VECTOR

ANALYSIS

Abstract
Vector analysis, Gradient, Divergence , Curl, Vector integration, Green’s Theorem, Divergence
Theorem

Yeamin arafat
Arafatyeamin2@gmail.com
 1

Vector analysis
z
Q

R P
0 y

⃗ ⃗
If, OR=PQ and OP‖ PQ. And also ¿= PQ
D C

A B

⃗
AB=⃗
DC ∧⃗
AD=⃗
BC

OA=1
C .
z
k^

OB=1 .
^j y

.
o B
OC=1 i^
A
x

Also, |i^ |=1,|^j|=1∧|k^|=1

z
.
( x , y , z)
P

y
o

⃗
OP is called the position vector of the point P.
^ y ^j+ z k^ and is denoted by r⃗ .
The position vector of the point P( x , y , z ) is = x i+

r⃗ =x i^ + y ^j+ z k^
 2

N
M

⃗
B

O L
⃗
A
⃗
OM =⃗
OL+⃗
ON = ⃗
A+ ⃗
B
Z OA= x

OB= y
P( x , y , z ) PN= z
z ⃗
O y B Y OA =x i^
x ⃗
A OB = y ^j
N
X
NP =z k^
⃗
⃗
OA + ⃗
OB=⃗
ON
⃗
OA + ⃗
OB+ ⃗
NP=⃗
ON + ⃗
NP=⃗
OP
⇒⃗
OP=⃗
OA + ⃗
OB + ⃗
NP
^ y ^j + z k^
¿ x i+

⃗
A P Q

⃗
PQ =⃗
A
⃗
QP=−⃗
A
⃗
A−⃗
B =⃗
A+(−⃗
B)
⃗
A−⃗
B
⃗
B
⃗
A
−⃗
B

Dot product and cross product of two vectors:

⃗
B
θ ⃗
A

1. ⃗
A.⃗
B = ABcos θ∧⃗
A.⃗
B is a scalar.
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2. ⃗
A×⃗B= AB sin θ n^ where n^ is a unit vector Perpendicular to both vectors ⃗
A∧⃗
B and such that
⃗
A.⃗
B and n^ form a right handed system.

|⃗A × ⃗B|= ABsin θ and Also, we can write ⃗A × ⃗B=−( ⃗B × ⃗A)

⃗
B
n^
θ
⃗
A
O

k^

. ^j Y

.
O

i^
X

^ ^j=1.1 . sin 90 ° k^
i×
^ ^j= k^
i×
^ i^
^j × k= ^j
k^
k^ × i=
^ ^j

i^
i^ . i=1.1
^ cos 0 °
^j . ^j=1

k^ . k^ =1
⃗
A.⃗
A= AA cos 0 °= A 2
Suppose,r⃗ =x i^ + y ^j+ z k^

^ y ^j+ z k^ ) .(x i+
So, r⃗ . ⃗r =( x i+ ^ y ^j+ z k^ )
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2 2 2 2
⇒ r =x + y + z

⇒ r =√ x + y + z
2 2 2

A=2 i^ +3 ^j+ k^
Example: ⃗

So, A=√ 22+ 32+ 12=√ 14

⃗ ^ a2 ^j+ a3 k^
A=a1 i+

⃗ ^ 2 ^j+b 3 k^
B=b 1 i+b
Then ⃗ ^ 2 ^j+ a3 k^ ) . ( b1 i+
B =( a1 i+a
A.⃗ ^ b2 ^j+b3 k^ ) =a 1 b 1+ a2 b 2+ a3 b3

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
And, ⃗
A×⃗
B=(a 1 i+a 2 j+a 3 k )× ( b1 i+b 2 j+ b3 k )=

a 1 b2 k^ −a1 b3 ^j−a2 b1 k^ +a2 b3 i+

^ a3 b1 ^j−a3 b 2 i= ^ ( a3 b1−a 1 b3 ) ^j+(a 1 b2 −a2 b1 ) k^
^ ( a2 b3−a3 b 2 ) i+

[ ]
i^ ^j k^ h
=sinθ
¿ a1 a2 a3 B
b 1 b2 b3 ⃗
B ⇒ h=B sinθ

=|⃗ B|= ABsin θ

A×⃗ θ ⇒ A h=AB sin θ
⃗
A

|
1 1⃗ 1⃗
2 2
A× B
2 |
1 ⃗ ⃗
⃗
B ⃗
A = | A × B|
8

1 ⃗ ⃗ 1 ⃗ ⃗
Area of the parallelogram = 4. | A × B|= | A × B|
8 2
Projection of a vector on another vector

P
⃗
B OQ
=cos θ
OP
Qθ ⇒ OQ=OP cos θ
⃗
A
¿ B cos❑θ
 5

Bon ⃗
Projection of ⃗ A = Bcos θ
AB cos θ
=
A
⃗
A .⃗
B
=
A
⃗
A ⃗
= .B
A
= a^ . ⃗
B
^ ^j−k^ on the vector 2 i+
Example: Determine the projection of the vector i+2 ^ k^ .
^ k^
2 i+ 1 1
Solution: ^ ^j−k^ ) =
.( i+2 ( 2−1 )= (Ans).
√2 +1
2 2
√5 √5
Problem: Prove that ⃗
A×⃗ ⃗ =⃗
B .C A.⃗ ⃗
B ×C

Solution: Let, ⃗ ^ a2 ^j+ a3 k^

A=a1 i+
⃗ ^ 2 ^j+b 3 k^
B=b 1 i+b
⃗ ^ 2 ^j+c 3 k^
C=c 1 i+c

[ ] [ ]
i^ ^j k^ i^ ^j k^ [ ⃗A ⃗B C⃗ ]= ⃗A × ⃗B . ⃗C
Then, A × B= a1 a2 a 3 and ⃗
⃗ ⃗ B× ⃗
C= b 1 b2 b3
b1 b2 b 3 c1 c 2 c 3

[ ][ ][ ]
c 1 c 2 c3 a1 a2 a3 a1 a 2 a3
L.H.S= A × B . C = a1 a2 a 3 =− c 1 c 2 c 3 = b 1 b2 b3 =⃗
⃗ ⃗ ⃗ A .⃗ ⃗ =¿R.H.S. (Ans)
B ×C
b1 b2 b 3 b1 b 2 b3 c1 c2 c3

