Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES

University Town, Northern Samar

COLLEGE OF NURSING AND ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES

Name: Buedron, Kevin Garnett M. Year/Section: BSN-1 B Date: July 24, 2023

Activity 2- Differentiate the ff. Infectious Disorders according to the ff:

Causative Agent (CA)
Reservoir(R)
Host (H) Clinical Diagnostic Test Medical Management Nursing
Condition Description Portal of Exit (PE) Manifestations Management
Mode of Transmission (MT)
Portal of Entry (PE)
Susceptible Host (SH)
1.Rubella A contagious Causative Agent (CA): Rubella virus -A low-grade Virus culture or There is no specific -Isolate the patient
disease caused fever. a blood test, medicine to treat -Encourage oral
by a virus. Most Reservoir (R): The natural reservoir -headache. which can detect rubella or make the hydration
people who get for the rubella virus is humans. -mild pink eye - the presence of disease go away faster. -Administer
rubella usually (redness or different types In many cases, antipyretics in case
have a mild Host (H): The primary host for the swelling of the of rubella symptoms are mild. For of hyperthermia
illness, with rubella virus is humans. white of the eye) antibodies in others, mild symptoms -Treat conjunctivitis
symptoms that -general your blood. can be managed with with normal saline
can include a Portal of Exit (PE): The respiratory discomfort These antibodies bed rest and medicines upon removing eye
low-grade fever, tract is the main portal of exit for the -swollen and show whether for fever, such as secretion
sore throat, and rubella virus. enlarged lymph you've had a acetaminophen. If you
a rash that starts nodes. recent or past are concerned about
on the face and Mode of Transmission (MT): The -cough. infection or a your symptoms or your
spreads to the rubella virus is mainly transmitted -runny nose rubella vaccine. child's symptoms,
rest of the body. through respiratory droplets. When contact your doctor.
an infected person coughs or
sneezes, tiny droplets containing the
virus can be inhaled by others,
leading to infection.

Portal of Entry (PE): The respiratory

tract is also the portal of entry for the
 rubella virus.

Susceptible Host (SH): Individuals

who have not been vaccinated
against rubella and have not
previously been infected with the
virus are considered susceptible
hosts.
2.Varicella A highly Causative Agent (CA): Varicella- -Ever concurrent Polymerase Antiviral medicine to Treatment
contagious zoster virus (VZV) is the causative with a self- chain reaction fight the virus, such as approaches include
disease marked agent of varicella a member of the limiting rash on (PCR) to detect acyclovir (Zovirax, supportive measures,
by an itchy, herpesvirus family. the skin and VZV in skin Sitavig).  -antiviral therapy, -
blister-like rash sometimes lesions (vesicles, administration of
caused by the Reservoir (R): Humans are the mucosa.  scabs, varicella-zoster
varicella-zoster natural reservoir for the varicella- -Headache maculopapular immune globulin
virus (a type of zoster virus. -malaise lesions). (VZIG),
herpesvirus). -and loss of Vesicular - and management of
Host (H): The primary host for the appetite are also lesions or scabs, secondary bacterial
varicella-zoster virus is humans. seen. if present, are infection.
-The rash begins the best for
Portal of Exit (PE): The skin lesions as macules, sampling.
(rashes) that develop during the rapidly progresses
active phase of varicella serve as the to papules,
portal of exit for the varicella-zoster followed by a
virus. vesicular stage
and crusting of
Mode of Transmission (MT): lesions. Crusts
Varicella is highly contagious and is slough off after 1
mainly transmitted through to 2 weeks.
respiratory droplets.

Portal of Entry (PE): The respiratory

tract is the portal of entry for the
varicella-zoster virus.

