Per Unit System: Problem Solved For Easy

Understanding (continued)
By Aleen / Last Updated on June 24, 2019
This post is a continuation of Per Unit System – Practice Problem Solved for Easy
Understanding.
In the previous post, we calculated the per unit impedance of each equipment in the
power system.

Figure 1: Oneline Diagram Of A Power System

In this post we will calculate the full load amps at Bus 2. In the figure shown, Bus 2 is
supplying the power to motor load and another inductive load. The available ratings of
the load is also shown.

We need to assume the following before we get too far along

• Bus 2 is the reference bus. That is the phase angle will be 0.
• The motor has a leading power factor of 0.8.
Step 1: Calculate bus voltage
The per unit voltage at Bus 2 is
V_2=\frac{10.45}{11}\angle{0}=0.95\angle{0}V2=1110.45
∠0=0.95∠0
Step 2: Calculate current drawn by motor
The apparent power consumed by motor is
\overline{S_m}=\frac{66.5}{100}\angle{-36.87}Sm=10066.5
∠−36.87
The current drawn by the motor is
\overline{I_m}=\frac{\overline{S_m^*}}{\overline{V_2}}=\frac
{0.665\angle{36.87}}{0.95\angle{0}}= 0.56+j0.42Im=V2Sm∗
=0.95∠00.665∠36.87=0.56+j0.42
Step 3: Calculate current drawn by inductive load
Current drawn by load is
\overline{I_L}=\frac{\overline{V_2}}{\overline{Z_L}}=\frac{0.
95\angle{0}}{0.95+j1.2667}=0.36-j0.48IL=ZLV2=0.95+j1.26670.95∠0
=0.36−j0.48
Step 4: Calculate total current at Bus 2
Using KCL, the current in each leg equals the current entering at node Bus 2.
I.e. \overline{I}=\overline{I_m}+\overline{I_L}=0.92-j0.06 per
unitI=Im+IL=0.92−j0.06perunit
For current in Amperes, calculate
I_{base} =
\frac{S_{base}}{V_{base}}=\frac{100,000,000}{11,000}=9,091
AmpsIbase=VbaseSbase=11,000100,000,000=9,091Amps
I_{act}={I_{pu}}\times{I_{base}}=8364-j545Iact=Ipu×Ibase
=8364−j545 I_{act}=8382\angle{-3.7}AmperesIact
=8382∠−3.7Amperes
8,382Amperes of load current is extremely high on single piece of bus. This happened
because we added 66MVA AND 57MVA load on Bus 2. Note that this may not be a real
world scenario.






 Recommended posts for you:

Per Unit Calculation | Per Unit System

Examples
Ahmad Faizan Electric Power

 Facebook
 Twitter
 Google +
 LinkedIn
 Pinterest

Want create site? Find Free WordPress Themes and plugins.

