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hinder(v)   punctuation (n) 

progress (n)   full stop / period (n) 
trade (n)   exclamation mark (n) 
heritage (n)   question mark (n) 
grapple (v)  transitions (conjunctions) 
sustainable (adj)  paraphrase  (v)  
significant (adj)  waste (n) 
flourish (v)  rate (n) 
means of transport (n)   ecosystem (n) 
distance learning (n)    unemployment (n) 
inequality (n)  bullying (n)  
funding (n)  poverty (n) 
lead (v)   methods (n)  
get rid of   reduce (v)  
monuments (n)   illiteracy (n)  
knowledge (n)   elaborate (adj) 
population growth (n)   ramp (n)  
social problems (n)   estimate (v) 
production (n)   testament (n) 
behave (v)   precision (n)  
increase (v/n)   ingenuity (n)  
invention (n)   architectural (adj)  
recognise (v)    construct (v) 
enable  (v)   limestone (n)  
healthcare (n)  awe (v/n)  
challenge (v/n)  lever (n) 
scarcity (n)  align (v) 
issue (n)  cardinal (adj)  
rely on (v)  constant (adj)  
infrastructure (n)  widespread (adj)  
deforestation (n)  horizon (n)  
access (v/n)  symptoms (n)  
degradation (n)  suitable (adj)  
urban (adj)  freelance  (adj)  
rural (adj)  duty (n)  

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  

do or make
 
do make
 (does - doing - did - done) (makes - making - made)
research   a plan  
a job  a change  
work  a difference  
repairs  a choice  
damage   money 
an operation  a suggestion 
a favour   a promise  
accounts  a decision  
things  a mistake  
a project   arrangements  
the shopping   progress  
exercises   contributions  
well   achievements  
his best   efforts  

1. Teachers show students how to .......... research online.

a make b let c sit d do
2. Everyone .......... mistakes when they’re learning something new.
a make b makes c do d does
3. She has .......... a great achievement despite her disability.
a taken b done c made d given
4. If you’re not happy with the way things are, ............... a change.
a do b did c make d made
5. He made a.......... to the country’s struggle for independence.
a contribution b project c favour d research
6. I .......... every conceivable effort to succeed.
a caused b did c made d b&c
7. Mai promised me to .......... her best in her next exams.
a make b made c does d do
8. Ali as well as his friends .......... clever plans.
a do b does c make d makes
9. I am sure my brother .......... well in yesterday’s test.
a had b gave c did d made
10. He hoped the project would .......... money.
a make b give c do d does
11. Police are .......... significant progress in fighting computer crimes.
a doing b carrying c running d making
12. Students can learn to be independent by .......... their own choices.
a make b making c do d doing
13. Just five minutes' exercise a day could .......... all the difference.
a make b conduct c reduce d do
14. She had to.......... an operation on her knee to help her walk again.
a carry out b have c make d do

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 

 Punctuation marks are symbols that we use in written language to make the
meaning clear. 

Full stop / Period . 

Question mark ? 
Exclamation mark ! 

1 Full stop = Period (.) (‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻒ‬

 at the end of declarative, imperative and conditional sentences:


 Yasser and Peter went to the club an hour ago.
 after abbreviations: 
 My grandson Ahmad was born in Jan. 2020.
 in initials for personal names: 
 T.S. Eliot (Tomas Stearns Eliot) was a poet.  Let’s find an A.T.M.
 In British English, full stops are placed outside the final quotation mark.
 .:‫ ﻗﺖﺮ‬
 The general manager said,"This is a great day for the company".
(.) :‫ ﻗﺖﺮ‬
 
 USA (British)  U.S.A. (American)  Mr (British)  Mr. (American)
 (.):‫ ﻗﺖﺮ‬
 Ali called me at 9 a.m.
 (?)(.)(inversion) :‫ ﻗﺖﺮ‬
 Were I rich, I’d buy a car.
 (?)(.):‫ ﻗﺖﺮ‬
 What Toka said was a mistake.

2 Question Mark (?) ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ‬

 at the end of question 

 When did Amani leave?  Do you like pasta?
 at the end of tag question 
 You seem busy now, don’t you?

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 3 Exclamation mark (!) ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﺐ‬

 after a command, an interjection, or what shows surprise or anger.

.‫ ﺳﺛ أﻄ أو ﺳﺔﺈ أو ﻄ ﻏﺰﻋ ا ﺛﻊﺤﺋ أو ا ﺶﺪﺈ‬
 “Look out behind you!” she yelled.  (warning )
 I’m so excited to go to the park tomorrow! (strong feelings )
 If you come to work late again, you’ll be fired! (threat )
 Leave me alone! (anger )
 Jana, don’t play with your food! (strict command)
 Wow! (Great! - Oh, my God!) ()
 What a beautiful house! How beautiful she sings! ()
(.) (?) (!) :‫ ﻗﺖﺮ‬

 Ali and I met yesterday. (I)

 They travelled abroad.   
 Study hard. Don’t waste your time.  
 Ali said, “We will visit you tomorrow”. 
 Do you like pasta? 
 I called Ali and Mai. 
 Asia is the biggest continent in the world. 
 Egypt has strong ties with the Sudan. 
 Rome is one of the world's most beautiful capitals. 
 Al Daifi is from Beni Suef. 
 The Pacific Ocean is the world's largest ocean. 
 The Red Sea is joined to the Mediterranean Sea by 
the Suez Canal.
 The River Nile is the longest river in the world. 
 Lake Nasser is a man-made lake. 
 The Sphinx is a stone statue that stands in Giza. 
 Ahmed is Egyptian, but Tom is American. 
 Toka likes English, but she can’t stand French. 
 We like to visit our relatives on Fridays. 
 My father died in October. 
 King Abdullah ruled Jordan. 
 Where will you stay? When will you arrive?  
 Mr - Dr - Prof 
 TV - IT - CV  
 ‘Oliver’ is the main character in ‘Oliver Twist’. 
 I have aSamsung, but my wife has an Oppo.  

5
1. We use a full stop (.) .......... .
a at the end of a statement b to show certainty
c to show surprise or excitement d at the end of a question
2. We use the exclamation mark (!) .......... .
a to show surprise or excitement b to show certainty
c at the end of a statement d at the end of a question
3. We use the question mark (?) .......... .
a to express opinion b at the end of a statement
c to show certainty d at the end of a question
4. Which one of the following sentences must end with an exclamation mark (!)?
a What is your favourite view here b What a lovely view you have here
c How can you find this view d How about finding a lovely view here
5. Which can be used in the blanks: He found his book, didn’t he .......... .
a a full stop b a question mark c an exclamation mark d an apostrophe
6. Which sentence must end with a full stop (.)?
a Why did you come late yesterday b What a fashionable dress
c She wondered where I had hidden the documents d How great
7. Which of the following is punctuated correctly?
a What a nice day, b What a nice day. c What a nice day! d What a nice day?
8. We use a/an .......... after an interjection, or what shows surprise or anger.
a question mark b exclamation mark c comma d full stop
9. Wow .......... You got the full marks.
a ? b : c ; d !
10. Which sentence is punctuated correctly?
a “The sun is shining! It's a beautiful day outside”.
b “I can't believe it's Friday. Time flies by so quickly?”
c “Did you see that incredible performance!”
d He asked, “What time is the meeting.”
11. Which of the following has the correct ending punctuation marks?
a Were they faster, they'd catch up with their friends?
b Were they faster, they'd catch up with their friends!
c Were they faster, they'd catch up with their friends.
d Were they faster, they'd catch up with their friends,
12. Which of the following is punctuated correctly?
a No sooner had I studied than i slept. b No sooner had I studied than I slept?
c No sooner had I studied than I slept. d no sooner had I studied than I slept.
13. Which of the following has the correct ending punctuation mark?
a Had she enough time, she 'd help you; b Had she enough time, she'd help you?
c Had she enough time, she'd help you! d Had she enough time, she'd help you.
14. Which of the following has correct punctuation marks?
a There is a substantial difference between the two, but is there necessarily a conflict!
b there is a substantial difference between the two, but is there necessarily a conflict?
c There is a substantial difference between the two, but is there necessarily a conflict.
d There is a substantial difference between the two, but is there necessarily a conflict?

6


‫اﻗﺖﺎ اﺸﻐﺋ ﺸ ﺾﺎ ﺋ ا ﺼ ل ﻗ ﺛ ا ﺊﺛء ﻄﻆ ا ﺊﺛاﻏﺋ‬ ‫ﻂﻌﺦﻌل ا‬

 
The   
The
letter The word The The
 essay
   sentence paragraph 
   

A group of letters  make a word ‫ وﺖﺛة ﻈ ء ا ﺿﻂ ﺋ‬:(letter) ‫ ا ﺗ ف‬

A group of words  make a sentence ‫ وﺖﺛة ﻈ ء ا ﺔ ﻂﺋ‬:(word) ‫ ا ﺿﻂ ﺋ‬
A group of sentences  make a paragraph ‫ وﺖﺛة ﻈ ء ا ﺼ ة‬:(sentence) ‫ ا ﺔ ﻂﺋ‬
A group of paragraphs  make an essay ‫ وﺖﺛة ﻈ ء ا ﺼ ل‬:(paragraph) ‫ ا ﺼ ة‬
:‫ ﻏﺎﺿﻌن ﻄﻆ ﻄﺔ ﻌﺲﺋ ﻄﻆ ا ﺼ ات‬:(essay) ‫ ا ﺼ ل‬


Subject  Verb  Complement
  

1 Subject ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋـــــــــﻞ‬
:‫ﺳﻀ وﺻﺛ ﻏﺿﻌن‬ ‫ ﻊﻌ ﻄﻆ ﻏﺼﻌم‬
 Ali plays tennis.  Lions eat meat. 
 He is tall.  She studies hard. 
 This is a book.  These are my sons. 
2 Verb ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌــــــــــﻞ‬

:‫ﺲﻀ‬ ‫ﺳﺛ ا‬ ‫ﺎﺚﺛم ﻂﺎﺳﺊﻐ ﺲﻆ ﺖ ﺾﺋ أو ﺖ ﺋ أو ﺖﺛث وﻏ‬ ‫ ﺲﺊ رة ﺲﻆ ﺾﻂ ﺋ‬

 He works hard.  I will take you with me. 
‫د وا ﺔ‬ ‫ﺲﻀ ﻄﻆ ﺖﻐ ا‬ ‫ ﻗﺖﺮ أن ا ﺳﻀ ﻏﺎﺊ ا‬
 are - were - have - infinitive……  
 is - was - has - v+s………  

‫أﻇﻌاع ا ﺳﻀ‬
Types of
verbs
 
 Main verb Helping verb + Main verb

 Ali speaks English fluently.  He is reading a novel.