Dot and Cross product of three vectors

⃗A.⃗ B.⃗ C may produce meaningful products of the form.( ⃗ A.⃗ ⃗ ,⃗

B) .C A . (⃗
B×⃗
C ) ∧⃗
A ×( ⃗ ⃗ ) . The
B ×C
product ⃗ A . (⃗
B×⃗
C ) is sometimes called the scaler triple product or box product and may be denoted by
[ ⃗A ⃗B C⃗ ]. The product ⃗A . ( ⃗B × ⃗C ) is called the vector triple product.
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[ ]
a 1 a2 a3
⃗ ⃗ ⃗
( A × B ). C =⃗A . ( ⃗
B × ⃗
C ) = b 1 b2 b3
c1 c 2 c 3

Where,⃗ ^ a2 ^j+ a3 k^
A=a1 i+
⃗ ^ 2 ^j +b 3 k^
B=b 1 i+b
⃗ ^ 2 ^j+c 3 k^
C=c 1 i+c
^ ^j ).(3 i^ +4 ^j−k^ ) ×(4 i+
Problem: Determine (i+2 ^ k^ )

| |
1 2 0
^
^ ^j ).( 3 i+4
Solution: (i+2 ^j−k^ ) × ( 4 i+
^ k^ )= 34 −1 =1 ( 4−0 )−2 ( 3+4 )
4 0 1

¿ 4−14=−10

| |
1 0 0
i^ . ^j× k=
^ 0 1 0 =1
0 0 1

Problem: Prove that ⃗

A . (⃗
B×⃗
C ) =⃗
B . (⃗
C×⃗ ⃗ .( ⃗
A )=C A×⃗
B)
⃗
C

⃗
B

⃗
A

Solution: Let, ⃗ ^ A2 ^j+ A3 k^

A=A 1 i+
⃗ ^ B2 ^j+ B3 k^
B=B1 i+
⃗ ^ 2 ^j +C 3 k^
C=C 1 i+C

[ ]
A1 A 2 A 3
Then, ⃗
A . ( ⃗
B × ⃗
C ) = B 1 B2 B3
C 1 C2 C 3

[ ][ ][ ]
B 1 B2 B3 A1 A 2 A3 A1 A 2 A 3
⃗
B . ( C × A ) = C 1 C2 C 3 =− C 1 C2 C 3 = B1 B2 B3 = ⃗
⃗ ⃗ A .( ⃗ ⃗)
B ×C
A1 A 2 A 3 B 1 B 2 B3 C 1 C2 C 3
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Similarly, ⃗
C . (⃗
A×⃗
B ) =⃗
A .( ⃗ ⃗)
B ×C

Problem: Prove that (a). ⃗

A ×( ⃗ ⃗ )= ( ⃗
B ×C ⃗)⃗
A.C B −( ⃗
A.⃗
B)⃗
C

(b). ( ⃗
A×⃗ ⃗ =( ⃗
B) ×C ⃗)⃗
A.C B −( ⃗ ⃗ )⃗
B .C A

Solution: (a) Let, ⃗ ^ A2 ^j+ A3 k^

A=A 1 i+
⃗ ^ B2 ^j+ B3 k^
B=B1 i+
⃗ ^ 2 ^j +C 3 k^
C=C 1 i+C

[ ]
i^ ^j k^
Then, ⃗ C= B1 B2 B3 =i^ ( B2 C3 −C2 B 3 ) + ^j ( B 3 C 1−C 3 B1 ) + k^ (B1 C2 −B 2 C 1)
B× ⃗
C 1 C 2 C3

[ ]
i^ ^j k^
⃗
A ×( ⃗ ⃗ )=
B ×C A1 A2 A3
B 2 C 3−C2 B 3 B3 C 1−C 3 B1 B1 C2−B2 C1

^ ( A 3 B2 C3− A 3 B3 C2− A 1 B1 C 2 + A 1 B2 C1 ) ^j +( A 1 B3 C1 −A 1 B1 C3− A 2 B

¿ ( A2 B 1 C 2− A2 B 2 C 1−A 3 B3 C1 + A3 B1 C 3 ) i+

Also,
( ⃗A . ⃗
C) ⃗
B− ( ⃗ B) ⃗
A .⃗ ^ B2 ^j+ B3 k^ ) −( A1 B 1+ A 2 B2+ A 3 B3 ) ( C 1 i+C
C =( A1 C1 + A2 C2 + A3 C3 ) ( B1 i+ ^ ^ ^
2 j+ C 3 k )

^ … … … … … … … … … ..
¿ ( A1 B 1 C 1+ A 2 B1 C 2 + A 3 B1 C3 −A 1 B1 C1− A 2 B2 C 1− A 3 B3 C 1 ) i+
^ … … … … … … … … … … … … ..
¿ ( A2 B 1 C 2+ A 3 B1 C3− A 2 B2 C 1− A3 B3 C 1 ) i+

So, ⃗
A ×( ⃗ ⃗ )= ( ⃗
B ×C ⃗)⃗
A.C B −( ⃗
A.⃗
B)⃗
C proved
(b)Similarly,

(⃗
A×⃗ ⃗ =−C
B) ×C ⃗ ×( ⃗
A×⃗
B)

¿−[ ( ⃗ ⃗)⃗
B .C ⃗ .⃗
A −( C B]
A)⃗ [using a]

¿ (⃗
A.⃗
C) ⃗
B−( ⃗
B.⃗
C)⃗
A [proved]

Problem: Proved that,⃗

A ×( ⃗ ⃗ ) +⃗
B ×C B × (⃗
C×⃗
A ) +⃗
C ×( ⃗
A×⃗
B )=0

Solution: We have ⃗
A ×( ⃗ ⃗ )= ( ⃗
B ×C ⃗)⃗
A.C B −( ⃗
A.⃗
B)⃗
C (1)

⃗
B× (⃗
C×⃗
A )= ( ⃗
A .⃗
B) ⃗
C −( ⃗ ⃗)⃗
B .C A (2)

⃗
C × (⃗
A ×⃗
B )= ( ⃗
B.⃗
C) ⃗ ⃗ .⃗
A−( C A)⃗
B (3)
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Now adding equation (1), (2), and (3)

⃗
A ×( ⃗ ⃗ ) +⃗
B ×C B× (⃗
C×⃗
A ) +⃗
C ×( ⃗
A×⃗
B )=0 [proved]

Problem: proved that ( ⃗

A×⃗ ⃗ ×⃗
B ) ×(C D ) =( ⃗ ⃗ ×⃗
A .C D) ⃗
B −( ⃗ ⃗ ×^
B .C D)⃗
A =( ⃗
A×⃗
B.⃗
D)⃗
C −¿.⃗
C¿⃗
D

Solution: Let ⃗ D then ( ⃗

^ ×^
P =C A×⃗ ^ ×^
B) ×(C D ) =( ⃗
A ×⃗
B) ×⃗
P=( ⃗
A .⃗
P) ⃗
B −( ⃗
B.⃗
P )⃗
A

If we put the value of ⃗

P in the bold mark we can get the solution.
‘Problem: Prove that ( ⃗
A×⃗
B) . (⃗
B×⃗
C) ×( ⃗
C ×⃗
A ) =( ⃗
A.⃗
B× ⃗
C)
2