The per unit (PU or P.U.) method of calculation is often used as an aid in the analysis of
electrical systems that operate at different voltage levels. The determination of per unit
values is not the end objective of a study. Rather determined per unit values serve to
assist in the calculation of other system values. More specifically, the per unit method of
calculation is often used in the calculation of short circuit currents.
The PU system of calculations was more prevalent in the past years. However, the
availability of computer programs for system analysis has diminished to some extent the
need for the PU system of calculations. Nevertheless, a person involved with three-
phase electrical power would be well advised to understand the PU method, its
mechanics, and how it is used.
The per unit method uses what are called base values. Selected values of parameters
are compared to selected base values and assigned per unit values. The PU numbers
become unitless.
A PU value can readily be converted back to a voltage, power, or any other value as
long as the base value is known. Although the PU system could most likely be used for
systems other than electrical systems, it is probably used mostly with electrical values.
The PU system deals primarily with values of power, voltage, current, and impedance.
Any two variables are selected to be base values. The selection of two base values then
fixes the other values. A per unit quantity then becomes the ratio of a selected
parameter to a selected base value. Basically,
Per Unit = (Present value) ÷ (base value)
Per Unit values are sometimes expressed as a percentage rather than a ratio. For
example, if the base value of voltage had been selected as 13,800 V and the present
value is 11,000 V, the value of voltage per unit is
VPU = 11,000 ÷ 13,800 = 0.797 PU, or
VPU = 0.797 (100) = 79.7% PU
Often, nameplate values are taken as base values but this need not be the case. Some
basic relationships follow and are different for single-phase systems and three-phase
systems.
Single Phase Per Unit System
Typically,
Pbase = 1 PU
Vbase = 1 PU
Let,
Qbase = reactive power
Sbase = apparent power
The remainder of the values may be derived from the normal relationships
S = IVP = S cos φQ = S sin φV = I⋅ZZ = R + jXIbase =SbaseVbase Zbase =
VbaseIbase =V2baseSbaseYbase = 1ZbaseS = IVP = S cos φQ = S sin φV = I⋅ZZ = R + j
XIbase =SbaseVbase Zbase =VbaseIbase =Vbase2SbaseYbase = 1Zbase
Three Phase Per Unit System
In three-phase circuits, some relationships are defined differently from those used in
single-phase circuits. Specifically, for three-phase systems,
Sbase=3–√Vbase.IbaseSbase=3Vbase.Ibase
Ibase=SbaseVbase×3–√Ibase=SbaseVbase×3
Zbase=VbaseIbase×3–√=V2baseSbaseZbase=VbaseIbase×3=Vbase2Sbase
Ybase=1ZbaseYbase=1Zbase
In general, the per unit values are determined as
Vpu=VVbaseIpu=IIbaseSpu=SSbasePpu=PPbaseZpu=ZZbaseYpu=YYbaseVpu=VVbaseIpu=I
IbaseSpu=SSbasePpu=PPbaseZpu=ZZbaseYpu=YYbase
To change base values, the following expression is used:
Zpu−new=Zpu−old×(Sbase−newSbase−old)(Vbase−oldVbase−new)2Zpu−new=Zpu−
old×(Sbase−newSbase−old)(Vbase−oldVbase−new)2
Per Unit System Example of Three Phase System
Consider a three-phase transformer with a rating of 700 MVA and a secondary voltage
of 145 kV. Determine Ibase, Zbase, and Ybase.
There is no obligation to choose the transformer’s ratings as the base values, but it is an
option.
Using the transformer’s rated values of apparent power and secondary voltage,
Sbase = 700 MVA
Vbase = 145 kV
The corresponding values of Ibase, Zbase, and Ybase are readily determined.
 Ibase=SbaseVbase×3–√=700MVA145kV×3–
√=2.78kAIbase=SbaseVbase×3=700MVA145kV×3=2.78kA
Zbase=VbaseIbase×3–√=145kV2.78kA×3–
√=30.1ΩZbase=VbaseIbase×3=145kV2.78kA×3=30.1Ω
Ybase=130.1=0.0332SYbase=130.1=0.0332S
If, say, a secondary voltage of 130 kV is under consideration, then the per unit value of
that voltage is
V=VVbase=130kV145kV=0.89puV=VVbase=130kV145kV=0.89pu
Per Unit System Example 2
The single-line diagram of a three-phase system is shown in Fig. 1. Using the common
base Sb = 50 MVA, draw the impedance diagram in per unit including the load
impedance. The manufacturer’s nominal ratings are given as follows:

FIGURE 1 Single-line diagram of Example 1.

The three-phase load at bus 4 absorbs 60 MVA at 0.75 power factor (lagging), and lines
1, 2, and 3 have the reactance of 40Ω, 32 Ω, and 30Ω, respectively.
Solution The system of Fig. 1 can be subdivided into different sections with different
voltage levels determined by the transformer turns ratios. A common power base
of Sb=50MVASb=50MVA is chosen for the system, but the voltage bases are
selected separately for each voltage level:
Voltage base for buses 1, 2, and
3:Vb(1)=Vb(2)=Vb(3)=110kVVb(1)=Vb(2)=Vb(3)=110kV
Voltage base for bus 4: Vb(4)=11kVVb(4)=11kV
Per-unit reactances of the generators and transformers are
G1:XG1=0.2×5048=0.0208puG2:XG2=0.15×5025=0.3puT1:XT1=0.08×5050=0.08puT2
:XT2=0.6×5030=0.1puT3:XT3=0.1×5050=0.1puG1:XG1=0.2×5048=0.0208puG2:XG2=
0.15×5025=0.3puT1:XT1=0.08×5050=0.08puT2:XT2=0.6×5030=0.1puT3:XT3=0.1×505
0=0.1pu