:‫وﻏ ﺿﻈﻈ ﺼ ﻐﻃ اﻗﺸﺳ ل إ ﻇﻌﺲ ن‬
:‫ ﻊ أﺸﺳ ل ﺂدى ﻄﺳﻈ ﺾ ﻄﻘ ﺜا ﻋ دون أن ﻏﺎﺳﺛى أﺐ ﻊ إ ﻄ ﺳﻌل ﻄﺑﻀ‬:‫ اﻓﺸﺳ ل ا ﻘزﻄــﺋ‬
complain die fall occur happen collapse disappear appear
ً ‫ ﻊ أﺸﺳ ل ﻗ ﺂدى ا ﺳﻈ ﻄﺿﺎ‬:‫ اﻓﺸﺳ ل ا ﺎﺳﺛﻏﺋ‬
:‫ﻘ ﺜا ﻋ وﻗ ﺛ ﻄﻆ ﻄ ﺳﻌل ﻄﺑﻀ‬
tell give visit defeat create obey encourage complete

7
   
Verb to be   Verb to do
 Helping 
Verb to have Verbs s

Modal verbs

‫ﺂال‬ ‫وﺲ ﻀ ا‬ ‫ﺗﺛﻏﺛ زﻄﻆ ا ﺔ ﻂﺋ وا ﻈ‬ ‫ﺲﺛ ﺸ‬ ‫ﻏ ﺎﺚﺛم ا ﺳﻀ ا‬

 He isn't playing tennis now.  Did he play tennis yesterday?
  V.ing
am / is / are being 
was / were  be been 

.‫( ﺸ ا ﺔﻋﻌل‬P.P) ‫( ﺸ ا ﺳﻂﻌم و‬ing) ‫ﺳﺛه‬ ‫ﺲﺛ وﻏ‬ ‫ ﺾ ﺳﻀ ﻄ‬v. be ‫ ﻗ ﻏﺎ ﻃ‬

 She isn't studying at the moment.  They were given a good lesson yesterday.
.‫ ﺾ ﺳﻀ أﺠ ﺠﻎ‬to ‫ـ‬ ‫ﺎﺊ‬ ‫ ﺸ ا ﺧﺛر ﺳﺛ اﻓﺸﺳ ل ا ﻈ ﺻﺧﺋ أو اﻓﺸﺳ ل ا ﺎ‬be ‫ﺎﺚﺛم‬ 
 The city will be built in 2030.  The race is expected to be canceled.
.‫ﻂ ﺔﻋﻌل‬ ‫( ﺎﺿﻌﻏﻆ ا ﺊﻈ‬am - is - are - was - were) ‫( ﺳﺛ‬being) ‫ﺎﺚﺛم‬ 
 The meal was being cooked at 7 o'clock yesterday.
.‫ﻂ ﺔﻋﻌل‬ ‫( ﺎﺿﻌﻏﻆ ا ﺊﻈ‬have - has - had) ‫( ﺳﺛ‬been) ‫ وﻇ ﺎﺚﺛم‬
 This novel has been published since I was ten.
.‫ﺳﻈ ﻏﺿﻌن أو ﺾ ن‬ ‫ ﺾ ﺳﻀ أﺠ ﺠ‬v. be ‫ ﻏ ﺿﻈﻈ اﺠﺎﺚﺛام‬
 I was a driver but now I am a cook.

  V.ing

have / has having
have
had  had 

.(had) ‫( وا‬have) ‫( أﻄ ا ﺲﻀ ا ﺔ ﻏ ﺜ‬has) ‫د ﺸ ا ﺪ رع‬ ‫ ﻏ ﻄ ا ﺲﻀ ا‬

.‫ إذا ﺾ ن ﺸﺳﻀ أﺠ ﺠﻎ‬v. have ‫( ﻈ‬don't - doesn't - didn't) + have ‫ ﻇ ﺎﺚﺛم‬
(hasn't - haven't - hadn't) + P.P. ‫أﻄ إذا ﺾ ن ﺸﺳﻀ ﻄ ﺲﺛ‬
 Ali doesn't have many friends.  Aya hasn't got any sisters.
‫( ا ﺔﻋﻌل‬been + P.P.) ‫( ا ﺳﻂﻌم‬P.P.) ‫ﺳﺛه‬ ‫ﺲﺛ وﻏ‬ ‫ ﺾ ﺳﻀ ﻄ‬v. have ‫ ﻏ ﺎﺚﺛم‬
 She has bought a car.  A car has been bought.
(... /‫ ﻏ ﺜ‬/ ‫ ﻏﺎﻈ ول‬/ ‫ﺳﻈ )ﻏ ﺎﻂ‬ ‫ ﺾ ﺳﻀ أﺠ ﺠ‬v. have ‫ ﻏ ﺿﻈﻈ اﺠﺎﺚﺛام‬
 I have a new car.  I had a big meal.

  V.ing

do / does doing

did  do done 

.(did) ‫( وا‬do) ‫( أﻄ ا ﺲﻀ ا ﺔ ﻏ ﺜ‬does) ‫د ﺸ ا ﺪ رع‬ ‫ ﻏ ﻄ ا ﺲﻀ ا‬

.‫( ﺸ ﺖ ﺋ ﺲﺛم و ﻌد ﺸﺳﻀ ﻄ ﺲﺛ ﺸ ا ﺔ ﻂﺋ ﻄﻆ أ ﻀ ا ﻈ أو ﺿﻌﻏﻆ ﺠﺂال‬do - does - did) ‫ ﺎﺚﺛم‬
(inf.) ‫ﺳﺛه ا ﺧﺛر‬ ‫ ﺾ ﺳﻀ ﻄ ﺲﺛ وﻏ‬v. do ‫ ﻏ ﺎﺚﺛم‬
 I don't like smoking.  Did she come yesterday?

8
5. Which sentence is incomplete?
a I like music. b I am interested in music.
c I am fond of music. d I keen on music.
6. Which sentence is incomplete?
a Nada and Mai have never visited Luxor, have they?
b How many brothers do you have, Ahmed?
c Although I have a lot of money.
d I didn’t meet you as I was busy.
7. Which of the following sentences is complete?
a The meeting was cancelled. b When the meeting was cancelled.
c Because the meeting was cancelled. d Until the meeting was cancelled.


‫ء ﺸ ا ﺿﺎ ﺋ أو ﺸ ا ﺼﻌاﺲﺛ‬ ‫ ﻏﺳ ﻇ ا ﺿﺑﻐ ﻄﻆ ا ﻘب ﺸ ﺾﺎ ﺋ ا ﺼ ل ﻄﻆ ا ء ﺸ ﺿﻌﻏﻆ ا ﺔ ﻂﺋ ﺠﻌاء ﺾ ﻇﺌ ا‬

‫ء و ـﺧﺗﻐﺗﻋ ﺾﺚ ـﻌة او ـ‬ ‫ﺈ ا ﺎﺛرب ﺲﻂ ا ﺊﺗ ﺲﻆ اﻗ‬ ‫أو ﺲﻘﻄ ت ا ﺎ ﺻﻐﻃ و ﺗﻀ ﻊﺜه ا ﺤﺿﻂﺋ ﻏﺔﺈ ﺲﻂ ا‬
:‫ﺲﻂ ا ﻏﺺ ا ﺧﺗﻐ ﺿﺎ ﺋ ا ﺼ ل‬

1. i want too The store and bought Milk and bread and an eggs (8)
 .........................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................

2. oh. what nice suit. (5)

 .........................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................

3. yesterday ali seen mai. she is played by his dog (11)

 .........................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................

4. what you were do When you father come. (7)

 .........................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................

5. Me and him is going to the movies later, But i dont knew if They open (10)
 .........................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................

6. doesnt wasted you Time? (7)

 .........................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................

7. do your met nada in a club. – yes i met she eveyweek their? (14)
 .........................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................

10
  
   Conjunction
Noun
Pronoun
 Adjective Adverb
Article   
      Preposition
 Verb     
 

: ‫ ﻄﺔ د( وﻏﺼ ﻃ اﻗﺠﻃ إ‬/ ‫د‬ / ‫ ﻄﺿ ن‬/ ‫ ﺖﻐﻌان‬/ ‫ ﺾﻂ ﺋ ﺎﺚﺛم ﻂﺎ ﻐﺋ وﻏﺤ ﻀ اﺠﻃ )اﻇ ن‬:‫ اﻗﺠﻃ‬
The proper noun  Ali - Aya - Egypt - Africa - Cairo... etc. 
The common noun  bird - book - car - man - girl - pen - tree.. etc. 
The material noun  glass - gold - iron - milk - salt - water - tea...etc. 
The abstract noun  beauty - courage - fear - love - evil... etc. 

: ‫إ‬ ‫ﺎﺚﺛم ﺛﻗ ﻄﻆ اﻗﺠﻃ و ﺗﻀ ﻄﺗﻂ وﻏ ﺿﻆ ﺼ ﻐﻃ ا ﺪ‬ ‫ ا ﺪ ﻐ ﺲﺊ رة ﺲﻆ ﺾﻂ ﺋ‬

  
Subject   
Demonstrative Indefinite
Pronouns Object Reflexive Pronouns

Possessive Pronouns Relative
   Pronouns Pronouns       Pronouns
   Pronouns
        

. ‫ﺸ زﻄﻆ ﻄﺗﺛد‬ ‫ﺎﺚﺛم ﻂﺎﺳﺊﻐ ﺲﻆ ﺖ ﺾﺋ أو ﺖ ﺋ أو ﺖﺛث و‬ ‫ ا ﺳﻀ ﺲﺊ رة ﺲﻆ ﺾﻂ ﺋ‬

 He works hard.  I will take you with me.
. ‫د وا ﺔ‬ ‫ﺲﻀ ﻄﻆ ﺖﻐ ا‬ ‫ ﻗﺖﺮ أن ا ﺳﻀ ﻏﺎﺊ ا‬
 I suppose you are right.  He has gone home.
:‫ﻐ ﻄﻌ ﻌد ﻄﺑﻀ‬ ‫ﻊ اً ﺚﻘف ا ﻂﺶﺋ ا ﺳ ﻐﺋ ا ﺎ ﻏ ﺿﻆ أن ﻏﺿﻌن ا ﺳﻀ ﺸﻐﻋ‬ ‫ ﻗ ﺛ أن ﻏﺿﻌن ا ﺳﻀ‬
 He is a teacher.   They are doctors.  

:‫ا ﺧ ﺋ ﺻﺊﻀ ا ﻌﺦﻌف أو ﺳﺛ اﻓﺸﺳ ل ا ﺎ ﻐﺋ‬ ‫ ا ﺧ ﺋ ﻊ ﺾﻂ ﺋ ﺧﺷ اﻗﺠﻃ وا ﺪ ﻐ و‬

V. to be - look - seem - sound - appear - become - stay - feel
- taste - smell - touch - fall - grow - turn - how - go - get - come

 He bought a new flat.  She was a clever student.  Toka seems ill.
. ً ‫ ﻄﺜﺾ اً أو ﻄﺂﻇﺑ‬، ً ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ ﻗ ﻏﺗﺛث أى ﺶﻐﻐ ﻂﺧ ﺋ ﺠﻌاء ﺾ ن ا ﻌﺦﻌف ﻄ داً أو‬
 He is clever.  She is clever.   They are clever.