Susceptible Host (SH): Individuals

who have not been vaccinated
against varicella and have not
previously been infected with the
virus are considered susceptible
hosts.
3.Herpes Most commonly Causative Agent (CA): Varicella- The rash most Polymerase Famciclovir 500 mg 3 -Manage acute pain
Zoster have a rash in zoster virus (VZV) is the causative commonly chain reaction times a day for 7 days -Promote infection
one or two agent of herpes zoster (shingles). appears on the (PCR) can and valacyclovir 1 g 3 control and
adjacent trunk along a detect VZV times a day for 7 days prevention
dermatomes. Reservoir (R): Humans are the thoracic DNA rapidly have better -Improving body
The rash most natural reservoir for the varicella- dermatome or on and sensitively. bioavailability with oral image
commonly zoster virus. the face and it PCR is the most dosing than acyclovir, -Initiate health
appears on the usually does not useful and therefore for herpes education
trunk along a Host (H): The primary host for the cross the body's laboratory test zoster, they are -Administer
thoracic varicella-zoster virus is humans. midline. The rash for confirming generally preferred medication and
dermatome or is usually painful, cases of herpes to oral acyclovir 800 provide
on the face and Portal of Exit (PE): The skin lesions itchy, or tingly. zoster. PCR mg 5 times a day for 7 pharmacologic
it usually does (rashes) that develop during the testing and to 10 days. support
not cross the active phase of herpes zoster serve as genotyping can -Monitor results of
body's midline. the portal of exit for the varicella- also distinguish diagnostic and
The rash is zoster virus. between wild- laboratory results
usually painful, type and vaccine -Assess and monitor
itchy, or tingly. Mode of Transmission (MT): Herpes strains of VZV. for potential
zoster (shingles) is not directly Swabs of complications
transmitted from one person to unroofed
another like chickenpox. vesicular lesions
and scabs from
Portal of Entry (PE): The skin is the lesions are ideal.
portal of entry for the varicella-zoster
virus during the reactivation phase of
herpes zoster.

Susceptible Host (SH): Susceptible

hosts for herpes zoster are
individuals who have had a previous
varicella (chickenpox) infection, as
the virus remains dormant in nerve
cells after the primary infection.
4.Rabies A viral zoonotic Causative Agent (CA): The causative The first Tests are Postexposure -Improve breathing
disease that agent of rabies is the Rabies virus. It symptoms of performed on prophylaxis (PEP) pattern
causes belongs to the Lyssavirus genus. rabies may be samples of consists of a dose of -Improve nutritional
progressive and similar to the flu, saliva, serum, human rabies immune intake
fatal Reservoir (R): The primary reservoir including weakne spinal fluid, and globulin (HRIG) and -Maintain normal
inflammation of for the rabies virus varies depending ss or discomfort, skin biopsies of rabies vaccine given on body temperature
the brain and on the region, but it is commonly fever, or hair follicles at the day of the rabies -Reduce anxiety by
found in wild animals such as bats,
 spinal cord. raccoons, skunks, foxes, and certain headache. There the nape of the exposure, and then a providing calm
species of wild carnivores. also may be neck. Saliva can dose of vaccine given environment
discomfort, be tested by again on days 3, 7, and
Host (H): The natural host for the prickling, or an virus isolation 14.
rabies virus is primarily mammals, itching sensation or reverse
including both wild and domestic at the site of the transcription
animals. Humans can also become bite. These followed by
hosts if infected. symptoms may polymerase
last for days. chain reaction
Portal of Exit (PE): The primary Symptoms then (RT-PCR).
portal of exit for the rabies virus is progress to Serum and
the saliva of an infected animal. cerebral spinal fluid are
dysfunction, tested for
Mode of Transmission (MT): Rabies anxiety, antibodies to
is usually transmitted to humans confusion, and rabies virus.
through the bite or scratch of an agitation.
infected animal. T

Portal of Entry (PE): The virus enters

the human body through open
wounds, cuts, or scratches, usually
caused by the bite or scratch of an
infected animal.