The impedance bases for lines 1, 2, and 3 are

Zb(L1)=Zb(L2)=Zb(L3)=(110)250=242ΩZb(L1)=Zb(L2)=Zb(L3)=(110)250=242Ω
The per-unit reactances of lines 1, 2, and 3 are
L1:XL1=40242=0.165puL2:XL2=32242=0.132puL3:XL3=30242=0.124puL
1:XL1=40242=0.165puL2:XL2=32242=0.132puL3:XL3=30242=0.124pu
The power factor of the load is cos cosφ=0.75cos⁡φ=0.75 lagging; thus, the complex
power of the load
is SL=60∠cos−10.75=60∠41.41oMVASL=60∠cos−10.75=60∠41.41oMVA . Hence,
the load impedance in Ω is
ZLoad=V2S∗L=112(60∠41.41o)∗=11260∠−41.41o=2.02∠−41.41o=1.515+j1.336ΩZ
Load=V2SL∗=112(60∠41.41o)∗=11260∠−41.41o=2.02∠−41.41o=1.515+j1.336Ω
 The base impedance for the load is
Zb(bus4)=11250=2.42ΩZb(bus4)=11250=2.42Ω
The per-unit load impedance is
ZLoad=1.515+j1.3362.42=0.626+j0.552puZLoad=1.515+j1.3362.42=0.626+j0.552pu
The impedance diagram of the system with all reactances in PU is plotted in Fig. 2.

FIGURE 2 Per-phase equivalent impedance diagram for the system shown in Fig. 1.
For either a single-phase system or a three-phase system, the per units become
Vpu=VVbaseIpu=IIbaseSpu=SSbaseZpu=ZZbaseVpu=VVbaseIpu=IIbaseSpu=SSbaseZpu=
ZZbase
In all of these expressions, the numerator is a complex vector, whereas the
denominator is a real number. For base values, a value of Sbase = 50 or 100 MVA is
often selected. For in-house electrical systems, a base of Sbase = 10 MVA is more
suitable as the VA values are generally smaller than the VA of overland transmission
lines. For transmission lines, 100 MVA is often used. Nevertheless, any value of S may
be used.
Advantages of PU System
There are many advantages to use the per-unit system in power network engineering as
such representation results in more correlated and meaningful data. Some of these
advantages are highlighted as follows:
1. Manufacturers usually provide equipment data with nameplate rating as a base.
2. The range for acceptable % or p.u. values can be easily fixed.
3. Especially useful in networks with multiple voltage levels interconnected through
transformers.
4. PU impedance of the transformer is independent of the kV base.
5. Standard base conversion (scaling with MVA Base) formulae are available.
6. While the actual values of the impedances of power system equipment, expressed in
ohms, may vary over a wide range, depending on their rating, their per-unit values are
restricted to a narrow range whatever the rating may be.
7. Per-unit impedances of transformers are the same whether they are referred to the
primary or secondary side, which makes calculations much simpler in multiple voltage
level power systems.
8. In equations to calculate power and voltage in three-phase systems, the factors 3–
√3 and 3 are eliminated using the PU system. This way, there is less chance of
confusing line and phase voltages as well as between single- and three-phase power
systems.
9. The PU system is very useful for computer-performed calculations concerning steady-
state and dynamic analysis.
Per Unit System Summary
Modern power systems comprise several transmission lines interconnected in
subsystems of different voltage levels through various step-up or step-down
transformers. However, this makes it difficult to figure out the various voltage and power
levels at different points in the network. To overcome this problem, all the system
quantities are converted into a uniform normalized platform called per-unit.
The per-unit representation of physical values consists in expressing these values as
fractions or percentages of some representative bases of the same physical nature. In a
per-unit system, each system variable or quantity is normalized with respect to its own
base value:
Xpu=XactualXbaseXpu=XactualXbase
Or
Xpu=XactualXbase×100Xpu=XactualXbase×100
Four base quantities, namely power, voltage, current, and impedance, are necessary
for the full description of a per-unit system. However, because they are interrelated,
selecting base values for any two of them determines the base values of the remaining
two. Usually, power, Sb, and voltage, Vb, are chosen as base values for computing the
current, Ib, and impedance, Zb, bases:
Ib=Sb(3φ)3–√Vb(L−L)Ib=Sb(3φ)3Vb(L−L)
Zb=(Vb(L−L) in kV)2Sb(3φ) in MVAZb=(Vb(L−L) in kV)2Sb(3φ) in MVA
Generally, Sb(3Φ) is the three-phase apparent power base, which is the same for the
entire network. Vb(L-L) is the line-to-line base voltage, which is not constant for the
entire network. It is a factor of the transformer ratios. The nominal characteristics
(ratings) of power transmission equipment, for example, generators and transformers,
are provided by manufacturers in percent or per-unit quantities based on their own
ratings. It is often convenient to express these values in a common system basis.
Did you find apk for android? You can find new Free Android Games and apps.