11
 :‫ﺻﺊﻀ ا ﺧ ﺋ أو ﺳﺛ ا ﺳﻀ اﻓﺠ ﺠﻎ‬ ‫ ا ﺗ ل ﻊﻌ ﺾﻂ ﺋ ﺧﺷ ا ﺳﻀ أو ا ﺧ ﺋ و‬
 He runs quickly.  She is extremely intelligent. 
:‫ا ﺧ ﺋ‬ ‫( إ‬ly / ily) ‫ﺊ ً ﻄﺤﺎﺺ ﻄﻆ ا ﺧ ﺋ ﺲﻆ ﺬ ﻏﺺ إ ﺸﺋ‬ ‫ ا ﺗ ل أو ا ﺰ ف‬
- quiet  quietly - quick  quickly - slow  slowly
in a ...... way - manner:‫( ﺎﺗﻌل ﺲﻆ ﺬ ﻏﺺ‬friendly)ly ‫ ﻗﺖﺮ أن ا ﺧ ﺋ ا ﻈﺎﻋﻐﺋ ـ‬
 in a friendly way (manner)
:‫ ﻊﻈ ك ﺳﺨ ا ﺿﻂ ت ﺳ ﻄﻀ ﺾﺰ ف وﺾﺧ ﺋ‬
hard   low  
fast   high  
early   late  

.(‫د ا ﻈﺿ ة ) ﻐ ﻄﺗﺛد‬ ‫ﺻﺊﻀ اﻗﺠﻃ ا‬ ‫ ﺳﻈ واﺖﺛ و‬a/an = one ‫ ﻇ ﺎﺚﺛم‬

:‫د ا ﺊﺛوء ﺗ ف ﺠ ﺾﻆ ﺾﺎ ﺋ وﻇ ﺺ‬ ‫( ﺻﺊﻀ اﻗﺠﻃ ا‬a) ‫ﻇ ﺎﺚﺛم‬ 
a boy - a girl - a man - a woman - a hand - a lion - a university - a uniform ..
:(a, e, i, o, u) ً ‫د ا ﺜى ُﻏ ﺳﺛ ا ﺊﺛوء ﺗ ف ﻄﺎﺗ ك ﻇ ﺼ‬ ‫ﺻﺊﻀ اﻗﺠﻃ ا‬(an) ‫ﻇ ﺎﺚﺛم‬ 
an orange - an egg - an insect - an hour - an umbrella - an honest man - ..
.‫وﻄ اﻓﺠ ء ا ﺎ ﻗ ﺳﺛ وا ﺳﻈﻌﻏﺋ ﻂﺎﺳ ﻏﺷ أو ﻂﺎﺗﺛﻏﺛ‬ ‫ﺳﺛ ﻄ د أو‬ ‫( ﺻﺊﻀ اﻓﺠ ء ا ﺎ‬the) ‫ ﻇ ﺎﺚﺛم‬
the boy - the boys - the car - the cars - the news - the bread - the money

      

     
  

about  by  out  with 

above  for  outside  without 
on  in  to  under 

1 2 3 4 5 6

Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing

addition reason result contrast purpose time
     

and because so although to after

in addition since = as that’s why nevertheless so as to as soon as
moreover because of therefore despite in order to before
furthermore due to consequently in spite of in order that while
as well as owing to as a result but so that until

12
1. Which of the following is a verb?
a them b raise c the d so
2. Which of the following is a conjunction?
a without b poor c although d an
3. Which of the following is a pronoun?
a develop b since c the d us
4. Which of the following is a noun?
a because b play c disabled d off
5. Which of the following is an adjective?
a wealthy b wealth c well d quickly
6. Which of the following is a preposition?
a but b so c an d among
7. Which of the following is an article?
a an b on c in d when
8. We didn't enjoy the day because the weather was cold. Because here is a .......... .
a conjunction b preposition c noun d pronoun
9. A/An .......... is a word used with a noun that tells you more about it.
a conjunction b preposition c adverb d adjective
10. What is the part of speech for the word "beneath" in the sentence: "The treasure
was hidden beneath the sand."?
a preposition b noun c adverb d adjective
11. Toka sings fast. Fast here is a/an .......... .
a verb b noun c adverb d adjective
12. Toka seems fast. Fast here is a/an .......... .
a verb b noun c adverb d adjective
13. I work for a company whose exports are very high. Exports here is a/an .......... .
a verb b noun c adverb d adjective
14. The word “Ahmed” is a/an .......... . To complete this sentence, we should put a/an:
a pronoun b noun c verb d adjective
15. Children tidied the room by themselves yesterday. “Themselves” is a/an .......... .
a conjunction b preposition c article d pronoun
16. A/An .......... is a word that adds information to a verb or an adjective.
a conjunction b preposition c adverb d adjective
17. I called them but they couldn’t hear me. This sentence has .......... pronouns.
a 2 b 3 c 4 d 5
18. Everyone was very friendly towards me. Friendly here is a/an .......... .
a conjunction b noun c adverb d adjective
19. What is the part of speech for the word "happiness" in the sentence: "She radiated
happiness wherever she went."?
a verb b noun c adverb d adjective

13
  

:‫ﻐ ﺋ ﺎﺿﻌن ﻄﻆ ﺐﻘﺐﺋ أ ﺞاء أﺠ ﺠﻐﺋ ﻄﺑﻀ‬ ‫ﻂﺋ‬ ‫ﺠﻌاء ﺾ ﻇﺌ‬

ً ‫ ﻗ ﺛ ﻄﻆ ﺗﺛﻏﺛ أ ﺞاء ا ﺔ ﻂﺋ‬

       ‫ا ﺔ ﻂﺋ‬

Mai had a hot meal. .‫ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﺖ ﻣﻰ ﻭﺟﺒﺔ ﺣﺎﺭﺓ‬
The Egyptian like their country. .‫ﻳﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﻠﺪﻫﻢ‬
His teacher has punished him. .‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻋﺎﻗﺒﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﻪ‬
:‫ﻂﺋ ﺬﻌﻏﻂﺋ ﻄﺑﻀ‬ ‫ أو ﺾ ﻇﺌ‬

   ‫ﺿ ﻂﺋ ا ﺔ ﻂﺋ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻑ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻑ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻑ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺖ ﺃﺻـﺪﻗﺎﺋﻰ ﺑـﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻓـﻰ ﺍﻟﻨـﺎﺩﻯ‬
I met my friends happily in the club last week. .‫ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻰ‬
He studied the lesson hard in his room yesterday. .‫ﺫﺍﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ ﺑﺠﺪ ﻓﻰ ﻏﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺃﻣﺲ‬

 

 
‫ﺲﻀ‬ ‫ا‬ The subject  Ahmed likes travelling abroad.
 We met our friends at home.
 
 
‫ا ﺳﻀ‬ The verb  They have had an accident.
 I will visit you next week.
 
 
‫ﺳﻌل‬ ‫ا‬ The object  Mai studied the lesson.
 I call them every day.
 
 
‫ف ا ﺿﻐ ﻐﺋ‬ Adverb of manner  She spoke politely.
 Toka speaks English well.
 
 
‫فا ﺿ ن‬ Adverb of place  She walked politely in the street.
 All the passengers went ashore.
 
 
‫ف ا ﺞﻄ ن‬ Adverb of time  We travel to Aswan in winter.
 Yesterday, I visited my uncle.

14
 . ‫ زرت ﺲﻂ أﻄﺟ ﺸ ﻄﻈﺞ‬
a Visited Ali in his house yesterday. b Ali visited me in his house yesterday.
c I visited Ali in his house yesterday. d I visited in his house yesterday Ali.
.‫ﻐﺋ‬ ‫ﻐﻈ ا ﺔ ﺳﺋ ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ ذﻊﺊﺌ إ‬
a I went last Friday to the cinema. b Went I to the cinema last Friday.
c Last Friday, I to the cinema went. d I went to the cinema last Friday.
.‫ﺲﺛ وﺠ ﻀ ا ﻈﺼﻀ ا ﺗﺛﻏﺑﺋ ا ﺎﺔ رة ﺲﻂ ا ﻈ ﻌ واﻗزدﻊ ر‬ 
a Help modern means of transport trade to grow and flourish.
b Means modern of transport help trade to grow and flourish.
c Modern means of transport helps trade to grow and flourish.
d Modern means of transport help trade to grow and flourish.
.‫ﺳ دة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻏﺺ إ‬ ‫ إن ا ﺼ اءة ﻊ ﻄ ﺎ ح ا ﺳ ﺸﺋ وا ﺳ ﻀ ا ﺔ د ﻊﻌ ا‬
a Reading is the key to knowledge and hardly work is the path to happy.
b Reading is the key to knowledge and hard work the bath to happiness.
c Reading the key to knowledge and hard work is the path to happiness.
d Reading is the key to knowledge and hard work is the path to happiness.
. ‫ﺳﻌق أى ﺼﺛم ﻄﺎﻌﺻ‬ ‫ﺛﻏﻈ ا ﺿﺑﻐ ﻄﻆ ا ﺤﺿﻘت اﻗ ﺎ ﺲﻐﺋ ا ﺎ‬ 
a We have a lot of social problems that hinder any progress expectes.
b We have a lot of social problems that hinder any expected progress.
c We have a lot of social problem that hinder some expected progress.
d Have we a lot of social problems that hinder any expected progress?
6. Governments have the duty of protecting the young from bullying.
 
  

7. We should make full use of our population growth to increase production.

   
 

8. Distance learning will become more widespread in the near future.

 
 

9. Tourists visit Egypt to see its fantastic ancient monuments.

   
 

10. Modern inventions enable us to lead a better and comfortable life.

 
 
 
 

15
 Egypt, a country of rich history and cultural heritage, grapples with various
challenges. These problems impact the daily lives of its people and require attention for
sustainable development and progress.
Poverty and Inequality: Egypt faces significant challenges in reducing poverty and
addressing income inequality. Many Egyptians struggle to meet their basic needs, and
differences between urban and rural areas make the problem even worse.
Water Scarcity: Egypt heavily relies on the Nile River for its water supply, but it faces
increasing water scarcity due to population growth, climate change, and inefficient water
management practices. This poses a threat to agriculture, food security, and economic
development.
Unemployment: High rates of unemployment, particularly among the youth, remain a
pressing issue in Egypt. Limited job opportunities and a mismatch between skills and
market demands contribute to social unrest and hinder economic growth.
Education System: Despite efforts to improve education, Egypt's education system
faces significant challenges. Access to quality education is limited, and there is a
shortage of skilled teachers, especially in rural areas. This stops the country's human
capital development and economic progress.
Healthcare: Egypt's healthcare system struggles to provide adequate services to its
population. Insufficient funding, inadequate infrastructure, and a shortage of medical
professionals hinder access to quality healthcare, particularly in rural areas.
Environmental Degradation: Egypt faces environmental challenges such as air and
water pollution, deforestation, and improper waste management. These issues have
adverse effects on public health, ecosystems, and the country's overall sustainability.
1. What is a major challenge faced by Egypt in terms of social and economic development?
a Political instability  b Poverty and inequality
c Water scarcity  d Education system
2. Which factor contributes to water scarcity in Egypt?
a Population growth b Political corruption c Access to education d Traffic congestion
3. What is a significant issue affecting Egypt's youth population?
a Environmental degradation b Water scarcity
c Unemployment  d Healthcare accessibility
4. What is a challenge in Egypt's education system?
a Access to quality education b Environmental degradation
c Income inequality  d Political unrest
5. The antonym of the underlined word ‘significant’ is ....... .
a sufficient  b effective c scarcity d unimportant
6. Which sector in Egypt is hindered by a shortage of skilled teachers?
a Healthcare b Water scarcity c Education system d Poverty and inequality
7. What is a problem in Egypt's healthcare system?
a Insufficient funding b Water scarcity c Political stability d Unemployment
8. What is one of the environmental challenges faced by Egypt?
a Poverty and inequality b Education system
c Environmental degradation d Unemployment
9. What contributes to the environmental degradation in Egypt?
a Insufficient funding b Lack of skilled teachers
c Water scarcity  d Improper waste management
10. The underlined pronoun ‘this’ refers to .............. .
a Insufficient funding b Lack of skilled teachers
c Water scarcity  d Environmental degradation

16
1. With hard work, we can build our country despite all odds.
 