Or, [ ⃗
A×⃗
B ⃗ ⃗ C
B ×C A ] =[ ⃗
⃗×⃗ A⃗B⃗
C ]2

Solution: We have ( ^ ^ )× (⃗
B ×C C×⃗
A )= ( ⃗ ⃗ ×⃗
B .C A) ⃗ ⃗.C
C −( C ⃗×⃗
A)⃗
B =¿ ( ⃗ ⃗ ×⃗
B .C A) ⃗
C

So, ( ⃗
A×⃗
B ) . (⃗
B×⃗
C) ×( ⃗
C ×⃗
A ) =( ⃗
A×⃗
B ) . (⃗
B.⃗
C×⃗
A)⃗
C= ( ⃗
B.⃗
C×⃗
A )( ⃗
A×⃗
B.⃗
C)

¿( ⃗
A.⃗
B ×⃗
C )( ⃗
A.⃗ C )=( ⃗
B×⃗ A.⃗
B×⃗
C)2

Definition: The set of vectors a⃗ , b⃗ , c⃗ and ⃗

a ,⃗
'
b⃗c are called reciprocal set or system of vectors. If
' '

a⃗ . ⃗
a' = ⃗b . ⃗
b' =c⃗ . ⃗
c' =1 and a⃗ . ⃗
b' =⃗a . ⃗
c' = ⃗b . ⃗
a' =⃗b . ⃗
c ' =⃗c . ⃗
a' =⃗c . b⃗' =0

⃗' b⃗ × ⃗c [ a⃗ b⃗ c⃗ ] =⃗a . ⃗b × c⃗
Theorems, the sets a⃗ , b⃗ , c⃗ and ⃗
a' , ⃗
b' ⃗
c' are reciprocal sets of vectors if and only if a =
[ ⃗a b⃗ ⃗c ]
⃗' c⃗ × a⃗ ⃗' ⃗a × ⃗b , where ⃗
b=
[ a⃗ b⃗ ⃗c ]
and c = [ a⃗ b c⃗ ] ≠ 0
[ ⃗a ⃗b c⃗ ]
⃗' b⃗ × ⃗c ⃗ ' c⃗ × a⃗ ⃗' ⃗a × ⃗b ⃗' ⃗b × ⃗c [ a⃗ ⃗b ⃗c ]
Proof: Suppose a = ,b= , c= Then a⃗ . a =⃗a . =¿ =1
[ ⃗a b⃗ ⃗c ] [ a⃗ b⃗ ⃗c ] [ a⃗ ⃗b c⃗ ] [ ⃗a b⃗ c⃗ ] [ ⃗a b⃗ ⃗c ]
c⃗ × ⃗a ⃗b . ⃗c × ⃗a [ ⃗a ⃗b ⃗c ]
Similarly, b⃗ . ⃗
b = ⃗b .
'
= = =1
[ ⃗a b⃗ c⃗ ] [ ⃗a ⃗b c⃗ ] [ ⃗a ⃗b ⃗c ]
a⃗ × ⃗b ⃗c . ⃗a × b⃗ [ a⃗ b⃗ ⃗c ]
c⃗ . ⃗
'
c =⃗c . = = =1
[ ⃗a ⃗b ⃗c ] [ ⃗a ⃗b ⃗c ] [ a⃗ b⃗ ⃗c ]
⃗' ⃗c × ⃗a [ ⃗a ⃗c ⃗a ]
Also, a⃗ . b =⃗a . = =0
[ ⃗a b⃗ c⃗ ] [ ⃗a ⃗b ⃗c ]
a⃗ × ⃗b [ ⃗a ⃗a b⃗ ]
a⃗ . ⃗
'
c =⃗a . = =0
[ ⃗a ⃗b ⃗c ] [ ⃗a ⃗b ⃗c ]
⃗b × c⃗ [ ⃗b ⃗b ⃗c ]
b⃗ . ⃗
a' = ⃗b . = =0
[ ⃗a b⃗ c⃗ ] [ ⃗a ⃗b ⃗c ]
 9

a⃗ × ⃗b [ b⃗ ⃗a ⃗b ]
b⃗ . ⃗
c =b⃗ .
'
= =0
[ ⃗a ⃗b ⃗c ] [ ⃗a ⃗b ⃗c ]
⃗b × ⃗c [ c⃗ ⃗b ⃗c ]
c⃗ . ⃗
'
a =⃗c . = =0
[ ⃗a b⃗ c⃗ ] [ ⃗a ⃗b c⃗ ]
c⃗ × ⃗a [ c⃗ ⃗c a⃗ ]
c⃗ . ⃗
b' =⃗c . = =0
[ ⃗a b⃗ c⃗ ] [ ⃗a ⃗b c⃗ ]
Hence a⃗ , b⃗ , c⃗ and ⃗
a' , ⃗
b' ⃗
c' are reciprocal set of vectors.
^ 3^j−k^ , i−
Problem: Find a set of vectors reciprocal to the set 2 i+ ^ ^j−2 k^ ,−i+2
^ ^j+2 k^

Solution: Let ⃗ ^ 3^j−k^

A=2 i+
⃗ ^ ^j−2 k^
B=i−
⃗ ^ ^j+2 k^
C=−i+2

[ ]
i^ ^j k^
So, A × B= 2 3 −1 =i^ (−6−1 )− ^j (−4+1 ) + k^ (−2−3 )=−7 i+3
⃗ ⃗ ^ ^j−5 k^
1 −1 −2

[ ]
i^ ^j k^
B × C = 1 −1 −2 =i^ (−2+ 4 ) − ^j ( 2−2 ) + k^ ( 2−1 )=2 i+
⃗ ⃗ ^ k^
−1 2 2

[ ]
i^ ^j k^
⃗ A = −1 2 2 =i^ (−2−6 )− ^j ( 1−4 ) + k^ (−3−4 )=−8 i+3
C×⃗ ^ ^j−7 k^
2 3 −1

A . (⃗
⃗ B×⃗ ^ 3^j−k^ ) . ( 2 i+
C ) =( 2 i+ ^ k^ )=3

So now we know,

⃗ B× ⃗
⃗ C ^ k^ 2 1
2 i+
'
A= = ^
= i+ k^
A . (B × C )
⃗ ⃗ ⃗ 3 3 3

⃗
C×⃗ A ^ ^j−7 k^ −8
−8 i+3
⃗'
B= = = ^ ^j− 7 k^
i+
A .( ⃗
⃗ ⃗)
B ×C 3 3 3

⃗
A×⃗ B ^ ^j−5 k^ −7
−7 i+3
⃗
C= = = ^ ^j− 5 k^ (Answer)
i+
A .( ⃗
⃗ ⃗)
B ×C 3 3 3
 10

Problem: A force given by ⃗ ^ 2 ^j−4 k^ is applied at the point (1, -1, 2). Find the moment of ⃗
F =3 i+ F
about the point (2, -1, 3)

.
Solution:
(1, -1, 2) ⃗
F

r⃗ moment = r⃗ × ⃗
F

(2, -1, 3) .
^
^ (−1+1 ) ^j + ( 2−3 ) k=−
We have r⃗ =( 1−2 ) i+ ^ k^
i−

[ ]
i^ ^j k^
^
The required moment ¿ r⃗ × F= −1 0 −1 =2 i−7 ^j−2 k^
3 2 −4

Type equation here .

