advantages of this advancement
outweigh its disadvantages?
How to structure it?
Paragraph 1- Introduction
=> Sentence 1- Paraphrase the Question
=> Sentence 2- Write thesis statement (Which one outweigh the other) => should not mention your personal opinion
=> Sentence 3 — Outline the sentence
Paragraph 2- Body Paragraph 1 (Stronger side) Paragraph 3 - Body Paragraph 2 (Weaker side)
=> Sentence 1 - Topic of the sentence 2 => Sentence 1 - Topic of the sentence
=> Sentence 2- Explain how it is a strong side => Sentence 2 — Explain how it is not a strong side
=> Sentence 3-Write an example => Sentence 3 — Write an example
=> Sentence 4 — Topic of the sentence 2 Paragraph 4- Conclusion
=> Sentence 5 — explain how it is a strong side => Sentence 1 - Write summary of the main points and restate the
=> Sentence 6 — Write an example position.
 AP’s NOTES
WRITING MODULE

‘ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES’ QUESTION TYPE ESSAY

Essay Type 3: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages. Give your own opinion.
Nowadays, with the advancement of technology and transportation facilities, people can work and live anywhere they want. Discuss the
advantages and disadvantages. Give your own opinion.
How to structure it?
Paragraph 1- Introduction
Paragraph 4 - Body Paragraph 3 (Opinion)
=> Sentence 1- Paraphrase the Question
=> Sentence 1- Topic of the sentence (Opinion)
=> Sentence 2- Write thesis statement (Your opinion)
=> Sentence 2-Explain why you opine that way
=> Sentence 3 — Outline the sentence
=> Sentence 3- Write an example
Paragraph 2 - Body Paragraph 1 (Advantages)
Paragraph 5 - Conclusion
=> Sentence 1 - Topic of the sentence
=> Sentence 1 - Write summary of the main points.
=> Sentence 2- Explain how it is an advantage
=> Sentence 3-Write an example
Paragraph 3 - Body Paragraph 2 (Disadvantages)
=> Sentence 1- Topic of the sentence (Disadvantage 1)
=> Sentence 2-Explain how it is a disadvantage
=> Sentence 3- Write an example
Paragraph 4 - Body Paragraph 3 (Opinion)
=> Sentence 1- Explain your opinion
=> Sentence 2-Explain or give example
 AP’s NOTES
ACADEMIC WRITING TASK 1: REPORT
WRITING
Report Writing: Diagrammatic or Pictorial
representation of data
Word limit: At least 150 words (Safe zone: 160 to
180 words) – No upper limit;
Weightage: One-third of the total writing test
Ideal time: 20 minutes (Planning: 4-5 minutes;
Writing: 13-14 minutes; Review: 1-2 minutes)
TYPES OF REPORT WRITING QUESTIONS:
=> Bar Diagram
=> Line Graph
=> Pie Chart
=> Table
=> Map
=> Process/Diagram Based
MODEL ESSAY STRUCTURE - USE AS A
GUIDELINE FOR ALL IELTS ACADEMIC
TASK 1 QUESTION.
Paragraph 1 – Introduction
Paragraph 2 – Overview
Paragraph 3 – 1st main feature
Paragraph 4 – 2nd main feature
WRITING MODULE
REPORT WRITING
- It is a diagrammatic representation or
Pictorial representation of data. It is an
info-graphic.
- It is important to brainstorm the right
content - Spend at least 4-5 minutes
planning/brainstorming.
- This will help find the right content and
the key features from the question
- The students might get either a Bar
Diagram/ Line
Graph/Pie-Chart/Table/Map/Process or
5 STEPS TO WRITE A GOOD IELTS
REPORT:
1) Analyze the question
2) Identify the main features
3) Write an introduction
4) Write an overview
5) Write the details in paragraphs
COMMON MISTAKES AND
GENERAL TIPS:
=> It is NOT about what you say; but
HOW WELL YOU USE ENGLISH;
=> Always aim for QUALITY rather
than quantity – Work on organizing
thoughts and language (Lexical and
Grammar)
=> Always write over the word count:
Safe zone is 160-180 words (However,
there is NO UPPER LIMIT);
=> Always PARAPHRASE the given
question. Using same statement as the
question will not be counted by the
examiner.
=> Take care of tenses and Grammar
=> Use helping words like Meanwhile,
Although, But, Because etc.
=> NO need for CONCLUSION as it is a
report; EXCEPT for MAP and
PROCESS BASED QUESTIONS
=> Dates will help choose the tense to
use in the report question:
==> No Dates given – Use Present tense
==> Dates given in the past – Use Past
tense
==> Dates given in the future – Use
Future tense
==> Dates spanning both past and
future – Use both past tense and future
tense
 AP’s NOTES
WRITING MODULE