 

2. The private sector is a key partner in attaining Egypt’s green and sustainable
growth.
 
 
 
 

3. You have to develop your skills to be able to get a suitable job.

 
 
 
 
4. The River Nile is the source of life for all Egyptians, so we must save each drop of
water.
   
   
  
 

. ‫ﻗ ﺛ أن ﻇﺊﺜل ﻋﻌداً ﺾﺊﻐ ة ﻂﺼﺪ ء ﺲﻂﻐﻋ‬ ‫ إن اﻓﻄﻐﺋ ﻄﺤﺿﻂﺋ ا ﺎ ﺲﻐﺋ و ﺜ‬

a Literacy is a social problem so we should make great efforts to get rid of it.
b Illiteracy is a social problem so we should make great efforts to get rid of it.
c Illiteracy has a sociable problem so we should make efforts to get rid of it.
d Illiteracy is a social problem as we should do great efforts to get rid of it.
.‫ﻌل ا ﺤﻌارع‬ ‫ ﻏﻈﺊﺶ ﺲﻂﻐﻈ أن ﻇﺼﻂﻀ ﻄﻆ ﻂﻌث ا ﺊﻐﺆﺋ ﺞراﺲﺋ أﺣﺔ ر‬
a We must reduce the pollution of the environment by planting trees along streets.
b We must reduce the population of the environment by planting trees along streets.
c We must increase the pollution of the environment by planting trees along streets.
d We must reduce the pollution of the environmental by planting trees a long streets.
. ‫ﺿﻐ ﻇ‬ ‫ﺞﻏﺛ ﻄﻆ ﻄﺳ ﺸﺎﻈ و ﻌﺠ أﺸﺺ‬ ‫ ا ﺼ اءة ﻊﻌاﻏﺋ ﻄ ﻐﺛة ﺸﻋ‬
a Reading is a useful hobby. It increases our knowledge and enlarges the horizon of
our thoughts.
b Reading is an unuseful hobby. It increases our knowledge and enlarges the horizon
of our thoughts.
c Reading is a useful hobby. It increases our know and enlarges the horizon of our
thoughts.
d Reading is a useful hobby. It increases our knowledge and enlarges the horizon of
our brains.

17
1. Which punctuation mark is used at the end of a question?
a A question mark b Speech marks
c A semicolon d An exclamation mark
2. Which of the following has the correct ending punctuation mark?
a What a terrible accident? b What a terrible accident.
c What a terrible accident! d What a terrible accident"
3. Which can be used in the blanks:
Wow .......... You really obtained a gold medal in the Olympics.
a comma b exclamation mark c full stop d question mark
4. Which of the following punctuation marks can be used in the blanks: When will you
return to our city .......... .
a question mark b exclamation mark c comma d full stop
5. Which sentence is punctuated correctly?
a Mai and I went to the club on Monday.
b Mai and I went to the club on monday.
c Mai and i went to the club on Monday.
d Mai and I went to the club on Monday
6. Which one of the following punctuation marks can be used for this sentence?
Karim worked in this company three years ago .......... .
a ? b . c ! d :
7. Which of the following has the correct punctuation mark?
a Although he lives in London, he is egyptian.
b Although he lives in London, he is Egyptian.
c Although he lives in london, he is Egyptian.
d Although He lives in London, he is Egyptian?
8. The full-stop is .......... .
a a mark in a sentence indicating when the sentence should start.
b a dot at the end of a sentence which leads to the next sentence.
c a dot at the middle of a sentence.
d a dot at the end of a sentence indicating that the sentence is complete.
9. Which sentence is punctuated correctly?
a What a wonderful idea! Let’s add it to our options.
b What a wonderful idea! Lets add it to our options.
c What a wonderful idea? Let’s add it to our options.
d What a wonderful idea. Lets add it to our options.
10. Which of the following is punctuated correctly?
a Aya said, “What a wonderful surprise. It’s nice to see you here, adel.”
b Aya said, “what a wonderful surprise! It’s nice to see you here, Adel.”
c Aya said, “What a wonderful surprise! It’s nice to see you here, Adel”.
d Aya said, “What a wonderful surprise Its nice to see you here, Adel.”
11. Which sentence is punctuated correctly?
a the teacher said to the girl, “If you are late to school again, you will be punished”.
b The teacher said to the girl, “if you are late to school again, you will be punished”.
c The teacher said to the girl, “If you are late to school again you will be punished.”
d The teacher said to the girl, “If you are late to school again, you will be punished”.

18
1. .......... exercise a part of your daily routine.
a Make b Do c Making d Doing
2. .......... exercise is a part of my daily routine.
a Make b Do c Making d Doing
3. When I was a child, I used to .......... puzzles.
a make b do c fall d think
4. If you handle it this way, it will .......... a big difference.
a do b take c have d make
5. I hope I have .......... the right decision to improve my life style.
a done b made c seen d been
6. Freelance workers have to .......... their own accounts.
a do b get c make d take
7. Decision .......... needs knowledge and experience.
a doing b having c making d makers
8. I needed help, so I asked my friend to .......... me a favour.
a make b take c send d do
9. If you weren't a teacher, what job would you .......... ?
a do b cause c work d make

10. Which of the following is a pronoun?

a but b our c my d her
11. Which of the following is an adjective?
a confused b sadly c borrow d hardly
12. Which of the following is an adverb?
a good b lovely c hard d friendly
13. Which of the following is a conjunction?
a the b theirs c behind d consequently
14. Which of the following is a preposition?
a behave b so c above d an
15. Today, the weather looks .......... . To complete this sentence, we should put a/an:
a pronoun b noun c verb d adjective
16. The word which describes a noun or a pronoun is a/an .......... .
a conjunction b adverb c adjective d pronoun
17. A/An .......... is a word that adds information to a verb, adjective or another adverb.
a conjunction b adverb c adjective d pronoun
18. She looked hard at the man but she didn’t recongnise him. Hard here is a/an .......... .
a conjunction b adverb c adjective d pronoun
19. Although she was tired, she worked hard. Although here is a/an .......... .
a conjunction b adverb c adjective d pronoun
20. King Lear is arguably Shakespeare’s best play. Play here is a/an .......... .
a pronoun b noun c verb d adverb
21. I’ve had contact with Mai since I met her. Since here is a/an .......... .
a conjunction b noun c preposition d pronoun
22. Which of the following is an adverb?
a happy b happiness c happily d happiest

19
 The Pyramids of Egypt are one of the world's greatest architectural wonders. These
massive structures were built during the Old Kingdom period of ancient Egypt, around
2600 to 2500 BCE. They were constructed as tombs for the pharaohs, who were the
rulers of ancient Egypt.
The most famous pyramid is the Great Pyramid of Giza, built for the pharaoh Khufu. It
is the largest pyramid in Egypt, standing at a height of about 481 feet. The construction of
this pyramid required thousands of workers and took around 20 years to complete. It is
estimated that more than 2 million limestone blocks were used in its construction.
The Pyramids of Egypt are a testament to the advanced engineering skills and
organizational abilities of the ancient Egyptians. The precision with which the pyramids
were built is remarkable, considering the limited tools and technology available at that
time. The Egyptians used simple tools such as wooden ramps, sledges, and levers to
transport and lift the heavy blocks of stone.
The pyramids were designed to align with the cardinal directions, indicating the
importance of astronomy in ancient Egyptian culture. They were also adorned with
elaborate artwork and hieroglyphic inscriptions, depicting scenes from the pharaoh's life
and their journey to the afterlife.
Despite being thousands of years old, the Pyramids of Egypt continue to awe and
inspire people from around the world. They are a symbol of human ingenuity and
perseverance, reminding us of the remarkable achievements of ancient civilizations.

1. What do the Pyramids of Egypt symbolize?

a Human ingenuity and perseverance b Military power and dominance
c Architectural beauty and elegance d Religious devotion and piety
2. What were the pyramids used for?
a Religious ceremonies b Housing for workers
c Tombs for pharaohs d Military fortifications
3. What tools did the ancient Egyptians use to build the pyramids?
a Cranes and bulldozers b Hammers and chisels
c Wooden ramps and sledges d Power drills and saws
4. Which pyramid is the largest in Egypt?
a Pyramid of Djoser b Great Pyramid of Giza
c Pyramid of Menkaure d Red Pyramid of Sneferu
5. What materials were used in the construction of the pyramids?
a Sand and clay b Marble and granite
c Limestone blocks d Bricks and mortar
6. How long did it take to construct the Great Pyramid of Giza?
a 5 years b 10 years c 15 years d 20 years
7. What is the significance of the pyramids' alignment with the cardinal directions?
a They indicate the wealth of the pharaohs.
b They represent the power of the Egyptian gods.
c They show the importance of astronomy in ancient Egyptian culture.
d They were designed to confuse potential invaders.
8. When were the Pyramids of Egypt built?
a 2600 to 2500 BCE b 3000 to 2900 BCE
c 2000 to 1900 BCE d 1500 to 1400 BCE

20
 Comma (,) ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ‬

1. after yes and no 

 Yes, it’s a quarter past three, Samir.  No, I can’t.
2. before please in the end of a sentence and after please at the beginning of a
sentence   please 
 Could I have more cake, please?  Please, allow me to use your camera.
3. before or after the name of the person you are speaking to 
 Omar, you are smart.  You are smart, Omar.
4. to separate two complete sentences 
 When I was doing the housework, a stranger knocked on the front door.
5. to separate lists or elements within sentences 
 He bought sugar, tea, oil and bread.
6. after the adverb at the beginning of the sentence. 
 Unfortunately, he missed his flight.
7. to set off a tag question 
 She is your sister, isn’t she?
8. to separate a list of similar words, adjectives or phrases

 It’s important to write in clear, simple, accurate words.
9. to separate words or phrases that mark where the voice would pause,
(after transitions) 
 I can’t tell you now. However, all will be revealed tomorrow.
10. to separate the direct speech from the rest of the sentence. The comma comes
before the quotation mark 
 Tamer said, “I have already tidied my room”.
11. put a comma at the end of the direct sentence in case the speaker is placed after
that sentence 
 “I’m coming home late tonight,” my father said.
12. to mark non-defining clauses. (The clauses which add extra information)

 The police officer, who arrived after just five minutes, arrested the criminal.
13. to show a separation of ideas or elements within the structure of a sentence.

 Ali went by bus, and Ahmed took a train.
14. before the last part of the sentence if it expresses some contradiction

 Seif is brave, not coward.

23
 15. to separate parts of the date 
 Tuesday, May 2, 2016, was when I graduated. 
16. to separate between the independent parts of a sentence that begin with v + ing,
verb in P.P or to + inf.
 (to + inf)(P.P)(ing)
 Having been arrested, the thief was sent to prison.
 Awarded for being clever, Ali felt happy.

1. Which of the following is punctuated correctly?

a My father said to me “Why are you late, Ahmad?”
b My father said to me, “Why are you late Ahmad?”
c My father said to me, “Why are you late, Ahmad?”
d My father said to me, “why are you late, Ahmad?”
2. Walking through the park .......... I saw a strange man.
a question mark b full stop c exclamation mark d comma
3. Which sentence of the following is correctly punctuated?
a Let's eat Candy. b Let's eat Candy c Let's eat, Candy. d Lets eat, Candy.
4. We use a/an .......... to list more than two items or names in the same sentence.
a hyphen b comma c apostrophe d semi-colon
5. Which sentence of the following is correctly punctuated?
a "Go home, Mai." she said. b "go home, Mai," she said.
c "Go home, Mai?" she said. d "Go home, Mai," she said.
6. Which sentence of the following is correctly punctuated?
a Aya why didn’t you do your homework! b Aya Why didn’t you do your homework.
c Aya, why didn’t you do your homework? d Aya, Why you didn’t do your homework?
7. The .......... is used after a word used to address a person.
a question mark b comma c exclamation mark d full stop
8. Which of the following sentences has the correct punctuation?
a The Egyptian flag has three colors: black, red, and white.
b The Egyptian flag has three colors: Black, Red, and White.
c The Egyptian flag, has three colors, Black, Red, and White.
d The Egyptian flag has three colors; black, red, and white.
9. Which sentence of the following is correctly punctuated?
a Omar and Ali who have always been friends no longer talk to each other.
b Omar and Ali who have always been friends, no longer talk to each other.
c Omar and Ali, who have always been friends, no longer, talk to each other.
d Omar and Ali, who have always been friends, no longer talk to each other.
10. Which sentence of the following is correctly punctuated?
a If you study hard, you will get high marks!
b If you study hard, you will get high marks.
c If You study hard, You will get high marks.
d If you study hard you will get high marks.
11. Which sentence is punctuated correctly?
a I need to buy groceries, bread milk, and eggs.
b She wore a beautiful dress, with matching shoes.
c He went to the store and bought apples, oranges, and grapes.
d They visited Paris, France, London and, Rome.

