CONTENT

I. Introduction to Life Science

CONTENT STANDARD

The learners demonstrate an understanding of:

1. The historical development of the concept of life

2. The origin of the first life forms

3. Unifying themes in the study of life

PERFORMANCE STANDARD

The learners shall be able to:

Value life by taking good care of all beings, humans, plants, and animals

LEARNING COMPETENCIES

The learners:

1. Explain the evolving concept of life based on emerging pieces of evidence

2. Describe classic experiments that model conditions which may have enabled the first forms to evolve

3. Describe how unifying themes (e.g., structure and function ,evolution, and ecosystems) in the study of life

show the connections among living things and how they interact with each other and with their environment.
WHAT IS LIFE SCIENCE?

According to North Carolina Biotechnology Center (2022), that life sciences is the study of living organisms

and life processes.

WHAT IS LIFE?

-life is defined as any system capable of performing functions. Such as: eating, metabolizing, excreting,

breathing, moving, growing, reproducing, and responding to external stimuli. Life comprises

individuals, living beings, assignable to groups (taxa).

The several branches of science that reveal the common historical, functional, and chemical basis of the

evolution of all life include electron microscopy, genetics, paleobiology (including paleontology), and

molecular biology.

4 THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF LIFE

THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF LIFE

1. Extraterrestrial Origin

2. Panspermia

3. Divine Creation

4. Origin from Nonliving Matter (Physicochemical Theory) *Abiogenesis Theory

1. Extraterrestrial Origin - Life originated on another planet outside our Solar System.

- Life was then carried to Earth on a meteorite or an asteroid and colonized Earth.

*not proven
2. Panspermia -Gk.,“seeds everywhere”

- A.k.a Cosmozic Theory

- The “seed” of life exist all over the universe and can be propagated through space

- contains extremophile organisms or organisms that survive in extreme conditions life, then

had come to earth in the form of resistant spores.

3. Divine Creation -Life was put on Earth by divine forces

-Common to many of the world’s religions and cultures

4. Origin from Nonliving Matter (Physicochemical Theory) *Abiogenesis Theory

-Life arose from inanimate matter after Earth cooled

-Random events probably produced stable

molecules that could self-replicate

WHAT IS BIOLOGY?

-Biology is a branch of science that deals with living organisms and their vital processes. Biology

encompasses diverse fields, including botany, conservation, ecology, evolution, genetics, marine

biology, medicine, microbiology, molecular biology, physiology, and zoology.

How can we be sure there are living things that have been around for millions of years?Is there any

evidences?
FOSSILS - Fossils are the preserved remains of plants and animals whose bodies were buried in

sediments, such as sand and mud, under ancient seas, lakes and rivers. Fossils also include any

preserved trace of life that is typically more than 10,000 years old.

- One of the strongest pieces of evidence that show many life forms existed in Earth in the past 3.5 billion

years.

BONE FOSSILS

SHELL FOSSIL

PLANT FOSSIL

How fossils are formed?

FOSSIL FORMATION - Over long periods of time, particles piled up on the remains of organisms and

eventually became sedimentary rocks, preserving the original body patterns of organism.

What is paleontology means?

-paleontology, also spelled palaeontology, scientific study of life of the geologic past that involves the

analysis of plant and animal fossils, including those of microscopic size, preserved in rocks.

Paleontologists , scientists who study fossils

- Examine the age of fossilized organisms through radioisotope dating using radioactive materials such

as the radioactive components of potassium-argon.

- Found remains of microscopic living cells, called microfossils, in rocks that formed 3.5 billion years ago

after the Earth cooled and solidified.

MICROFOSSILS

- a fossil or fossil fragment that can be seen only with a microscope

- existed in mats and formed layered structures called stromatolites.

STROMATOLITES

- a calcareous mound built up of layers of lime- secreting prokaryotes, or single-celled organisms, called

cyanobacteria (the blue-green algae) and trapped sediment, found in Precambrian rocks as the earliest

known fossils, and still being formed in lagoons in Australasia.

CYANOBACTERIA

- Believed by scientists to be the first oxygen-producing organisms that helped evolve the Earth's early

atmosphere into one that can support early life forms

- As these microorganisms continued generating oxygen, other photosynthetic organisms evolved and

increased the level of oxygen in the atmosphere

- This increased the chance of more and more oxygen reaction ammonia, a reaction that results in the

release of nitrogen into atmosphere.

A rapid evolution of life occurred after oxygen became abundant

Life forms exist in different environmental conditions.