STEPS TO BE CONSIDERED WHILE EVALUATING: 3. LEXICAL RESOURCES

GRADING: => Does the vocab used to depict the trend or growth
percentage of the graph?
=> Step 1: Check the word count. Anything less than 150 will be
penalized. => Is the tone formal or have informal phrases been used?

=> Step 2: Is the handwriting legible? (If it isn’t marked down the => Are there words that the student has used
student) inappropriately?

=> Step 3: Check the student’s write up against the band descriptors => Are there any misspelled words?
sheet: USE BAND DESCRIPTORS FOR TASK 1:
=> Do the words blend into the student’s writing or are they
CHECK–LIST FOR TASK 1 (REPORT WRITING) forced?

1. THE TASK ACHIEVEMENT OF THE REPORT => Do the words help interpret/depict the graph?

=> Does paragraph 1 give you an idea as to what the report was about?

=> Are all the key points covered? 4. GRAMMATICAL RANGE AND ACCURACY

=> Have proper comparisons been made? => Has the student used multiple sentence structures?

=> Is the data accurate? => Has the student used the appropriate voice?

=> Has the student used the appropriate tense?

2. COHERENCE AND COHESION => Has he/she used proper punctuation?

=> Does the write-up have a logical flow? => Have they written using parallel structures?

=> Is there a sense of logic to how the paragraphs have been => Have they written complete sentences?
bifurcated?

=> Does the essay have incorrect cohesive devices or have they been
=> Step 4: Give them an appropriate band BASED on the
forced in without context?
description of their writing (TA+CC+GRA+LR/4)
 AP’s NOTES
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:
STEP - 1: READ THE
QUESTION PROPERLY
- This will allow selecting
important information and an
overview to write an
introduction
- It is important to gain
familiarity with the question
to avoid errors
- Concentrate on the following
while reading the question:
==> Bar Chart/Line Graph-
Read the x axis, y axis, and
labels given on the right or
top.
==> Pie-Chart- Read the
labels
==> Table-Need to read the
Row Heading, Column
Heading and the figures
==> Map- You will read the
labels and also check the sites.
==> Process/Diagram- Read
the Heading/ Sub-Heading
WRITING MODULE
STEP - 2: ANALYSE THE QUESTION
- Analyzing the question thoroughly will
help picking out important highlights
- It should be done as quickly as possible
as we have just 4-5 minutes to plan
- Make use of the pencil to write down the
important features that you have noticed
(IT’S A GOOD STRATEGY- YOU
WILL NOT FORGET THE KEY
FEATURES)
- Analyze the following in the questions:
==> Bart Chart/Line Graph- X axis/Y
Axis difference of points; check Heading
or title of the graph; Check labels given
at the top-bottom of the diagram
==> Pie Chart- Check Heading or title of
the graph; check labels given at the top-
bottom of the diagram
==> Table- Read the headings of rows
and columns
==> Maps- Check labels/directions/slides
mentioned
==> Process/Diagram - Checkout the
picture of every step in the process chart
to get overall understanding
STEP - 3: GO INTO DETAILS
- For good analysis you can figure out its important
features in two ways:
==> By going into the details - Checkout each aspect of
the diagram
==> By making comparisons - Compare and Contrast to
find something significant
- Bar-Chart/Line Graph:
==> Check for increasing/decreasing/stable/fluctuation
trend of every line graph
==> Compare and find out differences of every label in
terms of quantitative analysis
==> Check out similarities of every label
==> Find out if there are any joining points where two or
more graphs join
- Table:
==> Analyze every figure row wise and column wise to
look for maximum value/minimum value/increasing/
decreasing/stable/ fluctuation trend
- Map:
==> According to the label, try to make out inferences of
every side in the map and find out its location using the
compass
- Process/ Diagram:
==> Understand each and every stage of the diagram
==> Do not forget to check out the textual information
along with every diagram
 AP’s NOTES
STEP - 4: STRUCTURE OF
BODY PARAGRAPHS
- After completing the
brainstorming part, we should
plan and structure the body
paragraph
- You can divide the Diagram
or the represented
Charts/Map/Process into two to
three paragraphs
- You can list out the main
trends in one paragraph and
points of comparison and
contrast in another paragraph
- In report writing, one must
state only the facts and not any
opinion
- Each paragraph should have
only about 7-8 lines.
- There will be an overview for
various charts which has
statistical data and NO
CONCLUSION.
- There will be NO overview
for Maps, Diagram and Process
based questions, but will
HAVE CONCLUSION.
WRITING MODULE
FOUR STEP STRATEGY:
1. Understand the question:
=> See the colour code, check the x and
y axis, see the label-heading, observe
and summarize it
2. Introduction:
=> Here, introduction need not be
fancy
=> It should be specific - use simple yet
strong language
=> Paraphrase the question statement
(question will have all the required
information)
=> Copying same sentence will lead to
loss of marks (e.g. – Shows - you can
use demonstrates/illustrates)
3. Outline/ Overview:
=> What is it? (Striking thing)
=> You need to go for the affecting
thing – this will be the overview line
=> You need to write the overall
happenings
=> You need to write what catches your eye as
highlight while looking at the given graph or diagram/
Chart.
=> There must be a triggering factor
=> You can use phrases like (It is quite evident, It is
very clear that, It can be observed that etc.)
4. Providing Details:
=> It is difficult –You should not give all the details or
everything – because it will either be boring or
confusing. Hence, one cannot achieve the required task
achievement.
=> Just summarize, compare and contrast the given
data/info.
=> Come up with your ideas in an organized way.
=> Do not compare each and every single detail –
which will be too childish. => So plan to compare the
data given by (a) compare by item (b) compare by
period / time.
=> Little statistics should also be provided.
 AP’s NOTES
WRITING MODULE
DETAIL EXPLANATION OF EACH TYPE OF
REPORT WRITING: II. LINE GRAPH