24
 : ‫إ‬ ‫ﺎﺚﺛم ﺛﻗ ﻄﻆ اﻗﺠﻃ و ﺗﻀ ﻄﺗﻂ وﻏ ﺿﻆ ﺼ ﻐﻃ ا ﺪ‬ ‫ ا ﺪ ﻐ ﺲﺊ رة ﺲﻆ ﺾﻂ ﺋ‬
  
Subject   
Demonstrative Indefinite 
Pronouns Object Reflexive
Possessive Pronouns Pronouns Relative
 Pronouns Pronouns
Pronouns     Pronouns
     
    

I he she it you they we one

   
     
 
. ً‫ ﻗﺖﺮ أن ا ﺪ ﻐ ﺸ ا ﻂﺶﺋ ا ﻇﺔﻂﻐﺞﻏﺋ ﻏﺔﺈ أن ﻏﺿﻌن رزا‬.‫أول ا ﺔ ﻂﺋ‬ ‫ا ﺎ ﺗﻀ ﻄﺗﻀ ا ﺲﻀ أى‬ ‫ﻊ اﺪ‬
‫ﻐ اﺶ ﺈ‬ (It, She, He, they) ‫ﻐ ا ﺎﺿﻂﻃ و‬ (we, I) ‫ أﻇ وﻇﺗﻆ‬
 I hit the ball.  We like football.  Ali (He) is a good pupil.
‫ ﻂﺳ ﺻﻀ و ﻐ ا ﺳ ﺻﻀ‬ (They) ‫ ا ﺪ ﻐ ﻊﻃ‬
 They speak English. They are animals.
. (you) ‫ أﻇﺎﻃ‬/ ‫ ﻐ ا ﺚ ﺬﺈ أﻇﺌ‬
‫ﺎﺚﺛم ﻄ د و‬
 What are you doing, Ali?   What are you doing, my friends? 

me him her it you them us one

   
     
 
. ‫ﺳﺛ ا ﺳﻀ أو ﺳﺛ ﺖ ف ا ﺔ‬ ‫ا ﺎ ﺗﻀ ﻄﺗﻀ ا ﺳﻌل أى‬ ‫ﻊ اﺪ‬
.‫ ﺎﺚﺛم ﺳﺛ ا ﺳﻀ ﺸ ا ﺔ ﻂﺋ ا ﺊﻈﻐﺋ ﻂ ﺳﻂﻌم‬
 Ali visited me yesterday.  I don't like them.
.‫ ﺸ ا ﺔ ﻂﺋ ا ﺊﻈﻐﺋ ﻂ ﺔﻋﻌل‬by ‫ﺎﺚﺛم ﺳﺛ‬ 
 I was visited by him.  The letter was written by her.
: ‫ﺎﺚﺛم ﺳﺛ ﺖ وف ا ﺔ‬ 
 This book belongs to her.  They laughed at him.
. ‫ﺳﻌل‬ ‫ﺲﻀ وﺖ ﺋ ا‬ ‫( ﻋﻃ ﻇ ﺟ ا ﺎﺿﻌﻏﻆ ﺸ ﺖ ﺋ ا‬you - it) ‫ ا ﺪ ﻐ‬
 You look pale.  Did I see you before?
.(ones) ‫و ﺳﻋ‬ ‫ﺳﻌل‬ ‫ﺎﺚﺛم ﺾ ﺲﻀ وﺾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ ا ﺤﺚ‬/ ‫ء‬ ‫ﺳﻈ ا‬ (one) ‫ ا ﺪ ﻐ‬
 One (You) should work hard to succeed.
 This loaf is stale; please give me a fresh one. one 
 Don’t use those colours; use these ones.  one 

26
1. Ali’s coming to visit .......... in September.
a we b us c ours d our
2. I came here with John and .......... .
a her b she c he d they
3. Helen asked .......... to get some milk.
a me b mine c I d my
4. .......... books are new.
a You b Your c Yours d Yourself
5. .......... girls are playing basketball.
a Those b That c This d There
6. The little boy is playing with .......... toys.
a her b its c their d his
7. They are walking with .......... puppies.
a them b theirs c there d their
8. "Whose car is that?" "I think it's .......... ."
a of them b theirs c of they d their
9. The doctor told Huda and Nabil to take care of .......... .
a ourselves b herself c themselves d yourself
10. Each of the .......... a lot of time.
a men is b men has c man have d man has
11. The little girl had a cup of tea in .......... hands.
a his b your c her d our
12. They knew all about my friend and .......... .
a I b me c we d our
13. There are many people in .......... houses here.
a that b those c this d these
14. We finished our homework. We finished it by .......... .
a ourselves b themselves c yourself d herself
15. You’re using my pen. Where’s .......... ?
a you b your c yours d your's
16. I felt like kicking .......... when I saw the exam paper.
a myself b me c mine d my
17. Mai and Mona are going to the cinema with .......... friends.
a her b its c their d hers
18. Little Toka won't be able to manage .......... .
a by herself b herself c by itself d to herself
19. Each of the books .......... a different colour.
a have b are c were d has
20. This is their car. That car is .......... ,too.
a theirs theirs b their c them d there
21. I couldn't find the station, so I asked someone if .......... could direct me.
a them b she c he d they
22. Mr Marwan says that he doesn't want .......... to see him.
a nobody b anybody c somebody d no one
23. A tree drops .......... leaves in autumn.
a it's b their c hers d its
24. Trees drop .......... leaves in autumn.
a it's b their c hers d its

29
  

. ‫ﺊ ً ﻄ ﺳﻌل وﻗ ﻏﻌ ﺛ ﺸ ﺲﻀ أو ﻄ ﺳﻌل ﻄ ﺎﺎ‬ ‫ ﻗ ﺛ أن ﺗﺎﻌى ا ﺔ ﻂﺋ ﺸ ا ﻇﺔﻂﻐﺞﻏﺋ ﺲﻂ ﺸ ﺲﻀ و‬

 I saw her crossing the road quickly to catch the bus.
.(‫ ﻄ ﺳﻌل‬/ ‫ﻐ )ﺸ ﺲﻀ‬ ‫ ﻄﺿ ن( أو‬/ ‫د‬ / ‫ ﺖﻐﻌان‬/ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺳﻌل اﺠﻃ )إﻇ‬ ‫ﺲﻀ أو ا‬ ‫ ﺻﺛ ﻏﺿﻌن ا‬
 They provided us with all our needs.
.‫ﺳﻌل ﺧ ﺋ ﻄﻂﺿﻐﺋ أو اﺠﻃ إﺣ رة‬ ‫ﺲﻀ أو ا‬ ‫ ﺻﺛ ُﻏ ﺊﺺ ا‬
 He did his homework.  I bought this car last week.

 
:‫ﺎﺎ ة ﺸ ا ﺳ ﻐﺋ ﻏﺔﺈ إ ﻋ رﻊ ﺸ ا ﻇﺔﻂﻐﺞﻏﺋ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اﺪ‬
.‫ ﻧﻔﺨﺮ ﺑﻤﺎ ﺣﻘﻘﺘﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﻘﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬
 We're proud of what Giants’series has achieved this year.
.(‫ أﻇﺎﻃ‬- ‫ أﻇﺎﻆ‬- ‫ أﻇﺎ‬- ‫ أﻇﺎ‬- ‫ﺲﺛﻏﺛة وﻊ )أﻇﺌ‬ ‫( ﻏﺼ ﻂ ﺸ ا ﻂﺶﺋ ا ﺳ ﻐﺋ‬you) ‫ﻐ ﻂ ﺚ ﺬﺈ‬ 
 You are a good boy.  You are a good girl.  You are good boys (girls).
.(‫ ﻊﻆ‬- ‫ ﻊﻃ‬- ‫( ﻏﺼ ﻂ ﺸ ا ﺳ ﻐﺋ )ﻊ‬they) ‫ ا ﺪ ﻐ‬
 They are men.  They are women.  They are two friends.
." ‫ وﻏﺎ ﻃ إ "ﻊﻌ" أو "ﻊ " أو "إﻇ‬، ‫( ﻏﺳﻌد ﺲﻂ ﺖﻐﻌان أو د أو إﻇ ن أﺖﻐ ﻇ‬it) ‫ ا ﺪ ﻐ‬
 It is six o’clock.  It is Ahmed who did that.  It is nice to see you well.
:‫ا ﻇﺔﻂﻐﺞﻏﺋ ﺎ ﻃ ﺾﻀ ا ﺿﻂ ت وا ﺳﺿﺟ‬ ‫ﺎﻋ إ‬ ‫ ﻏ ﺿﻈﻈ دﻄﺒ ا ﺿﻂ ت ﺸ ا ﻂﺶﺋ ا ﺳ ﻐﺋ و ﺿﻆ ﺲﻈﺛ‬
 I saw him eating his meals.   I gave her my pen. 
:‫ﺦ ﺋ ﻄﻂﺿﻐﺋ‬ ‫اﺠﻃ ﻏﺎ ﻃ إ‬ ‫ﻐ ﻄ ﺳﻌل ﻐﻈ ا ﺪ ﻐ ا ﺪ ف إ‬ ‫ﺸﺳﻀ ﻏﺎ ﻃ إ‬ ‫ اﺪ ﻐ ا ﺪفإ‬
.‫ ﻳُﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﻨﺎ ﻭﻃﻤﻮﺣﺎﺗﻨﺎ‬
 Hard work enables us to achieve our goals and ambitions.
.‫ ﻳﺰﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺡ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻤﺘﺎﻉ ﺑﺠﻮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻊ‬
 Every year, tourists visit Egypt to enjoy its charming weather.

 
.‫ﺳﺛ ا ﺲﻀ و ﺗﺛد زﻄﻆ ا ﺔ ﻂﺋ‬ ‫ ا ﺳﻀ ﺾﻂ ﺋ ﺳﺊ ﺲﻆ ﺖ ﺾﺋ أو ﺖ ﺋ أو ﺖﺛث و‬
 She works as a nurse.  I will visit Cairo soon.
. ‫د وا ﺔ‬ ‫ ﻗﺖﺮ أن ا ﺳﻀ ﻏﺎﺊ ا ﺲﻀ ﻄﻆ ﺖﻐ ا‬
 are - were - have -infinitive ... 
 is - was - has -(v + s)  
 He is lazy.  They are lazy.
 She walks to school.  We walk to school.
:‫أم ﻄ ﺎﺼﺊﻀ أم ﻄﺞﻏﺒ ﻄﻆ اﻓزﻄﻈﺋ ا ﺚﺎﻂ ﺋ‬ ‫ ﻊﻀ ﻊﻌ ﻄﺪ رع أم ﻄ‬:‫ ﺖﺛد زﻄﻆ ا ﺔ ﻂﺋ‬
.‫ ﻟﻘﺪ ﻧﺠﺤﺖ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻓﻰ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺃﺛﺮﺍً ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺍً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ‬
 Egypt has succeeded in improving economy and this will have a great effect on the
standard of living.