- There are organisms in soil, air, and even in freezing waters or deep sea thermal vents.
- This diversity of life constitutes many and varied lineages of organisms.

- Some lineages have gone extinct due to geological events brought by tsunamis, volcanic eruptions,

extreme fluctuations in temperature and rising water levels.

Carl Richard Woese

American

July 15, 1928- December 30, 2012

- a microbiologist and biophysicist. He is famous for defining the Archaea (a new domain or kingdom

of life) in 1977 by phylogenetic taxonomy of 16S ribosomal RNA, a technique pioneered by Woese

which revolutionized the discipline of microbiology.

DOMAIN

- the highest taxonomic rank of organisms in the three domain system of taxonomy

- higher than the animal kingdom classification

THE THREE DOMAINS OF LIFE

 Archea

 Bacteria

 Eukarya

1. Archea - Also known as ancient bacteria because they

resemble the ancient prokaryotes

 - Their morphological and genetic characteristics differ from other forms of bacteria.

- Lives mostly in extreme environments:

❑ Near rift vents in the deep sea at 100c ❑ Guts of cows

❑ Hot springs ❑ Guts of termites

❑ Alkaline ❑ Guts of some marine life forms which produces methane

❑ Acid waters

2. Bacteria - Also known true bacteria or simply bacteria

- Constitutes a great portion of prokaryotic microorganisms.

- Ecologically diverse, some are found in

❑Water

❑Soil

❑Other organisms

- Some are aerobic(needs oxygen), some are anaerobic.

3. Eukarya - Also known Eukaryotes

- Have membrane-bound nucleus

- Have eukaryotic cells composed of membrane bound organelles

- Can be unicellular

❑Protists

❑Yeast

- Can be multicellular

❑Plants

❑Fungi
 ❑Animals

KINGDOM

- For many years there were 5 Kingdoms: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, and Monera (you will

still see these in most printed books). However, with the adoption of the Domain Level the present 4

Kingdoms are as follows: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista. (Protista, which includes plant-like algae,

animal-like protozoans and fungi-like slime molds may well be broken up into different groups in years to

come.)

- In general, animals are separated into two groups:

 Vertebrates (animals with a backbone)

- Mamalia

- Aves

- Reptilia

- Amphibia

- Chondrichthyes

- Osteichthyes

 Invertebrates (animals without a backbone) (animals that lack a backbone)

- Cnidaria

- Porifera

- Arthropoda

- Mollusca

- Echinodermata
 - Annelida

- Nematoda

- Platyhelminthes

Evolution of Life

- The diversity of life on Earth today is the result of evolution. Life began on Earth at least 3.5 to 4 billion

years ago, and it has been evolving ever since.

THE EVOLUTION

•Charles Darwin

•Mutations

•Variations

•Natural Selections

•Adaptations

•Evolution

CHARLES DARWIN

- Scientist during the 1800’s that traveled around the world making observations of nature.
- Darwin discovered from his travels that organisms have structural characteristics that enable them

to live in their environment.

DARWIN’S FINCHES

- As Darwin was observing birds on the Galapagos Islands, he discovered that there were many

variations of one kind of bird - the Finch.

- Variations are differences in form of an organism within the same species or group.

- Each one of these finches was found on a different Galapagos Island.

MUTATION

• A mutation is where there is a random change in genetic information in an organism.

• Mutations can be good and they can be bad.

•If a mutation is good. it will help an organisms to live. If a mutation is bad, it will often cause the

organisms to die.

VARIATIONS

• Good mutations lead to variations.

• When mutations are good, the organism survives to pass the mutation on to it’s offspring.
NATURAL SELECTION

• Mutations which lead to variations also lead to natural selection.

• Natural selection is often refereed to as “Survival of the Fittest”. Organisms that have “stronger”

mutations or characteristics survive and the organisms that have “weaker” characteristics die.

• The organisms with the stronger characteristic are able to pass their stronger characteristics on to

their offspring. The organisms with the weaker characteristics die and are unable to pass their

weaker characteristics on.

ADAPTATIONS

•Over a long periods of time the good mutations that get pass on and on over several generations become

known as adaptations.

•If an organism is not able to adapt, it will. If an entire species is unable to adapt, the whole species will

die and become extinct.

EVOLUTION

• Evolution is the end product of adaptations. As mutations, variations, natural selection, and

adaptations occur, organisms continue to change to become ever better suited for their environment.

Group 4 (3rd presenter)

Leader: REVESENCIO, SHENON LOU M.

Members: DELA CRUZ, EUNICE

DIAZ, MARRY ROSE

VIERNES, KURT GHERWIN