Study Guide

Maestra: Ms. Katherine Iglesias

Materia: Biology
Grade: 11th - 10th

Unity and Diversity of Life

Genus A group of similar species
Systematics Is the organization of living things into groups that have biological
meaning.
Linnaean Classification of system expanded to include seven hierarchical
Classification taxa: species, genus, family, order, class, phylum and kingdom
System
Phylogeny To group species into larger categories that reflect lines of
evolutionary descent, rather than overall similarities and
differences.
Cladogram Show evolutionary lines, branched off from common ancestors.
5 kingdoms Monera, Protista, fungi, plantae and Animalia
6 kingdoms Eubacteria, archaebacterial, Protista, fungi, plantae and
Animalia.
Archaea Live in some of the most extreme environments
Eukarya Consist of all organisms that have a nucleus.
History of life (evolution)
Extinct Species is one that has died out
Types of Preserved remains, trace fossils, cast fossil, mold fossil,
fossils petrified fossil and carbon film
Paleontologists They have learnt about the structure of ancient organisms, their
environment and ways they lived.
Relative dating Paleontologists determine whether a fossil is older or younger
than other fossils.
Plates Explains the movements as a result of solid “plates” moving
tectonics slowly as little as 3 cm a year.
Mass An event during which many species become extinct over
extinction relatively short period of time.
Gradualism Evolution is needed to be slow and steady.
Adaptive A single species or a small group of species evolves over a
radiation relatively short time.
Convergent Evolution produces similar structures and characteristics.
evolution
Endosymbiotic Symbiotic relationship evolved over time, between primitive
theory eukaryotic cells and the prokaryotic cells with them.

Phanerozoic eon
Cambrian Many species were fossilized during this period because many
period organisms evolved hard body parts, including shells and outer
skeletons. This era ended with a large mass extinction in which
nearly 30 percent of all animal groups died.
Silurian Land areas rose, draining shadow seas and creating moist
period tropical habitats. The first multicellular land plants evolved from
aquatic ancestors. Arthropods became the first animals to live
on land.
Ordovician Oceans flooded large land areas, creating more shallow marine
period habitats. Radiations generated great diversity in major animal
phyla.
Devonian Invertebrates and vertebrates thrived in the seas. Fishes
period evolved jaws, body skeletons, and scales.
Permian Reptiles experienced the first of several major adaptive
period radiations, which produced the ancestors of modern reptiles,
dinosaurs and mammals. 50% of the terrestrial animals and
95% of the marine animals became extinct.
Carboniferous Amphibians, insects and land plants experienced major adaptive
period radiations. For early vertebrates, insects were food, for plants
insects were predator.
Triassic The early mammals evolved and were very small, about the size
period of a mouse or shrew.
Cretaceous T. rex roamed the land, while flying reptiles and birds soared in
period the sky. Turtles, crocodiles and other now-extinct reptiles like
plesiosaurs swam among fishes and invertebrates in the seas.
Jurassic Dinosaurs became the most diverse land animals.
period Archaeopteryx the first feathered fossil to be discovers and
evolved during this time.
Paleogene Climate changed from warm and moist to cool and dry.
period Flowering plants, grasses, and insects flourished. As climates
changed, forest were replaced by open woods and grasslands.
Neogene As mountains rose, ice and snow built up at high elevations and
period in the artic. Modern grazing animals continued to coevolve with
grasses, evolving specialized digestive tracts to deal with tough.
Quaternary A series of ice ages saw thick glaciers advances and retreat
period over parts of Europe and North America. Water was frozen in
glaciers that sea levels fell by more than 100 meters.