Vector differential
y=f ( x )

n dy
f ( x +h ) −f (x )
¿ : dx =lim h
h→o

Differential formula: If ⃗
A,⃗ ⃗ differentiable vector function of t scalar v and ∅ is a differentiable
B,C
scaler function of u, then

d ⃗ ⃗ d⃗ ⃗
1. ( A +B )= A + d B
du du du
d ⃗ ⃗ d⃗ d⃗
2. ( A . B )= A . ⃗B +⃗ A.
B
du du du
d ⃗ ⃗ d⃗ d⃗
3. ( A × B )= A × ⃗ B +⃗ A×
B
du du du
d ⃗ d∅ ⃗ ⃗
4. ( ∅ A ) = A +∅ d A
du du du
d ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ d A ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ d⃗⃗ B ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ d⃗ C
5. ( A . B × C )= . B ×C + A . ×C + A . B ×
du du du du

6.
d ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
du
⃗
( ⃗
) ( ⃗
{ A × ( B × C ) }= d A × ( B⃗ × C⃗ ) + ⃗A × d B × C⃗ + ⃗A × ⃗B × d C
du du du )
^ y ( t ) ^j+ z (t ) k^ denotes the space curve x=x ( t ) , y= y ( t ) , z=z (t)
The vector function r⃗ ( t )=x ( t ) i+
r⃗ (t +δt ) Q d r⃗
dt .
p
 11

r⃗ ( t )
0

d r⃗ ⃗r ( t+δt )−⃗r (t) r⃗ =⃗r (t )

=lim
dt t → 0 δt
Example: A particle moves along the curve x 2=2 t 2 , y=t 2−4 t , z=3 t−5 ,where t is the time. Find the
^
components of its velocity and acceleration at time t=1 in the direction i−3 ^j+2 k^ .

d r⃗ d
= [ 2 t i^ + ( t −4 t ) ^j + ( 3 t −5 ) k^ ]=4 t i^ + ( 2t−4 ) ^j +3 k^
2 2
Solution: velocity =
dt dt
At t=1, 4 t i^ + ( 2t −4 ) ^j +3 k^ =4 i−2
^ ^j +3 k^ .

^
i−3 ^j+2 k^ i−3
^ ^j +2 k^ i−3
^ ^j+2 k^
^
Unite vector in the direction i−3 ^j+2 k^ = = =
|i−3
^ ^j+2 k^| √ 1+ 9+ 4 √ 14
Hence the components of the velocity in the given direction,

^ ^j+3 k^ ) . i^ −3 ^j+2 k^ 16
=( 4 i−2 =
√14 √14

( )
2
d r⃗ d d r⃗ d
Acceleration = = = [ 4 t i+
^ ( 2 t−4 ) ^j+3 k^ ]=4 i+2
^ ^j
dt dt dt dt
^
i−3 ^j+2 k^ −2
^ 2 ^j ) .
The components of the acceleration in the given direction = ( 4 i+ = .
√14 √14
Example: (a) Find the unit tangent vector to any point on the curve x=t 2+ 1, y=4 t−3 , z=2 t 2 −6 t
(b) determine the unite tangent at the point where t=2

Solution: (a) A tangent vector to the curve at any point is

d r⃗ d 2
= [ ( t +1 ) i^ + ( 4 t−3 ) ^j + ( 2 t 2−6 t ) k^ ]=2 t i^ + 4 ^j + ( 4 t−6 ) k^
dt dt

Therefore, |ddt⃗r|=√ 4 t +16+(4 t−6)

2 2
Hence, the required unit tangent vector

^ 4 ^j+ ( 4 t−6 ) k^
2t i+
⃗
T= .
√ 4 t 2+ 16+ ( 4 t −6 )2
^ 4 ^j+ ( 4 t −6 ) k^
2t i+ 4 i^ +4 ^j+2 k^ 2 ^ 2 ^ 1 ^
(b) At t=2, the unit tangent vector ⃗
T= = i+ j+ k
√ 4 t 2+ 16+ ( 4 t −6 ) 2
√16+16 +4 3 3 3
 12

d⃗
A dA
Example: Show that ⃗
A. =A .
dt dt
Prof: ⃗
A.⃗
A= A 2 We know, ⃗
A.⃗
B = AB cos 0
d ⃗ ⃗ d 2 Put ⃗
B= ⃗
Therefore, ( A . A )= ( A ) A
dt dt
Then, ⃗
A.⃗
A= AA cos 0= A
2

d⃗
A ⃗ ⃗ d⃗ A dA
⇒ .A+A. =2 A
dt dt dt

d⃗
A ⃗ d⃗ A dA
⇒⃗
A. +A. =2 A
dt dt dt

d⃗
A dA
⇒2 ⃗
A. =2 A
dt dt

d⃗
A dA
⇒⃗
A. =A Proved
dt dt

Gradient, Divergence and Curl

∂ ^ ∂ ^ ∂ ^
The vector operator ∇ ≡ i+ j + k is called the nabla operator.
∂x ∂ y ∂ z
The Gradient: Let ∅ ( x , y , z ) be defined and differentiable at each point ( x , y , z ) in a certain region of
∂∅ ^ ∂∅ ^ ∂∅ ^
space . Then the Gradient of ∅ , written as ∇ ∅ is defined by ∇ ∅= i+ j+ k
∂x ∂ y ∂z
The components of ∇ ∅ in the direction of a unit vector a^ is given by ∇ ∅ . a^ is called the directional
derivative of ∅ in the direction a^
^ ^j−2 k^
Example: Find the directional derivative of ∅=x 2 yz+ 4 x z 2at (1, -2, -1) in direction 2 i−
∂∅ ^ ∂∅ ^ ∂∅ ^
k=( 2 xyz +4 z ) i^ + ( x z ) ^j + ( x y +8 xz ) k^
2 2 2
Solution: We have ∇ ∅= i+ j+
∂x ∂ y ∂z
^ ^j−10 k^ at (1, -2, -1)
¿ 8 i−
^ ^j−2 k^ 2 1
2 i−
^ ^j−2 k^ is a^ =
The unit vector in the direction of 2 i− ^
= i− ^j− 2 k^
√ 4 +1+4 3 3 3
^ ^j−10 k^ ) .( 2 i^ − 1 ^j − 2 k^ )
Hence the required directional derivative¿ ∇ ∅ . a^ =(8 i−
3 3 3
16 1 20 37
¿ + + = (Ans)
3 3 3 3
 13