I. BAR CHART - There are two types of Line Graph- Simple and Complex

- You may get either a single bar graph or a combination - In Simple, you will find one line in the graph; in Complex, you may get two
of two or more. or more lines in the graph.

- You may even get a combination of bar graph / pie
chart/line graph and a table.
STEPS INVOLVED
- Read questions and select information
- Start writing the introduction
- Analyze the question and compare and contrast
- Start writing body paragraphs
- You don’t need a conclusion for charts and tables
- The lines will be in different colours / types
- You may find label at one side of the graph to understand the details
WHAT IS TESTED?
- Ability to objectively describe the information given, compare and contrast,
report on an impersonal topic without the use of opinion and the use of
language of graph description
STEPS INVOLVED:
- Read question properly to write introduction
- Analyze line graph to write body paragraphs

III. PIE CHART - Compare and contrast to find important highlights

- It is represented in an easy to read pie slice format - You do not need a conclusion for charts and tables

- It is extremely important to examine each slice well and IV. TABLE TYPE
highlight the key features
- You will either get a single table or two tables.
STEPS INVOLVED
- You may get a combination of a table with any type of chart
- Read the question properly to select information
STEPS INVOLVED
- Start writing the introduction
- Read the question and select information
- Analyze the pie chart carefully
- Write the introduction - You do not need a
- Start writing the body paragraph conclusion for charts
- Analyze the question well
- You do not need a conclusion for charts and tables and tables;
- Write your body paragraphs
 AP’s NOTES
WRITING MODULE

VI. MAP BASED QUESTION

V. DIAGRAM BASED / PROCESS CHART

- There will be step by step instruction to show how a process - Three types of Maps:
is followed
==> No comparison
- You may get some written text along with the Diagram as
explanation ==> Compare two Maps- one in the present and one in the future

- Example – you may get some electricity production or

==> Compare two Maps- one in the past and one in the present
chocolate making process etc.