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 Egypt, a country with a rich history and diverse natural resources, aims to achieve
sustainable development to ensure a prosperous and resilient future. To accomplish this
goal, Egypt must address several key areas.
Renewable Energy: Egypt has great potential for renewable energy, particularly solar
and wind power. Expanding investment in renewable energy infrastructure and reducing
reliance on fossil fuels can promote sustainability and combat climate change.
Water Management: Given its limited water resources, Egypt needs to adopt efficient
water management practices. This includes investing in modern irrigation systems,
promoting water conservation, and improving wastewater treatment and reuse.
Sustainable Agriculture: Encouraging sustainable agricultural practices can enhance
food security and reduce the environmental impact of farming. Promoting organic farming,
precision agriculture, and efficient water usage in irrigation can contribute to long-term
sustainability.
Green Transportation: Investing in sustainable and efficient public transportation
systems, such as electric buses and metros, can help reduce air pollution and traffic
congestion. Additionally, promoting walking and cycling infrastructure can improve the
quality of urban life.
Conservation and Biodiversity: Protecting Egypt's unique biodiversity and natural
habitats is crucial for sustainable development. Establishing protected areas,
implementing effective wildlife conservation measures, and raising awareness about the
importance of biodiversity are key steps.

1. What is one way Egypt can achieve sustainable development?

a Expanding investment in renewable energy
b Increasing reliance on fossil fuels
c Promoting unsustainable agricultural practices
d Neglecting water management
2. How can sustainable agriculture contribute to Egypt's development?
a Increase food insecurity b Reduce environmental impact of farming
c Promote excessive use of water in irrigation
d Encourage chemical-intensive farming practices
3. What can help reduce air pollution and traffic congestion in Egypt?
a Investing in sustainable public transportation systems
b Neglecting walking and cycling infrastructure
c Encouraging private car usage d Ignoring the need for green transportation
4. What is one of the benefits of investing in renewable energy for Egypt's development?
a Increased reliance on fossil fuels b Higher carbon emissions
c Enhanced energy security d Reduced air pollution
5. How can efficient water management contribute to Egypt's sustainable development?
a Encourage water wastage b Deplete water resources
c Enhance agricultural productivity d Neglect environmental conservation
6. What is the significance of green transportation for Egypt's sustainable development?
a Increased air pollution b Greater traffic congestion
c Reduced carbon emissions d Limited access to transportation
7. How can promoting sustainable tourism contribute to Egypt's development?
a Increase environmental degradation b Neglect cultural heritage preservation
c Enhance economic growth and job creation d Decrease tourist arrivals

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 Apostrophe (’) ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬

 to show who owns something. The (’s) is added after singular nouns or names.
 ’s 
 This is our aunt’s house.
 When a name or a singular noun ends in-s, either add an apostrophe or an
apostrophe as well as another’s.
 s  -s 
 This is Charles’s phone.  These are James’ books.
 My father is at his boss’s party.
 For plural nouns that end in –s, put the apostrophe after the –s.
s -s 
 Miss Leila is marking her pupils’ work.
 When plural nouns do not end in –s, just add ’s to these plural nouns.
  ’s  -s 
 Doctors look after people’s health.
 To make a possessive form of two people joined by and, such as Rami and Sameh
put ’s only after the second name.
.’sand
 We were at Rami and Sameh’s party.
 The apostrophe can also be used to show that one or more letters in a contraction
have been left out.
.
 We’ll come to your party, but Aya won’t be able to come. She’s meeting her uncle.

Word Abbreviation Word Abbreviation

I have  I’ve I am  I’m
It has  It’s They are  They’re
does not  doesn’t She is  She’s
I would  I’d It is  It’s
cannot  can’t I will not  I won’t

 to form plurals of letters, numbers and symbols. 

 Aya has got B’s on her English tests.  There are two 6’s in my code number.
:‫’( ﺳﺛ اﻗﺠ ﻐﻆ ﺲﻈﺛ ا ﺎﻘف ا ﻂﺿﻐﺋ‬s) ‫’( ﺳﺛ اﻗﺠﻃ ا ﺑ ﻇ ﺲﻈﺛ ا ﻂﺿﻐﺋ ا ﺤﺎ ﺾﺋ و ﺿﻆ ﻇﺪ‬s) ‫ ﻇﺪ‬:‫ ﻗﺖﺮ‬
 We met in Ali and Mai’s house.  Ali’s and Ahmed’s cars are different make.
(’) ‫( ا ﻂﺜﻏﻆ ﻏ ﺎﺚﺛﻄ ن ﺾﺧ ﺋ ﻄﻂﺿﻐﺋ ﺜا ﻗ ﻇ ﺎﺚﺛم ﻄﺳﻋﻃ‬its - your) ‫( و ﻐﻆ‬you’re - it’s) ‫ ا ق ﻐﻆ‬:‫ ﻗﺖﺮ‬

40
 

: ‫ ﻏﺎﺿﻌن ا ﺼ ل ﻄﻆ ﻄﺔ ﻌﺲﺋ ﻄﻆ ا ﺼ ات ﺜا ﻗ ﺛ ﻄﻆ ﻄﺳ ﺸﺋ ﻄ ﻊ ا ﺼ ة و ﺾﻐ ﻐﺋ ﺾﺎ ﺎﻋ‬

 A paragraph is a series of sentences that talk about one subject.

.‫ ا ﺼ ة ﻊ ﻄﺔ ﻌﺲﺋ ﻄﻆ ا ﺔ ﻀ ا ﺎ ﺎﺗﺛث ﺲﻆ ﻄﻌ ﻌع واﺖﺛ‬
. Capital letter ‫ ﺠ ﻌر( ا ﺛأ ا ﺼ ة ـ‬٥ ‫ إ‬٤ ‫ ﻀ )ﻄﻆ‬٧ ‫ إ‬٥ ‫ و ﺎ اوح ا ﺼ ة ﻄﻆ‬
.‫ﺋ أﺖ ف‬ ‫ﻏﺳ دل‬ ‫ ﺸ أول ﺠ ﻄﻆ ﻄﻌ ﻌﺲ‬indentation ‫ ا ك ﻄ ﺸﺋ د ﺋ‬

Topic   Supporting Conclusion

sentence sentences

1) Topic  It is the first sentence of a paragraph. 

sentence  It states the main idea. 
  It introduces what the paragraph will say 

 They form the body of the paragraph. 

2) Supporting
 They explain more about the main idea. 
sentences
  They give examples, details, facts or statistics to support the main
idea. 

 It is the last sentence in the paragraph. 

3) Concluding  It restates the topic sentence or the main idea of the paragraph.
(closing) /  
sentence
  It emphasizes the main idea. 
 It summarises the paragraph.  


42
 Ways to improve your English
There are many ways to improve your English. First, you need to read many
English books. When you read books, you can learn different words and
sentences. Second, you should watch movies in English without subtitles. This
will be hard at first, but it will really help your English listening ability. Finally, you
should speak in English as much as you can. You can even try speaking English
to your friends. If you do all these things, your English will improve quickly.

Ways to help the Earth

There are many ways to help the Earth. First of all, you can save energy.
You can turn off the lights and computer when you aren't using them. In addition,
you can drive your car less. When you need to go somewhere, you can ride the
bus or walk. Furthermore, you can protect trees. Before throwing away paper,
you can use both sides of the paper. We all need to do our best to save the Earth.

Ways to help the Earth:

Topic sentence: .................................................................................................................................................................................................... .

Body:
main point 1: ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... .

- supporting detail................................................................................................................................................................................................ .
main point 2: ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... .

- supporting detail: ............................................................................................................................................................................................. .

main point 3: ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... .

- supporting detail: ............................................................................................................................................................................................. .

Closing sentence:
…………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………

43
1. The first sentence of a paragraph is ...........
a the concluding sentence b the exclusive sentence
c the topic sentence d the supporting sentence
2. Supporting sentences are included in the ............ of the paragraph to reinforce the
topic sentence of the essay.
a thesis b introduction c body d summary
3. .......... restates the topic sentence or the main idea of the paragraph.
a The conclusion sentence b The exclusive sentence
c The topic sentence d The supporting sentence
4. When do you use supporting details or supporting sentences?
a Never use these in paragraphs because they are for essays only.
b After the topic sentence and before the closing sentence.
c After the last sentence because it helps you summarize the paragraph.
d Before the first sentence at the introduction.
5. A/An .......... shows the beginning of a paragraph.
a dash b period c indent d capital letter
6. “We can add that modern technology has made our lives better in many ways.” This
sentence can be included in an article as a .......... .
a thesis statement b supporting sentence
c topic sentence d concluding sentence
7. The sentence that gives the reader some examples or evidence in the paragraph is
called .......... .
a a topic sentence b an introduction
c conclusion d a supporting sentence
8. When we start writing, we shouldn't .......... .
a think about the grammar that will be included
b think about a different topic if we know more about it
c write everything we know about the topic
d think about the ideas we will write about
9. The following sentence "In the end, the value of non-smoking nations is not in pounds.
Good health of the people is the true value for us all." is always used as .......... .
a a detail sentence b an example sentence
c a topic sentence d a concluding sentence
10. When writing an essay or a paragraph, you start with a/an .......... sentence.
a ending b closing c introductory d conclusion
11. The .......... explains and supports the ideas of the paragragh.
a introduction b body c hook d conclusion
12. When you write a paragraph, you can start with a/an.......... sentence.
a closing b introduction c conclusion d ending
13. Which sentence represents a good main idea or a topic sentence?
a Cell phone use while driving is very dangerous.
b People tend to drive faster when they are talking on cell phone
c Drivers aren't aware of surrounding traffic when they are using a cell phone
d Cell phone cause drivers to take their eyes off the road.
14. The .......... sentence introduces what the paragraph will say
a closing b introduction c conclusion d supporting

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  

a lot of .‫ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ‬
= lots of  I have got a lot of friends.  I have got lots of money.

.‫ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻰ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ‬

many
 I haven't got many friends.  Have you got many friends?

.‫ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻰ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ‬

much
 I haven't got much money.  Have you got much money?

.‫ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻭﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ‬
a few
 I have a few experiences. (enough)

.(‫ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻭﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻜﻔﻰ )ﺗﻨﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻻ ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﻴﺔ‬
few
 I have few experiences. (not enough)

.‫ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻭﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻜﻔﻰ‬
a little
 I have a little money. (enough)

.(‫ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻭﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻜﻔﻰ )ﺗﻨﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻻ ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﻴﺔ‬
little
 I have little money. (not enough)
‫واﻗﺠﺎ ﻋ م و ﺿﻆ ﻏ ﺿـﻆ اﺠـﺎﺚﺛاﻄﻋﻃ ﺸـ ا ﺔ ﻂـﺋ ا ﺑﺊﺎـﺋ إذا‬ ‫( ﺸ ا ﻈ‬many - much) ‫ ﻏ ﺪﻀ اﺠﺎﺚﺛام‬:‫ ﻗﺖﺮ‬
:‫( أو إذا أ ﻌا ﺻﺊﻀ ا ﺲﻀ‬so - too - as) ‫ء ﺻﺊﻂﻋ‬
 He has so much money.  I have faced too many problems recently. 
Some - any

.‫ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻓﻰ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺧﺒﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻭﻓﻰ ﺳﺆﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ‬
 I found some good stories.   I drank some water. 
some
 Would you like some tea? 
 Can I have some of these oranges? 