The divergence: Let ⃗ ^

V ( x , y , z ) =V 1 ( x , y , z ) i+V ^ ^
2 ( x , y , z ) j+V 3 ( x , y , z) k be defined and
⃑
differentiable at each point ( x , y , z ) is a certain region of space. then the Divergence of V , written as
∇ .V⃗

Problem: show that ∇ ∅ is a vector perpendicular to the surface ∅ ( x , y , z )=c where c is a constant.
^ y ^j + z k^ be the position vector to any point p(x . y . z) on the surface
Solution: Let r⃗ =x i+
^
Then d ⃗r =dx i+dy ^j+dz k^ lies on the tangent plane to the surface at P.

∂∅ ∂∅ ∂∅
But d ∅= dx + dy + dz
∂x ∂y ∂z

⇒ ( ∂∂ ∅x i^ + ∂∂ ∅y ^j+ ∂∂∅z k^ ) . (dx i^ +dy ^j + dz k^ )=0

⇒ ∇ ∅ . d ⃗r =0
⇒ ∇ ∅ is perpendicular to d ⃗r and therefore ∇ ∅ is perpendicular to the surface.

Problem: Find the angle between the surface x 2+ y 2+ z 2=9 and z=x 2 + y 2−3 at the point (2 ,−1,2)
Solution: The angle between the surfaces at the point is the angle between the normals to the surfaces
at the point.

^
A normal to x 2+ y 2+ z 2=9 at the point ( 2 ,−1,2 ) is ∇ ∅=∇ ( x2 + y 2 + z 2 )=2 x i+2 y ^j+ 2 z k^
^
¿ 4 i−2 ^j+4 k^

A normal to z=x 2 + y 2−3at x 2+ y 2−z=3at ( 2 ,−1,2 ) is

^ 2 y ^j−k^
∇ ∅ 2=2 x i+
^
¿ 4 i−2 ^j−k^

Suppose ⃗ ^
A=4 i−2 ^j+ 4 k^ and ⃗ ^
B=4 i−2 ^j− k^

We know ⃗
A.⃗
B = ABcos θ
⃗
A .⃗
B 16
cos θ= =
AB 6 × √ 21

−1 16
θ=cos =54.41
6 × √ 21
Definition:

∇ .⃗
A is called the divergence of ⃗
A and ∇ × ⃗
A is called the curl of ⃗
A
 14

Problem: Prove that ∇ . ( )

r⃗
r
3
=0

r⃗ x ^ y ^ z ^
Solution: We have = i+ j + k
r3 r 3 r3 r 3
∂x ∂ 3
r
3
−x ( r ) r 3 ∂ y − y ∂ ( r 3 ) r 3 ∂ z −z ∂ ( r 3 )
(r ) ( ) ( ) ( )
So ∇ . r⃗ = ∂
3
x
∂x r 3
+
∂ y
∂y r 3
+
∂ z
∂ z r3
=
∂x
r
6
∂x
+
∂y
r
6
∂y
+
∂z
r
6
∂z

∂r ∂r ∂r
r 3−x 3 r 2 r 3− y 3 r 2 r 3−z 3 r 2
∂x ∂y ∂z
¿ + +
r6 r6 r6
3 2 x 3 2 y 3 2 z
r −3 x r r −3 y r r −3 z r
r r r
¿ 6
+ 6
+ 6
r r r

3r 3−3 r ( x 2+ y 2 + z 2 ) ∂r x ∂ r y ∂ r z
¿ = , = , =
r6 ∂x r ∂ y r ∂z r
3r 3−3 r .r 2
¿ =0
r6
Definition: A vector ⃗ ⃗ =0
V is said to be solenoidal if ∇ . V
Definition: A vector ⃗
V said to be irrotational if ∇ × ⃗
V =0

Problem: Determine a constant a so that a vector ⃗ ^ ( y −2 z ) ^j+ ( x +az ) k^ is solenoidal

V = ( x +3 y ) i+
Solution: If ⃗ ⃗ =0
V is solenoidal then ∇ . V
∂ ∂ ∂
So, ( x +3 y ) + ( y−2 z )+ ( x+ az )=0
∂x ∂y ∂z
⇒ 1+1+a=0
⇒ a=−2 ans
Problem: Prove that, ∇ × ∇ ∅=0

| |
i^ ^j k^
∂ ∂ ∂
Proof: We have ∇ × (
∂∅ ^ ∂∅ ^ ∂∅ ^
i+
∂x ∂ y
j+
∂z
k = ∂x
∂∅
) ∂y
∂∅
∂z
∂∅
∂x ∂y ∂z
 15

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
∂ ∅ ∂ ∅ ^ ∂ ∅ ∂ ∅ ^ ∂ ∅ ∂ ∅ ^
¿ − i+ − j+ − k
∂ y∂z ∂z∂y ∂ z ∂x ∂x ∂ z ∂ x∂ y ∂ y∂ z
¿0

Problem: Prove that the vector ⃗ ^ ( 2 x−3 y −z ) ^j+ ( 4 x− y +2 z ) k^ is irrotational. Find

V = ( x +2 y +4 z ) i+
a scalar function ∅ such that ⃗
V =∇ ∅ .

| |
i^ ^j k^
∂ ∂ ∂
Solution: We have ∇ × ⃗
V=
∂x ∂y ∂z
x+2 y +4 z 2 x −3 y −z 4 x− y +2 z

¿ {∂∂z ( 4 x− y +2 z ) − ∂∂z ( 2 x−3 y−z ) }i^ +{∂∂z ( x +2 y + 4 z )− ∂∂x ( 4 x− y +2 z ) }^j

{∂∂x ( 2 x−3 y−z )− ∂∂y ( x+ 2 y + 4 z ) }k^
^
¿ (−1+1 ) i^ + ( 4+ 4 ) ^j+ ( 2−2 ) k=0
Hence ⃗
V is irrotational
∂∅ ^ ∂∅ ^ ∂∅ ^
Suppose ⃗
V =∇ ∅= i+ j+ k
∂x ∂ y ∂z
∂∅ 1
Then, = x+2 y +4 z
∂x
∂∅ 2
=2 x−3 y −z
∂y
∂∅ 3
=4 x− y +2 z
∂z
Intergrading (1) partially ω , r ¿ x , keeping y , z constant.
2
x
∅= +2 yz +4 zx + f 1 ( y , z ) 4
2
Where f 1 ( y , z ) is an arbitrary function of y and z

We have similarly, intergrading (2) partially with respect to y and intergrading (3) partially with respect
to z, we have
2
3y
∅=2 xy− − yz +f 2 (x , z) 5
2
2 6
∅=4 xz− yz + z + f 3 ( x , y )
 16

Comparing 4,5 and 6 choose f 1 ( y , z ) , f 2 ( x . z )∧f 3 ( x . y ) so that we can get a common value of ∅ .