- You will have to describe what is seen in the diagram - Do
not repeat phrases from the previous diagram
- Vocabulary and usage of appropriate words matter over here
- It is always better explain using passive voice as it sounds
better
- It is intimidating / complex - if there is no idea about it; it is
challenging.
STEPS INVOLVED:
- Read and understand the question properly and write the
introduction (There is no overview for diagram based or
process based question as no data base will be given)
- Write two body paragraphs
STEPS INVOLVED:
- Read the question and map carefully and understand the
question
- Write Map introduction- You may use synonyms and
paraphrasing skills to write introduction
- Start analyzing Map according to the question
- Look at the map and write a few paragraphs (Write the body
paragraphs about the key features of the Map)
- Instead of saying these things are present- connecting how they
are related to each other

- Write the main conclusion (CONCLUSION IS A MUST - Write the main conclusion (YOU NEED TO CONCLUDE OR
HERE UNLIKE TABLES/CHARTS)
SUMMARIZE - CONCLUSION IS ADDED)
 AP’s NOTES
WRITING MODULE => Constant change:
i. Verb: fluctuate, vary (around)
USEFUL VOCABULARIES 4. Grammar iv. Adverbs:
Variations: sharply, rapidly, ii. Noun: fluctuation, variation
12. Phrases for various trends:
1. Position Statement:
quickly, => Change of direction:
=> Learn the usage of => Upward trend: showed an upward tren
=> Stood at considerably,
‘then’, ‘before’, ‘after’ reached its highest point; reached its peak;
significantly, i. Verb: To bottom out at, To hit a low
=> Accounted for => Usage of tenses substantially, point/the lowest/the largest of, To peak
=> Downward trend:at,showed
To reach
a downward
steadily, gradually, a peak of, To stand at, To start/begin,
trend; To end/finish
reached its lowest point; had hit the
2. Movement statement: => Learn the usage of moderately, at bottom point in the year…;
‘fell by, ‘decreased to’, slightly, slowly
=> A decrease/ decreased/ ii. Noun: A low of,=>AFluctuation
high of trend: There was some
experienced a decrease. and ‘dropped from’ fluctuation…; they fluctuated
=> Going up:
QUICK TIPS: wildly/considerably during…;
=> An increase/ increased/ => Comparison and
Superlative: THE i. Verb: climb,
witnessed an increase. =>the
=> Learn where to use Constant
words trend:
like: Remained static;
MOST and “MORE go up, grow,
remained stable at the point; there was no
THAN”/ “THAN” increase, jump,
3. Time phrases: - plunge and plummetchange; they remained unchanged/constan
rise, rocket; they reached a plateau; they leveled off;
=> From (year) to (year) 5. TRENDS: - rocket and rocketed
ii. Noun: => Useful language of estimation: Just ove
=> Between (year) and => Going down: climb, go up, - steadily and gradually
nearly, about, around, almost,
(year) growth, increase, approximately, just about, very nearly, jus
i. Verb: decline, rise; - levelled off and stabilized
over, more than, less than;
=> During/throughout the decrease, drop, fall, go
period from (year) to (year) down, plummet, => No change: - Fluctuation CONNECTING WORDS:
plunge
=> During a period of i. Verb: level - reached a low/peak => Addition/Adding info: Moreover…
ii. Noun: decline, off at, remain the Furthermore… In addition…
(number) years
same, remain - stood at; started at/began at; ended
Additionally… at/finished
Likewise… Onattop of that,…
decrease, drop, fall, go
=> Over the (three-months) down, plummet, unchanged, remain - dipped/decreased slightly
=> To Emphasis: Clearly,…; Indeed,…;
period (between January plunge constant, remain Especially,…; In particular,…; Particularl
and March) stable, stay - increased slightly/gradually
…; Without a doubt,…; Obviously,…;
iii. Adjectives: constant, stay Importantly,…
=> In (year) sharp, rapid, quick, stable, stay steady, - Experienced/witnessed/saw a decrease/a decline/a
considerable, keep unchanged rise/an increase => Comparison/Opposition: However,…; I
=> By (year) contrast,…; By contrast…; In comparison
significant, substantial,
steady, gradual, ii. Noun: A => To show figures:…;we use only 4 On
Meanwhile,…; prepositions
the other hand,…;
=> For (number) years But…; Alternatively,…; Nevertheless,…
moderate, slight, slow levelling off at (FROM/IN/TO/AT)
=> Concession: Admittedly,…; Even
though…; Although…; Despite…; In spite
of…
 AP’s NOTES
REPORT WRITING – LIST