.‫ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻳﻌﺪ )ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻤﻊ( ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻓﻰ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻔﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﻴﺔ‬
 I don't want any problems.   I didn't drink any juice. 
 Do you have any experience? 
 If you find any thing, contact me at once.  
any
:‫ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
hardly - scarcely - seldom - never - without - refuse - too .. to
 He never had any luck. = he had no luck.
 We hardly had any money.

  (a - an) 

 We had a wonderful lunch at a restaurant yesterday.
 Ali had lost his job, and it was a difficult time for him.

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  

.V. be ‫( ﺸ ا ﻂﺶﺋ ا ﻇﺔﻂﻐﺞﻏﺋ أو ﺳﺛ‬ ‫اد وﺦ‬ ً ‫اﺧ ﺋﺲ‬

‫دة ﺻﺊﻀ اﻗﺠﻃ ا ﻌﺦﻌف )ا‬ 
 Mona is a beautiful girl.  I met a strange man.  He is a fat boy.
:‫ا ﺂﻇ ﻄﺑﻀ‬ ‫ﺲﻀ ﻄﻆ ا ﺜﺾ إ‬ ‫ ﻗ ﺎﺶﻐ ا ﺧ ﺋ ﺎﺶﻐ ا‬
a clever girl  a clever boy 
 
(s ‫ﺸﺋ‬ ‫)ا ﺧ ت ﻗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﺔ‬ ‫دإ‬ ‫ﺲﻀ ﻄﻆ ا‬ ‫ ﻗ ﺎﺶﻐ ا ﺧ ﺋ ﺎﺶﻐ ا‬
a clever boy  clever boys 
 
.‫ﻏﺳﻌد ﺲﻂ ا ﻈ س‬ ‫ ﺎﺗﻀ ﻄﺗﻀ اﺠﻃ‬the ‫ﺊﺺ ا ﺧ ﺋ داة ا ﺳ ﺸﺋ‬ ‫ ﻏ ﺿﻆ أن‬
 The rich should help the poor.  The young should care for the old.

  

.‫" ﺚﻘف ا ﺶﻐ ﻄﻈﺎﺰﻃ‬ly" ‫ا ﺧ ﺋ دا ﺻﺊﻀ اﻗﺠﻃ وا ﺰ ف ﺳﺛ ا ﺳﻀ وآ ه‬ 

She is polite. .  She behaves politely. 
He is a fast driver.   He drives fast. 

 

:‫ا ﺳ ﻐﺋ ﻇ ﺎﺚﺛم ﺾﻂ ﺋ " ﻃ" أو ﺗﻌل ا ﺔ ﻂﺋ ﻂ ﺳﻂﻌم‬ ‫ﺋ ا ﺔ ﻀ ا ﺊﻈﻐﺋ ﻂ ﺔﻋﻌل ﻄﻆ ا ﻇﺔﻂﻐﺞﻏﺋ إ‬ ‫ ﺲﻈﺛ‬
 The conference was attended by the president.
.‫ ﺗﻢ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ‬:‫ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺘﻬﺎ‬
. ‫ ﺖﺪ ا ﻐﺟ ا ﺂ‬:‫أو أن ﻇﺗﻌل ا ﺔ ﻂﺋ إ ا ﺊﻈ ﻂ ﺳﻂﻌم ﺸﺎﺎ ﻃ‬
.‫" ﺳﻈ " ﻌاﺠ ﺋ" وﻊﻈ ﻏ ﺿﻈﻈ ﺗﻌﻏﻀ ا ﺔ ﻂﺋ ﻂ ﺳﻂﻌم‬by" ‫ﺋ ﺾﻂ ﺋ‬ ‫ وﻏﺔﺈ أﻏﺪ اﻗ ﺎﺳ د ﺲﻆ‬
 The cake was eaten by Ali.
 :‫ و ﺿﻆ ﻇﺼﻌل‬ ‫ﺸﻘ ﻇﺼﻌل‬
. ً ‫ و ﻌ ﺲ م ﻗ ﻇﻂﺔ إ ا ﺊﻈ ﻂ ﺔﻋﻌل ﻄ دام ا ﺲﻀ وا ﺗ ً وﻏ ﺎﺚﺛم إذا ﺾ ن ا ﺲﻀ ﻐ وا ﺗ‬
 The bank was robbed yesterday. .‫ﺗﻤﺖ ﺳﺮﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺑﺎﻻﻣﺲ‬

 

‫ و ﺿـﻆ ﺸـ‬،‫ﻇﻐـ ا ـﺪ ﻐ وا ﺳـﻀ وا ـﺧ ﺋ‬ ‫ وﻏﺎ ﺈ ﺲﻂ ذ ـ‬، ‫ ﺸ ا ﻂﺶﺋ ا ﺳ ﻐﺋ ﻈﺼ ﻃ اﻓﺠ ء إ ﻄﺜﺾ وﻄﺂﻇ‬

. ‫ وﻗ ﺲﻘﺻﺋ ﻂ ﺳﻀ وا ﺧ ﺋ ﺜ‬، ‫ا ﻇﺔﻂﻐﺞﻏﺋ ﻏﺼﺎﺧ ا ﺎﺜﺾﻐ وا ﺎ ﻇﻐ ﺲﻂ اﻗﺠﻃ ا ﺳ ﺻﻀ ﺸﺼ‬
. ً ‫ ﻗﺖﺮ أن أﺠ ء ﻐ ا ﺳ ﺻﻀ ﺸ ا ﻇﺔﻂﻐﺞﻏﺋ ﻗ ﺼﺊﻀ ﺜﺾﻐ اً وﻗ ﻇﻐﺑ‬
 She drove an old black car. He wore an old black shirt.


‫ إذا ﺾ ﻇـﺌ‬."‫ـ ﻄـﺜﺾ ﺎـ ﻃ "ﻊـﻃ‬
 I feel a strong pain in my legs.
 
. ‫ ﺸﻘ ﻏﻌ ﺛ ﻋ ﻄﺑﻈ‬، ‫د وا ﺔ‬ ‫ ﻗ ﺳ ف ا ﻂﺶﺋ ا ﻇﺔﻂﻐﺞﻏﺋ ﺠﻌى ا‬
‫ إذا ﺾ ﻇﺌ ﺳﻌد ﺲﻂ‬." ‫( ﺎ ﻃ إذا ﺾ ﻇﺌ ﺳﻌد ﺲﻂ اﺐﻈﻐﻆ ﺎ ﻃ "ﻊ‬they) ‫ ﺾﻂ ﺋ‬
.(you) ‫ وﺾﺜ ا ﺪ ﻐ‬."‫ﻄﺂﻇ ﺎ ﻃ "ﻊﻆ‬ ‫ﺳﻌد ﺲﻂ‬


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 

Bullying is a pervasive issue that affects countless individuals, often leaving long-
lasting scars on both the victims and the perpetrators. It encompasses various forms of
aggressive behavior, such as physical violence, verbal abuse, exclusion, and
cyberbullying. This intentional and repeated mistreatment of others creates an
environment of fear, anxiety, and distress.
The impact of bullying on the victim's mental, emotional, and physical well-being
cannot be overstated. It can lead to low self-esteem, depression, anxiety disorders, and
even suicidal thoughts. The scars of bullying can extend well into adulthood, affecting
personal relationships, professional development, and overall life satisfaction.
Unfortunately, bullying often occurs in environments where there is a power
imbalance, such as schools, workplaces, and online platforms. Bullies target those they
perceive as vulnerable or different, exploiting any perceived weaknesses or differences.
This can include factors like physical appearance, ethnicity, gender, or disabilities.
To address the complex issue of bullying, it is crucial to raise awareness, promote
empathy, and cultivate a culture of respect and inclusivity. Education plays a vital role in
prevention and intervention efforts. Schools and communities should implement
comprehensive anti-bullying programs that teach students about empathy, conflict
resolution, and assertiveness skills.

1. What is the main characteristic of bullying?

a Isolated incidents b Physical violence only
c Intentional and repeated mistreatment d Random acts of aggression
2. Which of the following is NOT a form of bullying?
a Verbal abuse b Cyberbullying c Texting d Physical violence
3. What are some potential consequences of bullying?
a Increased self-esteem b Improved interpersonal relationships
c Depression and anxiety d Enhanced well-being
4. What do bullies often target in their victims?
a Similarities b Vulnerabilities or differences
c Popularity d Assertiveness skills
5. How can the issue of bullying be effectively addressed?
a Ignoring the problem b Promoting empathy and respect
c Encouraging retaliation d Fostering a competitive environment
6. What is the term used to describe bullying that occurs through electronic
communication?
a Verbal abuse b Cyberbullying
c Physical violence d Exclusionary behavior
7. Which of the following is an antonym for "anxiety" as used in the passage?
a Confidence b Serenity c Calmness d Ease
8. Which of the following titles best captures the main idea of the passage?
a "The Devastating Effects of Bullying"
b "Strategies to Combat Bullying"
c "Different Forms of Bullying"
d "The Long-Term Consequences of Bullying"

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  




- job  (‫( ﻭﺗﺠﻤﻊ‬a) ‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ )ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﺗﺄﺧﺬ‬ - work  (‫ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ )ﺍﺳﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺪ‬/ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬
- works (‫ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ‬/ ‫ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ )ﺃﺩﺑﻴﺔ‬/ ‫ﻣﺼﻨﻊ‬ - profession (‫ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺓ‬/ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺔ )ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺐ‬
- career ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ‬
1. My .......... as an English teacher didn't last long.
a career b works c work d jobs
2. They don’t pay me much but I really enjoy the nature of .......... .
a work b jobs c career d profession
3. His political .......... ended when he was found to have been accepting bribes.
a profession b career c work d job
4. Mo Salah's .......... took off after he had joined The Premier League.
a job b work c professional d career
5. Egypt is full of examples of amazing .......... of ancient and modern engineering.
a works b jobs c tasks d professions
6. She was, by .......... , a lawyer.
a work b job c career d profession
- work for (‫ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬/ ‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﺪﻯ )ﺷﺨﺺ‬ - work with (‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ )ﺷﺨﺺ‬
- work on ‫ ﻳﻘﻨﻊ‬/ ‫ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ‬/ ‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬ - work in/at (‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻰ )ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬
- work as (‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻛـ )ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬ - work out ‫ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ‬/‫ﻳﺤﻞ‬

7. She works .......... a consultant for a design company.

a as b so c on d from
8. A lot of Egyptians need to work .......... their pronunciation.
a as b in c on d with
9. My father always works .......... my uncle.
a with b on c in d by
10. I worked .......... an artist when I was a student.
a in b on c out d as
11. I'm working .......... my father to get him to take me to the airport.
a for b on c with d as
- graduate in (‫ ﻳﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﻓﻰ )ﻓﺮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‬- graduate from (‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬/‫ﻳﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ )ﻛﻠﻴﺔ‬
- graduate as + ‫ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬+ ‫ﻳﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﻛـ‬ - a graduate of+ (‫ )ﺍﺳﻢ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬- ‫ﺧﺮﻳﺞ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬

12. Mai graduated .......... medical school last year.

a in b from c of d with
13. He graduated .......... physics from Cambridge University.
a in b of c with d on
14. We accept graduates .......... Cambridge University.
a in b from c of d off
15. I am a .......... Cairo university.
a graduate of b graduate from c graduated from d grade
16. I .......... Cairo university.
a graduated of b graduated from c a graduate of d graduated in

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1 Quotation marks (“ ”) ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺼﻴﺺ‬

: ‫ﺲﻘﻄ ت ا ﺎﻈﺧﻐ‬ :‫ ﻗﺖﺮ‬

quotation marks = inverted commas = speech marks
: ‫ ﻏﻌ ﺛ ﻇﻌﺲ ن ﺳﻘﻄ ت ا ﺎﻈﺧﻐ‬:‫ ﻗﺖﺮ‬
1) Single quotation marks (‘…’) 2) Double quotation marks (“...”)