−3 y 2
Put f 1 ( y , z ) = − yz + z 2
2
x2
f 2 ( x , z )=4 xz + z 2+
2

x2 3 y2
f 3 ( x , y )= − +2 xy
2 2
x2 3 y2 2
So that ∅= − + z +3 xy +4 xz− yz (ans)
2 2
Problem: Find the directional derivative of ∅=4 x z 3 −3 x 2 y 2 z at ( 2 ,−1,2 ) is the direction

^
2 i−3 ^j+6 k^

∂∅ ^ ∂∅ ^ ∂∅ ^
Solution: We have ∇ ∅= i+ j+ k
∂x ∂y ∂z
^
¿ ( 4 z −6 x y z ) i−6 x yz ^j+ ( 12 x z −3 x y ) k^
3 2 2 2 2 2

^
Therefore at ( 2 ,−1,2 ) , ∇ ∅=( 32−24 ) i+48 ^j+ ( 96−12 ) k^ =8 i+
^ 48 ^j+84 k^

^
2 i−3 ^j+ 6 k^ 2 i−3
^ ^j+ 6 k^
^
Unit vector along 2 i−3 ^j+6 k^ = =
√ 4 +9+36 7
^
2 i−3 ^j +6 k^ 16−144+ 504 376
^
Hence the required directional derivative¿ ( 8 i+48 ^j+ 84 k^ ) . = = ans
7 7 7

Vector integration
There are three types of vector integration

1. Line integration
2. Surface integration
3. Volume integration
^ y ( u ) ^j + z (u ) k^ ,Where r⃗ (u) is the position vector of (x , y , z) define
Line integration: Let r⃗ ( u )=x ( u ) i+
a curve C joining point P1 and P2 Where u=u1∧u=u2.

Assuming that C is composed of a finite no. of Curves for each of which r⃗ ( u ) has continuous derivative.

Let ⃗ ^ A2 ^j+ A3 k^ be a vector function of Position define and continuous along C. Then
A ( x , y , z ) =A 1 i+
the integral of the fangential component of ⃗
A along C from P1 ¿ P2 , written
P2

∫ ⃗A . d ⃗r =∫ ⃗A . d ⃗r =∫ A1 dx + A2 dy + A 3 dz
P1 c c
 17

If c is a closed curve which does not intersect itself, the integral around C usually written as

∮ ⃗A . d ⃗r =∮ A1 dx+ A 2 dy+ A 3 dz
c c

Example: If A=( 3 x +6 y ) i−14 yz j+20 x z k , ecaluate ∫ A . d ⃗r from ( 0,0,0 , ) ¿ ( 1,1,1 ) along the
^ ^ 2^
⃗ 2
⃗
c
following paths C .

(a) x=t , y =t 2 , z=t 3

(b) The straight line from ( 0,0,0 ) ¿ ( 1,0,0 ) then ¿ ( 1,1,0 )∧then¿ ( 1,1,1 )

(c) The straight line joining (0,0,0) to (1,1,1) .

Solution:
z

(b)=OAN
P(1,1,1)
P
(c)=OP
O y
A
N(1,1,0)
x

z
P(1,1,1)
(a)
y
O
x

^
A=( 3 x +6 y ) i−14
(a) We have , ⃗ yz ^j+20 x z k^
2 2

^
d ⃗r =dx i+dy ^j+dz k^

A . d ⃗r ={( 3 x +6 y ) i−14
Therefore, ⃗ ^ yz ^j +20 x z k^ } .( dx i+
^ dy ^j +dz k^ )
2 2
 18

¿ {( 3 t +6 t ) dt −14 t .t 2tdt +20 t t .3t dt }

2 2 2 3 6 2
On C

¿( 9 t 2−28 t 6 +60 t 9)dt

1
1
Therefore, ∫ ⃗
A . d ⃗r = ∫ ( 9 t −28 t + 60t ) dt=[ 3 t −4 t +6 t ]0=3−4+ 6=5
2 6 9 3 7 10

c t =0

z
A . d ⃗r =( 3 x + 6 y ) dx−14 yzdy+20 x z dz
(b) ⃗ 2 2

P(1,1,1)

O y
A
N(1,1,0)
x
Suppose ( 1,0,0 ) , (1,1,0 )∧( 1,1,1 ) are represented by A,N and P respectively .
1
Therefore, ∫ ⃗
A .d r⃗ =∫ ( 3 x +6.0 ) dx=1
2 ( x 1 , y 1 , z 1 ) to ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 )
OA 0
x−x 1 y − y 1 z−z 1
1 = = =t
x2 −x1 y 2− y 1 z 2−z 1
∫ ⃗A . d ⃗r=−∫ 14 y 0 dy =0
AN 0

1
x=x 1 +( x 2−x 1)t
∫ ⃗A . d ⃗r =∫ 20.1 . z 2 dz= 20
3
NP 0
y= y1 +( y 2− y 1 )t
20 23
Therefore, ∫ ⃗
A . d ⃗r =1+0+ = (ans) z=z 1 +(z 2−z 1 )t
c
3 3

(c) ∫ ⃗A . d ⃗r =∫ ( 3 x 2 +6 y ) dx−14 yzdy+20 x z2 dz

c OP
OP : x=t , y=t , z=t
1
¿ ∫ ( 3 t 2+6 t ) dt−14 t 2 dt+20 t 3 dt
0

1
¿ ∫ ( 3 t 2+6 t−14 t 2 +20 t 3 ) dt
0

1
¿ ∫ (20 t 3−11 t 2 +6 t )dt
0

11 11 11
¿ 5− + 3=8− = (Ans)
3 3 3
 19

Important problem: Find the work done in moving a particle in a force filed given by
⃗ ^
F =3 xy i−5 z ^j+10 x ^k along the curve x=t 2+ 1, y=2t 2 , z=t 3 from t=1 ¿ t=2