Susceptible Host (SH): Any

mammal, including humans, who
have not been previously exposed to
the rabies virus and have not
received post-exposure prophylaxis
or vaccination, can be considered
susceptible hosts.
5.Mumps Is a puffy belongs to the Rubulavirus genus, Mumps is A test of a Treatment for mumps is
 Educate patient
cheeks and which is a member of the characterized by a sample from the focused on relieving
tender, swollen Paramyxoviridae family. non-specific mouth. A blood symptoms until your about mumps
 Encourage
jaw that it prodrome test that may body's immune system
causes. This is a Reservoir (R): Humans are the including show an fights off the hydration and rest
natural reservoir for the mumps  Educate about
result of swollen myalgia, immune system infection. There are
salivary glands virus. The virus primarily circulates anorexia, malaise, reaction to the currently no medicines hand washing
among human populations.  Tell patient to keep
under the ears headache, and virus. A test of a to treat the mumps
on one or both low-grade fever sample of urine, virus. The infection away from school
Host (H): The primary host for the or work until
 sides, often mumps virus is humans. with an acute but this is less usually passes within a symptoms subside
referred to as onset of unilateral common. week or two.  Educate caregiver
parotitis. Other Portal of Exit (PE): The respiratory or bilateral tender on vaccination
symptoms that tract is the main portal of exit for the swelling of the  Take
might begin a mumps virus. Infected individuals parotid or salivary acetaminophen for
few days before release the virus into the air when gland lasting 2 pain
parotitis include: they cough or sneeze. days without  Use saltwater
Fever. other apparent gargles for sore
Headache. Mode of Transmission (MT): cause. Parotitis is throat
Mumps is mainly transmitted the most common  Evaluate patient
through respiratory droplets. symptom. for other
complications like
Portal of Entry (PE): The respiratory pancreatitis,
tract is also the portal of entry for the orchitis, aseptic
mumps virus. meningitis,
weakness, etc.
Susceptible Host (SH): Individuals
who have not been vaccinated
against mumps and have not
previously been infected with the
virus are considered susceptible
hosts.
6.Pertussis -A respiratory Causative Agent (CA): The causative Stage 1: Catarrhal culture, Antibiotic therapy Assess vitals and
tract infection agent of pertussis is the bacterium Characterized by: polymerase Antipyretics monitor for fever
characterized by Bordetella pertussis. chain reaction Intravenous fluid Perform physical
a paroxysmal -Coryza (PCR) and therapy assessment, note any
cough. Reservoir (R): Humans are the -Low-grade fever immunological Oxygen therapy signs of poor
primary reservoir for the Bordetella -Mild, occasional assays (e.g. Cough suppressants perfusion or
pertussis bacterium. The bacterium cough (which enzyme-linked oxygenation
primarily circulates among human gradually immunosorbent Assess respiratory
populations. becomes more assay (ELISA) status. Note rate,
severe) and multiplexed rhythm, effort and
Host (H): The primary host for -Apnea (in immunoassays presence of apneic
Bordetella pertussis is humans. infants) (MIA)) for episodes
serology. Position patient
Portal of Exit (PE): The respiratory Stage 2: upright
tract is the main portal of exit for the Paroxysmal Administer
Bordetella pertussis bacterium. Characterized by: supplemental oxygen
via mask
Mode of Transmission (MT): -Paroxysms of Perform
 numerous, rapid nasopharyngeal
Pertussis is mainly transmitted coughs due to suction as
through respiratory droplets. difficulty appropriate per
expelling thick facility protocol
Portal of Entry (PE): The respiratory mucus from the Initiate access and
tract is also the portal of entry for the tracheobronchial maintain IV fluids
Bordetella pertussis bacterium. tree Monitor for and
reduce risk of
Susceptible Host (SH): Individuals -Long inspiratory aspiration: o Place
who have not been vaccinated effort patient on their side
against pertussis and have not accompanied by a when vomiting
previously been infected with the high-pitched
bacteria are considered susceptible “whoop” at the
hosts. end of the
paroxysms

-Cyanosis

-Vomiting
Exhaustion

Paroxysmal
attacks:

-Occur frequently
at night, with an
average of 15
attacks per 24
hours

-Increase in
frequency during
the first 1-2
weeks, remain at
the same
frequency for 2-3
weeks, and then
gradually
decrease
 Stage 3:
Convalescent
Characterized by:

-Gradual recovery

-Less persistent,
paroxysmal
coughs that
disappear in 2-3
weeks
Paroxysms often
recur with
subsequent
respiratory
infections for
many months
after the onset of
pertussis.
7.Tetanus When these Causative Agent (CA): The causative 1. Severe muscle Doctors can 1. An individual is ▪ Assess
bacteria enter agent of tetanus is the bacterium spasm 2. Jaw diagnose tetanus diagnosed with tetanus predisposing factors
the body, they Clostridium tetani. cramping 3. Fever by asking about through a proper to pain.
produce a toxin and sweating 4. recent history of physical examination of ▪ Monitor the vital
that causes Reservoir (R): The natural reservoir Sardonic grin 5. cuts, scrapes, the patient’s medical signs of the patient.
painful muscle for Clostridium tetani is soil, dust, Trouble punctures, and and vaccination history. ▪ Offer other comfort
contractions. It and manure. swallowing and trauma, and measures i.e., back
often causes a difficulty in examining 2. The first line of rub).
person’s neck Host (H): The primary host for breathing 6. someone for treatment is human ▪ Provide a peaceful
and jaw muscles Clostridium tetani is humans. The Changes in blood certain signs and tetanus immune and calm
to lock, making bacterium can enter the human body pressure and heart symptoms. globulin (TIG) with environment.
it hard to open through wounds or cuts. rate 7. Painful There are no parenteral penicillin G ▪ Administer
the mouth or muscle stiffness hospital lab tests or oral administration to analgesics and pain
swallow. Portal of Exit (PE): The portal of exit all over the body, that can confirm decrease the vegetative medications as
for Clostridium tetani is not a typical esp. in the tetanus. forms of C. tetani. A ordered.
aspect of the disease's transmission. abdomen 8. child may need to be ▪ Wound care.
Restlessness and intubated and Tetanus should be
Mode of Transmission (MT): irritability 9. mechanical ventilation treated immediately
Tetanus is not directly transmitted Seizures (jerking began to maintain to prevent severe
from person to person. or staring); respiratory function. complications from
muscle spasms happening.
Portal of Entry (PE): The portal of 10. Headache 3. Antibiotics such as ▪ Manage adverse
entry for Clostridium tetani is the site penicillin and reactions of a drug.
of injury or wound where the metronidazole can also
bacterium can enter the body. be prescribed by the
physician for tetanus
Susceptible Host (SH): Individuals treatment.
who have not been vaccinated
against tetanus and have open 4. For the specific
wounds or cuts that are contaminated treatment of muscle
with Clostridium tetani spores are spasms, anticonvulsants
considered susceptible hosts. such as diazepam and
baclofen can be given.

5. Supportive therapies
include treatments to
make sure your airway
is clear and to provide
breathing assistance.

6. It is critical that the

vaccine be given every
10 years after the
childhood schedule,
which is when it is
given together with
Diphtheria, Tetanus,
and Pertussis as DTaP
at 2, 4, and 6 months,
with boosters at 12 to
18 months and 4-6
years.

7. At 11 to 12 years old,
a Tdap (Tetanus,
Diphtheria, and
Pertussis) is given with
a Td every 10 years to
prevent infection.
8.Ascariasis Ascaris is an Causative Agent (CA): The causative Most patients are The standard MEDICAL Nursing
intestinal agent of ascariasis is the parasitic asymptomatic. method for MANAGEMENT interventions for a
parasite of roundworm called Ascaris When symptoms diagnosing Treatment is divided child with
humans. It is the lumbricoides. occur, they are ascariasis is according to the phases roundworm include
most common divided into two by identifying of infection: early the following: 1.
human worm Reservoir (R): The reservoir for categories: Ascaris eggs in infection (larval Improve fluid and
infection. The Ascaris lumbricoides is humans. early (larval a stool sample migration) and electrolyte balance.
larvae and adult migration) and using a established infection 2. Reduce pain and
worms live in Host (H): The primary host for late (mechanical microscope. (adult phase). 1. discomfort. 3.
the small Ascaris lumbricoides is humans. effects). Because eggs Benzimidazoles 2. Improve nutrition. 4.
intestine and can may be difficult Bowel obstruction Maintain
cause intestinal Portal of Exit (PE): The portal of exit RESPIRATORY to find in light normothermia
disease. for Ascaris lumbricoides is through SYMPTOMS: infections, a
the feces of infected individuals. -Fever concentration
-Nonproductive - procedure is
Mode of Transmission (MT): cough recommended.
Ascariasis is transmitted through the -Dyspnea
ingestion of Ascaris eggs. Wheezing
Portal of Entry (PE): The portal of GASTROINTES
entry for Ascaris lumbricoides is the
TINAL
mouth. SYMPTOMS:
- Diffuse or
Susceptible Host (SH): Anyone who epigastric
ingests Ascaris eggs can become a abdominal pain -
susceptible host for the parasite. Nausea
-Vomiting -
Pharyngeal
globus
-Tingling throat -
Frequent throat
clearing
-Dry cough
9.Candidiasis A fungal Causative Agent (CA): The causative -Red patch of skin The most All candidiasis • Assess for
infection caused agent of candidiasis is the yeast (rash) with small, common way treatment involves underlying systemic
by an fungus called Candida. raised bumps. that healthcare using or taking: • causes, such as
overgrowth of a -Itching providers test Antifungal medication - diabetes mellitus,
type of yeast Reservoir (R): Candida fungi are -Burning for invasive either oral (pill, infection, or immune
that lives in the opportunistic pathogens, which sensation candidiasis is lozenge, or liquid) or dysfunction. •
body called means they are part of the normal -Vaginal by taking a topical (cream Demonstrate
 Candida. Some flora found on the skin, mucous discharge (white blood sample or ointment). • Standard comprehensive oral
species of membranes, and gastrointestinal tract or yellow) sample from the recommended dose for hygiene practices.
Candida can of many individuals. -White patches or infected body most Candida • if you note a
cause infection sores in the mouth site and sending infections: Fluconazole vaginal discharge,
in people; the Host (H): The primary host for that causes loss of it to a laboratory at 800 mg as the document color and
most common is Candida fungi is humans. Under taste or pain when to see if it will loading dose, followed amount.
Candida certain conditions, Candida can eating or grow Candida in by fluconazole at a dose • Recommend using
albicans. - overgrow and cause infections in swallowing. a culture. of 400 mg either alkaline mouth care
Candida susceptible individuals. -Swelling intravenously or orally products because
normally lives (inflammation) for at least 2 weeks of increased acidity
on skin and Portal of Exit (PE): The portal of exit therapy after a promotes candida
inside the body, for Candida fungi can vary demonstrated negative growth.
such as the depending on the location of the blood culture result or • Carefully monitor
mouth, throat, infection. clinical signs of intake and output
gut, and vagina, improvement. and potassium levels
without causing Mode of Transmission (MT): while the patient is
problems. - Candidiasis is often not transmitted receiving
Candida can from person to person like a medications.
cause infections contagious disease. • Frequently check
if it grows out of vital signs of a
control or if it Portal of Entry (PE): The portal of patient with systemic
enters deep into entry for Candida fungi depends on infection
the bod the location of the infection.