OF VOCABULARY (IELTS
NINJA CONTENT)
Example: The given graph
shows the comparison
between….
Possible synonyms for each
of the above mentioned
words in the statement:
=> given: presented,
provided, supplied,
illustrated, stated,
demonstrated;
=> graph: bar graph, line
diagram, table, pie chart, line
graph, illustration, diagram,
flowchart, process diagram,
data, information, statistics,
figures;
=> shows (as verb): presents,
illustrates, describes,
provides information,
depicts, indicates, elucidates,
reveals, portrays, represents;
=> the comparison between:
the differences, the
information, the data, the
number of, the proportions
of, the percentage of, the
amount of, the performance
of,
WRITING MODULE
VOCABULARY (Contd…): 8. Forms of Adjectives:
Positive – Comparative
1. First set of data: To begin – Superlative – Degrees
with, firstly, beginning with; of comparison must be
learnt.
2. Second/Third set of data:
Meanwhile, Turning to…, As we 9. Words to say going
turn to…, As we take a look at.., up:
It can be seen..; increase/rocketed/soar
ed/leapt/developed/sur
3. About noticeable/ impactful
ged;
trend: First of all, It can be seen
that, It can be noticed that, Most 10. Words to say going
noticeable trend worth pointing down: plummet,
out is; sink/sank,
drop/dropped’
4. Second trend / less important
dip/dipped, slip back,
trend: Another trend worth
de line, reduced,
noticing is that…, It is also
decreased, descended,
worth pointing out that…, It is
fall/fell;
also worth to observe that…, It
can also be observed that…; 11. Make chunks using
the verbs ‘up’ and
5. Contradicting
‘down’ by adding an
statements/exceptions: However,
‘adjective’ or an
one thing that can be
‘adverb’ to them: (1)
noticed/pointed out is…,
Adjectives: substantial,
However, there is one exception
significant, sudden,
to…, However, this has not been
dramatic, sharp; (2)
the case (always) in…;
Adverb: substantially,
6. Similarity: It is similar to… significantly, suddenly,
dramatically, sharply;
7. Contrast: In contrast with (Example: sharp
/to…; It showed/revealed a increase / increased
noticeable/remarkable dramatically)
difference…;
 AP’s NOTES
GENERAL WRITING TASK 1: Letter writing
- Can be Formal / Semi-formal / Informal letter
- Provided with a situation like: Requesting,
apologizing, thanking, inviting, complaining,
seeking information, applying for a job, etc.
- At least 150 words (Safe zone: 160-180 words) -
No upper limit
- Ideal time - 20 minutes (Planning: 4-5 minutes;
Writing: 13-14 minutes; Review: 1-2 minutes)
- 1/3 weightage of overall writing test;
There are 3 different types of letters:
- Formal letter
- Semi-formal
- Informal letter
OBJECTIVES OF LETTER WRITING:
Objective of letter writing task in general paper
is to know how well one can respond to a
situation given. This task assess the ability to
respond, express needs or wants, clarity of
purpose, describe likes dislikes opinion, and
provide a reason and Express;
WRITING MODULE
AIMS OF THE LETTER
Letters can be based on different
content which will affect the style of
the letter.
=> Complaints - usually formal
=> Invitations - usually informal or
semi-formal
=> Applications for resignation -
usually formal
=> Request - any form – formal, semi-
formal and informal
=> Making arrangements - often
formal
=> Explanation - sometimes semi-
formal or informal
=> Informative or newsletters - any
form – formal, semi-formal and
informal
=> Apology - any form – formal, semi-
formal and informal
INSTRUCTIONS FOR IELTS
LETTERS
=> Spend 20 minutes on letter. (Planning:
4-5 minutes; Writing: 13-14 minutes;
Review: 1-2 minutes)
=> Write over 150 words (aim for
between 160 and 180 to be safe) – No
upper limit though;
=> Need not have to write an address on
the letter.
=> Pay close attention to whom the letter
is being written and the relationship that
exists with that person. This will decide
your style of writing and your tone.
=> Pay attention to the aim and purpose
of the letter.
=> All points must be included clearly in
the letter.
=> Must use imagination to fill in details
and decide the names of the people in the
letter.
=> Begin the letter by addressing the
person and then an opening line. Always
sign off appropriately.
 AP’s NOTES
WRITING MODULE HOW TO PLAN YOUR LETTER
STRUCTURE AND PARAGRAPH OF A
LETTER 1. Read the question carefully and answer
PLANNING YOUR LETTER the following:
Title/ salutation