Solution: Work done ¿ ∫ F . d ⃗r =∫ 3 xydx−5 zdy +10 xdz

⃗
c c

t =2
¿ ∫ 3. ( t + 1 )( 2t ) 2 tdt−5t 4 tdt +10 ( t + 1 ) 3 t dt
2 2 3 2 2

t =3

2
¿ ∫ ( 12 t +12 t −20 t + 30t +30 t ) dt
5 3 4 4 2

2
¿ ∫ ( 12 t +10 t +12 t +30 t ) dt
5 4 3 2

3 2
¿ [ 2 t +2 t +3 t +10 t ]
6 5 4
1

¿ [ ( 128+64+ 48+80 )−( 2+2+3+10 ) ]

¿ 320−17=303

Surface integration
light
k^ n^
.ds
s

R
.
dxdy

dxdy =ds ( n^ . k^ )
dxdy
ds=
|n^ . k^|
dydz
ds=
|n^ . ^j|
dxdz
ds=
|n^ . ^j|
Example:

S=ABC surface
 20

∬ ⃗A . n^ ds where, ⃗A=18 z i−12

^ ^j+3 y k^ and S is the part of the plane 2 x+3 y +6 z=12 which is
s
located is the 1st octant.

Solution:
(0, 0, 2) C
B y
(0, 4, 0)We find A, B, C by using the equation is
A
x (6, 0, 0) x y z
+ + =1
A B C
Equation of AB stright line =
2 x+3 y =12
OAB is the projection of ABC on xy plane

∇ ( 2 x+3 y +6 z )
Let R be the projection of S on xy plane. The unit normal to the surface n^ =
|∇ ( 2 x+3 y +6 z )|
2 i^ +3 ^j +6 k^
¿
√ 4+ 9+36
2 3 6
¿ i^ + ^j + k^
7 7 7
2 3^ 6^
A . n^ =( 18 z i^ −12 ^j +3 y k^ ) .( i^ +
Therefore, ⃗ j + k)
7 7 7
36 z −36+18 y 6 (12−2 x−3 y ) −36+18 y
¿ = on S
7 7
36−12 x
¿
7
Therefore,
36−12 x 36−12 x dxdy dxdy 6
∬ ⃗A . n^ ds=∬ 7
ds=∬
7
=∬ ( 36−12 x )
|n^ . k^| R 6
= ∬ (36−12 x)dxdy
7 R
s s s
7
12−2 x
6 3 6 12−2 x
1 1
¿ ∫
6 x=0
∫ (36−12 x )dydx= ∫ [ ( 36−12 x ) y ] y=03
6 x=0
y=0

6 6
1 2 4
¿ .12 . ∫ (3−x)(6−x )dx= ∫ ( 18−9 x + x 2 ) dx
6 3 x=0 30

[ ]
6
4 9 2 x3 4
¿ 18 x− x + = ¿
3 2 3 0 3

¿ 24 (ans)
 21

Volume integartion
^
F =( 2 x −3 z ) i−2
Problem: If ⃗ xy ^j−4 x k^ ¿|
2

a. ∭ ∇ . ⃗F dv
v

b. ∭ ∇ × ⃗F dv
v

Where v is the closed region bounded by the planes x=0 , y=0 , z=0 and 2 x+2 y + z=4

∂
Solution: (a) We have ∇ . ⃗
F= ( 2 x 2−z ) − ∂ ( 2 xy )− ∂ ( 4 x ) =4 x−2 x +0=2 x
∂x ∂y ∂z
4−z 4−2 y−z 4 −z
4 2 2 4 2 4−2 y−z

∭ ∇ . ⃗F dv=∭ 2 x dxdydz = ∫ ∫ ∫ 2 x dxdydz= ∫ ∫ [x ] 2

x=0
2
dydz
v z=0 y=0 x=0 z=0 y=0

4− z 4 −z
4 2 2 4 2 4 4− z
( 4−2 y−z ) 1
¿∫ ∫ 4
dydz=
4
∫ ∫ ( 2 y + z−4 )2 dydz=¿ 14 . 12 . 13 ∫ [ ( 2 y+ z−4 )3 ] y=0
2
dz ¿
z =0 y=0 z=0 y=0 z=0

[ ] [ ] [ ]
4 4 4 4
1 ( z−4 )
¿
24
∫ {0−( z −4 ) } =−1
24
3
4
=
−1
24
4 1
0− = .64=
4 24
8
3
z=0 z =0

(b)

| |
i^ ^j k^
∇×⃗
F=
∂x
2
∂ ∂
∂y
∂
∂z
=0 i^ +
∂
∂z ∂x ∂x {
( 2 x 2−3 z ) + ∂ ( 4 x ) ^j+ ∂ (−2 xy ) − ∂ ( 2 x 2−3 z ) k^ = ^j −2 y k^
∂y } { }
2 x −3 z −2 xy −4 x

Therefore,
4−z 4−2 y−z 4−z
4 2 2 4 2

∭ ∇ × ⃗F dv=¿ ∫ ∫ ∫ ( ^j−2 y k^ ) dxdydz =¿ ∫ ∫ ( ^j−2 y k^ ) ( 4−22y−z ) dydz ¿ ¿

v z =0 y=0 x=0 z=0 y=0

4− z
4 2
1
¿ ∫ ∫ {( 4−2 y −z ) ^j−( 8 y−4 y 2−2 yz ) k^ } dydz
2 z =0 y=0

[ )]
4− z

(
4
1 4 y3 2
¿ ∫ {( 4− z ) y− y } ^j− 4 y −
2 2 2
−y z dz
2 z =0 3 y=0

[{ ( )} { }]
4 2 3 2
1 ( 4−z ) 4−z
2
^j− ( 4−z )2 − 4 ( 4−z ) − z ( 4−z ) k^ dz
¿ ∫
2 z =0 z
−
2 24 4
 22

[ { }]
4
1 ( 4−z )2 ^ 2 ( z−4 )
3
( z−4 )2 z
¿ ∫ ( )
j− z−4 + − dz
2 z =0 4 6 4

[ { }]
4

( )
4 3
z 8z
3 3 4 + +8 z 2
1 ( z −4 ) ^ ( z−4 ) ( z−4 ) 4 3
¿ j− + − k^
2 12 3 24 4 z =0

We have to calculate the math.