Susceptible Host (SH): Susceptible

hosts for candidiasis include
individuals with weakened immune
systems, such as those with
HIV/AIDS, cancer patients
undergoing chemotherapy, or
individuals on immunosuppressive
medications.
10.Clamydial Is the most When symptoms NAAT is the To treat chlamydia,  Educate the patient
Infection reported Causative Agent (CA): Chlamydia are present, preferred your pediatrician will about chlamydia
sexually trachomatis is the causative agent of females may method for prescribe antibiotics infections.
transmitted chlamydial infections in humans. have: detecting a such as oral  Encourage patient
infection (STI). • An abnormal chlamydia doxycycline or to practice safe
A genital Reservoir (R): The primary reservoir vaginal discharge infection. This azithromycin. A child sex.
Chlamydia for Chlamydia trachomatis is • A burning type of test with chlamydial  Encourage the use
infection can be humans. The bacterium is mainly sensation during detects the pneumonia or
found in the genital and ocular (eye) of condoms.
spread between tracts of infected individuals. urination • Lower genetic material conjunctivitis should be  Encourage patient
sexual partners abdominal pain • (DNA or RNA) treated with oral to remain
during vaginal, Host (H): The primary host for Low back pain • of Chlamydia medications like compliant with
oral, or anal Chlamydia trachomatis is humans. Fever trachomatis. It erythromycin. Topical medications.
sexual contact. The bacterium infects the epithelial • Nausea can be treatment of eye  Check labs for
cells of the genital, urinary, and • Bleeding performed using infection, such as with culture results.
ocular tracts. between periods a urine sample eyedrops, is ineffective  Administer
• Painful sexual or swab of fluid and unnecessary
Portal of Exit (PE): The portal of exit intercourse antibiotics as
taken from a site
for Chlamydia trachomatis varies ordered.
of potential
depending on the site of infection. Males may have: infection such as
• An abnormal the urethra,
Mode of Transmission (MT): discharge from vagina, rectum,
Chlamydial infections are usually the penis or eye.
transmitted through direct contact • Itching or
with infected genital secretions burning around
during sexual activity. the tip of the
penis
Portal of Entry (PE): The portal of • A burning
entry for Chlamydia trachomatis is sensation while
the mucous membranes of the urinating
genital, urinary, or ocular tracts. • Tenderness or
pain of the testicle
Susceptible Host (SH): Anyone who
comes into contact with Chlamydia
trachomatis, particularly through
sexual activity or ocular exposure,
can become a susceptible host for the
infection.