Opening statement - Purpose of writing the letter
Body paragraph 1 - first Bullet point
Body paragraph 2 - second Bullet point
Body paragraph 3 - third Bullet point
Closing statement
=> Spend at least three to four - What type of letter is it?
minutes planning your letter
- What are the three points that you need to
1. Read the instructions
cover?
2. Identify the style of letter
- Is it a formal/ semi-formal or an informal
3. Read through the points that you
must include in your letter letter? (How well do you know the reader?)

Sign off 4. Think about how many - Brainstorm information to expand the
paragraphs you'll have to write three points.
and where to put each point

SALUTATION:
Formal letter - Dear Sir/Madam,
Semi-formal letter - Dear Mr/Ms. (Full Name), /
Dear Mr/Ms. (Last Name),
Informal letter - Dear (First Name),
FOR SIGN OFF:
5. Plan what information you will
add to each point
6. Decide how to open the letter
7. Think about the language you
will use (both grammatically and
for vocabulary), so it will suit the
style of the letter
- Think about vocab and functional phrases
(formal/semi-formal or informal?)
- Think about your opening and closing
sentences (formal/semi-formal or informal?)
=> The more you put yourself into the task,
the easier it will be to come up with ideas for

Formal letter - Yours faithfully, (Full Name) 8. Decide how to close the letter your letter.

Semi-formal letter - Yours sincerely, (Full Name) 9. Plan the content of each body - Cover all three points!
paragraph
Informal letter – Truly yours,/ All the best, / Best - Use a logical structure and paragraphs!
regards, / With love, / Cheers, (First Name) 10. Start writing
 AP’s NOTES
Structure and Steps to
Follow – Formal Letter:
1. Identify letter —
Formal letter
2. Write salutation:
Dear Sir/Madam,
3. Write purpose of letter
4. Describe the first bullet
point
5. Describe the second
bullet point
6. Describe the third bullet
point
7. Write finishing/closing
statements (I look forward
receiving your response or
the earliest.)
8. Sign-off :
Yours faithfully,
(Full name)
WRITING MODULE
Structure and Steps to Follow
– Semi-formal Letter:
1. Identify letter — Semi-
formal letter
2. Write salutation:
Dear Mr. /Ms. (Full Name),
[OR]
Dear Mr. / Ms. (Last Name),
3. Write purpose of letter
4. Describe the first bullet
point
5. Describe the second bullet
point
6. Describe the third bullet
point
7. Write finishing/closing
statements (I look forward
receiving your response or the
earliest.)
8. Sign-off :
Yours sincerely,
(Full name)
GENERAL DO'S AND DON'TS OF
Structure and Steps to Follow LETTER WRITING:
– Informal letter:
1. No address or date is required.
1. Identify letter — Informal Start from salutation.
letter
2. Write in paragraphs - each bullet
2. Write salutation: point in each paragraph - in same
order
Dear Carol, / (Fist name),
3. Leave a line between paragraphs
3. Write greeting statement (I
hope you are doing well.) and 4. Always end the letter towards left
also add the reason behind
5. Signature is not required - just
your letter in an informal
write your name
tone;
6. Opening statement should have a
4. Describe the first bullet
clear purpose - understand the
point
question
5. Describe the second bullet
7. Maintain correct tone for formal
point
semi-formal and informal letter
6. Describe the third bullet
8. DO NOT use ABBREVIATIONS
point
or short form in ANY form of
7. Write finishing/closing LETTERS including informal letters
statements (I hope we would
9. You can use VERB
meet soon in the next month.)
CONTRACTIONS - I am - I'm; you
8. Sign-off: are - you're - ONLY in INFORMAL
LETTERS
Yours truly,/Cheer,/With
love,/Best regards,) 10. Be careful with the choice of
words or use of vocabulary.
(First Name)
AP’s NOTES
WRITING MODULE

INTERNATIONAL
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
TESTING SYSTEM

WRITING TASK
NOTES