8 ^ ^
But the answer will be ( j − k ) ans
3

Green’s Theorem
If R is a closed region of the xy plane bounded by a simple closed curve C and if M and N are continuous
functions of x∧ y having continuous derivatives is R, then

∮ Mdx+ Ndy=∫∫( ∂∂Nx − ∂∂My )dxdy

c R y

C R

0
x

Problem: Vefify Green’s theoream in the plane for ∮ ( xy+ y ) dx+ x dy where C is the closed curved
2 2

c
of the region bounded by y=x and y=x 2

Solution: y
(1,1)
C
R
0(0,0,) x

Here M =xy + y 2∧N =x 2

∂N ∂ M
So − =2 x −( x+2 y )=x−2 y
∂x ∂y
1 0

Now ∮ Mdx + Ndy=¿ ∫ Mdx + Ndy + ∫ Mdx+ Ndy ¿

c 2
x=0 , y−¿ x x=1 , y= x
 23

1 0
¿ ∫ ( x . x + x ) dx + x .2 xdx + ∫ (x . x+ x 2 )dx + x 2 dx
2 4 2

x=0 x=1

1 0 1 0
¿∫ ( x3 + x 4 +2 X 3 ) +3 ∫ x 2 dx= ∫ ( 3 x3 + x 4 ) dx +3 ∫ x 2 dx
x=0 x=1 x=0 x=1

[ ]
5 1

( 34 + 15 )−1= 1920 −1= −120

4
3x x 3 0
¿ + +[ x ]
x=1 =
4 5 x=0

−1
Hence ∮ Mdx+ Ndy= 1
c
20
1 x 1
∂N ∂ M 2 x
Again ∫ ∫ ( − )dxdy=∫ ∫ (x−2 y)dxdy= ∫ ∫ ( x−2 y ) dydx= ∫ [ xy − y ] y=x dx 2

R ∂x ∂y R x=0 y=x x=0 2

[ ]
1 1 1
x5 x 4
¿ ∫ [ ( x −x ) −( x −x )]dx= ∫ ( x −x ) dx= −
2 2 3 4 4 3

x=0 x=0
5 4 x=0

1 1 −1
¿ − =
5 4 20
∂N ∂ M −1
Hence, ∫ ∫ (
2
− ) dxdy=
R
∂x ∂y 20

∂N ∂ M
From (1) and (2), we have ∮ Mdx+ Ndy=∫ ∫ ( − ) dxdy
c R
∂x ∂ y

Therefore Green’s theorem is verified

Divergence Theorem
If V is the volume bounded by a closed surface S and ⃗
A is a vector function of position with continuous
derivatives, then

∭ ∇ . ⃗A dv=∬ ⃗A . n^ ds , where n^ is the positive (outward drawn) unit normal to S.

V s

V
V
S
S

S is the bounded surface. And V is

the volume by bounded surface.
All the arrow is n^
 24

Problem: Vefify divergence theoreum for ⃗ ^ y 2 ^j+ yz k^ and taken over the region bounded by
A=4 xz i−
surfaces x=0 , x=1 , y=0 , y=1 , z=0 , z=1
z
n^ =k^
C Q
S OAPB: z=0, SRQC: z=1
R
OBQC: x=0, APRS: x=1
o B
A OASC: y y=1
y=0, PBQR:
P
n^ =−k^ x
∂ ∂ 2 ∂
Solution: We have , ∇ . ⃗
A = ( 4 xz )− ( y ) + ( yz )=4 z−2 y+ y=4 z− y
∂x ∂y ∂z
1 1 1 1 1
1
Therefore, ∭ ∇ . ⃗
A dv=¿ ∫ ∫ ∫ ( 4 z− y ) dzdydx= ∫ ∫ [ 2 z 2− yz ]z =0 dydx ¿
v x=0 y=0 z=0 x=0 y=0

[ ]
1 1 1 2 1 1
y 3 3
¿∫ ∫ (2− y)dydx= ∫ 2 y− dx= ∫ dx=
x=0 y=0 x=0
2 y=0 2 x=0 2

Surface intergration
¿∬ ⃗
A . n^ ds= ∬ ⃗
A . n^ ds+ ∬ ⃗
A . n^ ds + ∬ ⃗
A . n^ ds + ∬ ⃗
A . n^ ds+ ∬ ⃗
A . n^ ds+ ∬ ⃗
A . n^ ds
s OAPB SRQC OBQC APRS OASC PBQR

Now,

1. ∬ ⃗A . v^ ds= ∬ − yzdxdy=0
OAPB OAPB
1 1
1
2. ∬ A . n^ ds= ∬ yzds= ∫
⃗ ∫ ydxdy=
2
SRQC SRQC x=0 y=0

3. ∬ A . n^ ds= ∬ −4 xzdydz =0
⃗
OBQC OBQC
1 1
4. ∬ A . n^ ds= ∬ 4 xzds= ∬ 4 zdydz= ∫
⃗ ∫ 4 zdydz=¿ 2 ¿
APRS APRS OBQC z=0 y=0

5. ∬ ⃗A . n^ ds= ∬ 2
y dxdz=¿ 0 ¿
OASC OASC
1 1
6. ∬ A . n^ ds= ∬ − y ds=− ∬ dsdz= ∫ ∫ dsdz=−1
⃗ 2

PBQR PBQR OASC z=0 x

Now add these values in the surface integration ,

1 3
∬ ⃗A . n^ ds= ∬ ⃗A . n^ ds + ∬ ⃗A . n^ ds+ ∬ A . n^ ds+ ∬ ⃗
⃗ A . n^ ds+ ∬ ⃗ A . n^ ds+ ∬ ⃗ A . n^ ds=0+ + 0+2+0−1=
2 2
s OAPB SRQC OBQC APRS OASC PBQR

So we can write ∭ ∇ . A dv=¿∬ A . n^ ds ¿

⃗ ⃗
v s

Thus the divergence theorem is verified.

 25

Problem: Use divergence thereum on otherwise, evaluate ∬ F . n^ ds, where ⃗

⃗ ^ y z2 ^j+ xz k^
F =2 xy i+
s

And S is the surface of the parallilopiped bounded by x=0 , y=0 , z=0 , x=2, y=1∧z=3

∂ ∂
Solution: We have ∇ . ⃗
F= ( 2 xy ) + ( y z 2) + ∂ ( xz )=2 y + z 2+ x =x+2 y + z 2
∂x ∂y ∂z
2 1 3
By divergence theoreum , ∬ ⃗
F . n^ ds=∭ ∇ . ⃗
F dv = ∫ ∫ ∫ ( x +2 y + z 2) dzdydx
S V x=0 y=0 z=0

[ ]
2 1 3 3
z
¿∫ ∫ xz +2 yz + dydx
x=0 y=0
3 z=0

2 1
¿ ∫ ∫ ( 3 x +6 y +9 ) dydx
x=0 y

2
¿ ∫ [ 3 x +12 ] dx
x=0

[ ]
2 2
3x
¿ +12 x =6+24=30 A
2 x=0