3.

8 Source Short-Circuit MVA

The source short-circuit MVA provided by NGCP is on the 230kV bus
of the NGCP 230 kV/69 kV Dolores Substation at Clark Freeport Zone,
Pampanga, Philippines due to the fact that presently the source of
the 50 MVA, 69 kV/13.8 kV Roxas Substation is currently connected
to the CEDC-owned 100 MVA, 230 kV/69 kV power transformer
installed at the Dolores Substation.

Figure 12—NGCP Fault Data for Dolores Substation 230 kV Bus (as
of March 8, 2019)
With the provided data, it was deemed necessary to include the
Power Transformer at the Dolores Substation and the related 69 kV
sub-transmission lines to be able to compute for the fault currents of
the Roxas Substation under study.

The NGCP Fault Level Data to be used for subsequent computations

in this study are as follows:
For 3 Phase Fault:
MVA3P = 3,640.20 MVA
X
= 7.538
R3P
For Single Line to Ground (SLG) Fault:
MVASLG = 3,710.1 MVA
X
= 7.88
RSLG

36
3.9 Short-Circuit Calculation
Short Circuit Analysis is one of the most important studies when
starting a proper electrical system design. Through this analysis,
proper specifications of electrical devices will be selected for certain
applications. With the evolving electrical grid supplying a running
connected system, electrical design and specification may no longer
be suitable to the existing conditions and could possibly cause system
failures or power outages. Thus, a review of short circuit analysis is
needed to re-evaluate the power system characteristic during fault
conditions, connected electrical equipment ratings and protective
device setting parameters.

As explained in IEEE Std. 551-2006, the type of faults that can occur
are classified by the combination of conductors or buses that are
faulted together.

Figure 13—Types of Fault

37
The method of symmetrical components and per-unit system shall be
used to simplify short circuit analysis. These two are the most
fundamental and necessary calculation techniques for power system
engineers to conduct a short circuit study.

All power system quantities (power, voltage, current and impedance)

shall be converted into per unit values based on predefined base
quantities.

Base Quantities are assumed as follows:

MVAbase = 100
kVbase = 230 / 69 / 13.8 (depends on equipment rated voltage)

Solving for Utility Sequence Impedance

Positive Sequence:
Reference: Symmetrical Components for Power Systems
Engineering, Chapter 5, page 87-89
V
I3P = I1F = (I )
Z1F base
Where V = 1∠0°, thus:
Ibase
Z1 =
I3P
Considering the following equations:
MVAbase
Ibase = 3
√3 × kVbase × 10
MVA3P
I3P = 3
√3 × kVnominal × 10
kVbase = kVnominal
Therefore;
MVAbase
|Z1-U | =
MVA3P
Substituting the 3-phase fault MVA from Section 3.8;

38
 100
|Z1-U | =
3,640.2
|Z1-U | = 0.0275 pu
Solving for positive sequence reactance of the source, :
X
X1-U = Z1-U sin tan-1
R3P

= 0.0275 sin tan-1 7.538

X1-U = j0.0272 pu
Solving for positive sequence resistance of the source, :
X1-U
R1-U =
X
R3P
0.0275
=
7.538
R1-U = 0.0036 pu

The resulting positive sequence impedance of the source in complex

form:
Z1-U = 0.0036 + j0.0272 pu

For negative sequence impedance, it is considered equal to the

positive sequence impedance as the utility is considered away from
the generator source.

Zero Sequence:
Reference: Symmetrical Components for Power Systems
Engineering, Chapter 5, page 89-93
From the Single Line to Ground Fault formula:
3V
If = pu
Z1 + Z2 + Z0
3V
Z0 = - Z1 - Z2
If
V = 1 pu

39
 3
Z0 = - Z1 - Z2 pu
If

Using per unit formula;

ISLG
If =
Ibase
Where ISLG is in actual amperes, thus;
3 × Ibase
|Z0-U | = - Z1 - Z2
ISLG
Where;
MVAbase × 1000
Ibase =
√3 × kVbase
MVASLG × 1000
ISLG =
√3 × kVnominal
kVnominal = kVbase

Simplifying in terms of fault MVA;

3 × MVAbase
|Z0-U | = - Z1 - Z2
MVASLG
3 × 100
= - 0.0275 - 0.0275
3,710.10
|Z0-U | = 0.0259 pu

Since
X1-U = X2-U
And
XSLG = X1-U + X2-U + X0-U
X0-U = XSLG - 2X1-U
With
X
XSLG = ZSLG × sin( tan-1 )
RSLG
Where
MVAbase
ZSLG =
MVASLG
3

40
Combining all terms, the formula for computing the zero sequence
reactance of the source is as follows:
MVAbase X
X0-U = × sin ( tan-1 ) - 2X1-U
MVASLG RSLG
3
100
= × sin ( tan-1 7.88 ) - 2(0.0272)
3,710.1
3
X0-U = j0.0258 pu

The zero sequence resistance of the source is computed as follows:

2
R0-U = |Z0-U |2 - X0-U

2 2
= 0.0259 - 0.0258

R0-U = 0.0030 pu

The resulting zero sequence impedance of the source in complex

form:
Z0-U = 0.0030 + j0.0258 pu

41