 In direct speech, we enclose what is said within a pair of single(‘ ’) or double (“ ”)

quotation marks, although single quotation marks are becoming more common.

.
 Wael said, “I haven’t put those shelves up yet”.
 She said, “Where is the nearest fish restaurant?”
 “I’m coming home late tonight,” my father said.
 We can put quotation marks around titles.

 Have you watched the famous film ‘Titanic’?
 We can use quotation marks when we mention a word or phrase in a sentence.

 What does ‘punctuation’ mean?

2 Hyphen (-) ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ‬

 to join two or more words together into a compound term. Do not separate the
words with spaces. 

 My eight-year-old boy loves reading.
 Do you have sugar-free cookies?  My mother-in-law is a doctor.
 to link some prefixes to words.

 These things happened before the pre-enlightenment era.
 In fractions, when written out as words

 My friends were three-quarters of the party.
 Don’t use a hyphen if the compound adjective follows the noun it describes.

 English is widely spoken.  We use a widely-spoken language.

60
1. Which punctuation mark is used when something is directly said by someone?
a A question mark b Speech marks
c A semicolon d An exclamation mark
2. Which can be used in the blanks: ...I haven't seen Mai today, .......... said Tom.
a commas b brackets c hyphens d quotation marks
3. Which punctuation mark is used to indicate the end of a declarative sentence?
a Comma (,) b Period (.) c Question mark (?) d Exclamation mark (!)
4. Identify the punctuation mark used to separate items in a list.
a Colon (:) b Semicolon (;) c Dash (-) d Comma (,)
5. Choose the punctuation mark used to indicate a strong emotion or emphasis.
a Period (.) b Question mark (?)
c Exclamation mark (!) d Colon (:)
6. Which punctuation mark is used to enclose a quotation within a sentence?
a Quotation marks (") b Parentheses ( ) c Brackets [ ] d Hyphen (-)
7. Choose the punctuation mark used to indicate a pause or a break in a sentence.
a Exclamation mark (!)b Semicolon (;) c Dash (-) d Comma (,)
8. Which punctuation mark is used to indicate possession or ownership?
a Apostrophe (') b Colon (:) c Dash (-) d Hyphen (-)
9. Which of the following is punctuated correctly?
a Do you have sugar free cookies, Huda?
b Do you have sugar-free cookies, Huda.
c Do you have sugar, free cookies Huda?
d Do you have sugar-free cookies, Huda?
10. Which of the following is punctuated correctly?
a “I haven't put those shelves up yet” said Walid.
b “I haven t put those shelves up yet”, said Walid.
c “I haven't put those shelves up yet,” said Walid.
d “I haven't put those shelves up yet, said Walid.
11. Which of the following is punctuated correctly?
a You don't know your 20 year-old neighbour well, do you?
b You don't know your 20-year-old neighbour well, do you?
c You don't know your 20-year old neighbour well do you?
d You don t know your 20-year old neighbour well, do you?
12. Which of the following isn’t punctuated correctly?
a She said, “Why don’t you accompany us to the summer camp?”
b “Follow my instructions to stay safe,” said my father.
c You’re doing an amazing job, Aisha. d Sami is a thirty year old employee.
13. Choose the sentence that uses quotation marks correctly:
a He said I'm tired. b He said “I'm tired”.
c He said, “I'm tired”. d He said, I'm tired.
14. Choose the sentence that uses a hyphen correctly:
a The twoyear old child was playing. b The two year old child was playing.
c The two-year-old child was playing. d The twoyear-old child was playing.
15. Identify the correct punctuation mark for the sentence:
a "What time is it?" she asked? b "What time is it?" she asked,
c "What time is it?" she asked. d "What time is it?" she asked;

61
 ً
: ‫ﻐﺛا وﺖ ول أن ﺿﺎﺈ ﻄﻌ ﻌع ﻄ ﺐﻀ ﺸﺿ ر ﺛﻏﺛة دون ﺿ ار ﻇ ﺟ اﻓﺸﺿ ر‬ ‫ اﺻ أ ﻊﺜا ا ﻌ ﻌع‬

Using technology in education has become widespread. Education can now

be accessed with just a tap on your screen. Classroom no longer needs to be a
tangible one, it could be a virtual one. Some schools or universities also turn to
self-placed learning where professors or teachers send out videos and students
can submit their requirements or take exams at a given deadline. It's fascinating
how limitless learning can become with the power of technology. Education can
now be more accessible than ever. Using tablets and smart phones, students
can now study from home and achieve endless possibilities in education.

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tourist   sights  employ 

tourists places  package tours  fine weather 
make a tour  improve  temple 
local tourism  national income  civilization 
hard currency  museum  treat 
international tourism monuments  new resorts 
  economy  encourage  

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62
 .(‫د ا ﻈﺿ ة ) ﻐ ﻄﺗﺛد‬ ‫ﺻﺊﻀ اﻗﺠﻃ ا‬ ‫ ﺳﻈ واﺖﺛ و‬a / an = one ‫ ﻇ ﺎﺚﺛم‬
. ً ‫د ا ﺜى ﻏﺳﺛ ا ﺊﺛوء ﺗ ف ﺠ ﺾﻆ ﺾﺎ ﺋ وﻇ ﺼ‬ ‫( ﺻﺊﻀ اﻗﺠﻃ ا‬a) ‫ ﻇ ﺎﺚﺛم‬
a boy - a girl - a man - a woman - a hand - a lion - a bus - a farmer
- a university - a uniform - a useful….. - a European.....
:(a, e, i, o, u) ً ‫د ا ﺜى ﻏﺳﺛ ا ﺊﺛوء ﺗ ف ﻄﺎﺗ ك ﺾﺎ ﺋ وﻇ ﺼ‬ ‫ﺻﺊﻀ اﻗﺠﻃ ا‬(an) ‫ ﻇ ﺎﺚﺛم‬
an orange - an egg - an insect - an apple - an umbrella - an hour - an honest.....

 a / an
 I read a novel in the library.  I saw a boy playing in the street. 
a / an
 She is an engineer.  He works as a teacher. 
a / an
 I bought a pen.  I ate an apple.
a / an
 He is an English man.  She is an Egyptian woman.
a / an
 Ali is a clever boy.  Toka is an intelligent girl.
 a / an
 once a day  eighty kilometers an hour
 twice a week  ten pounds a liter
 four times a year  twenty pounds a kilo
 a / an
a cup of  a loaf of  a tin of 
a glass of  a bar of  a slice of 
a bottle of  a kilo of  a packet of 
a jar of  a bag of  a sheet of 
a pair of  a dish of  a tube of 
: ‫( ﻄ‬a / an) ‫ ﻗﺖﺮ ﺲﺛم اﺠﺎﺚﺛام‬
 
 They are clever students.
 I saw strong men in the factory.

 Yesterday, we bought nice furniture.
 I like to gain information.
 
 Honesty is one of his traits.

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 :‫وﻄ اﻓﺠ ء ا ﺎ ﻗ ﺳﺛ واﻓﺠ ء ا ﺳﻈﻌﻏﺋ ﻂﺎﺳ ﻏﺷ أو ﻂﺎﺗﺛﻏﺛ‬ ‫ﺳﺛ ﻄ د أو‬ ‫( ﺻﺊﻀ اﻓﺠ ء ا ﺎ‬the) ‫ ﻇ ﺎﺚﺛم‬

the
 The little girl who is wearing a dress is Toka. 
the
 She gave me a present. The present was nice. 
 the
the best the tallest the least the most
 the
the poor  the young  the disabled 
 The poor are in a bad need to be helped by the rich.
the
 The more you study, the higher marks you get.
 the
the Egyptian  the Spanish 
 the
the sun  the moon  the sphinx 
  listen - play - learn - teachthe
 Jana plays the guitar.  He teaches me the drum.
thethe
 The computer is the most useful invention.  I bought a computer yesterday.
 the
 The lion is the king of the wood. 
 the
the government  the police  the king 
the press  the ministry  the army 
 the
 the first  the next  the sixties
 the second  the last  the seventies
  republic - state - union - kingdomthe
 the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.  the Republic of China  the USA
  the
 the Red Sea  the Nile  the North Pole
 the Alps  the Pacific  the Middle East
 the
 in the morning  in the evening  in the past
 in the present  at night the ‫ ﻗ ﺜ‬night - noon ‫ﻗﺖﺮ أن‬
 the
 the north of…   in the east 
 the Bible   the Times 

64
 ً
: ‫ﻐﺛا وﺖ ول أن ﺿﺎﺈ ﻄﻌ ﻌع ﻄ ﺐﻀ ﺸﺿ ر ﺛﻏﺛة دون ﺿ ار ﻇ ﺟ اﻓﺸﺿ ر‬ ‫ اﺻ أ ﻊﺜا ا ﻌ ﻌع‬

Artificial intelligence is designing machines that have the potential to think

and behave themselves. To make the human life easier. It enables us to
decrease the process of doing manual work. It enables us to reduce errors and
widely used in accurate processes. Robots can help in mining other exploration
for Petroleum unlike humans. Machines don’t take breaks. They can work for
long hours.

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.‫ﺋ ﺲﻂ اﻓﺠﺆﻂﺋ( ﺿﺎ ﺋ ﻊﺜا ا ﻌ ﻌع‬ ‫ﻈﺼ ط ا ﻐ ﻐﺋ واﻓﺸﺿ ر ا ﺼﺎ ﺖﺋ ا ﺎ ﻐﺋ )ا‬ ‫ ﻏ ﺿﻈﻈ اﻗﺠﺎﺳ ﻇﺋ‬
What are the causes of unemployment?
The bad results of this problem.
Solutions for these causes.
Building new projects, new factories, new companies, ……...
The role of the government to solve this problem.
Financing small projects - train youth - save job opportunities.
The role of the individuals and businessmen to solve the problem.

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1. In 1929, he began his .......... as a diplomat.
a carrier b courier c career d carefree
2. She decided on a .......... in banking.
a career b jobs c work d professions
3. Have you any experience of working.......... children who have learning difficulties?
a for b in c with d as
4. One of the women I work .......... is getting married this weekend.
a of b out c on d with
5. He .......... physics from Cambridge University.
a a graduate of b graduated in c graduated from d a graduate in


6. My sister enjoys playing .......... guitar.
a a b an c the d no article
7. Would you like .......... glass of juice?
a a b the c some d an
8. This is .......... first time that the tourists have seen the Pyramids.
a a b the c an d no article
9. .......... water is essential for all people.
a A b An c The d No article
10. Fear is.......... universal weakness.
a an b no article c the d a
11. This man works for eight hours .......... day.
a the b no article c a d an
12. England is .......... European country.
a a b an c the d no article
13. During her work, the nurse has to wear .......... uniform.
a a b an c these d no article
14. Cairo is one of .......... most polluted cities in the world.
a the b an c a d no article
15. Mahmoud went to a school in Cairo. .......... school was very big.
a A b The c An d no article
16. At night, we can see .......... moon in the sky.
a the b a c an d no article
17. Ali is .......... 15-year-old boy and other teenagers are bullying him.
a the b a c an d no article
18. I need .......... advice about how to find safe websites.
a some b a c an d the
19. I want to write .......... short story. It looks like fun.
a no article b the c an d a
20. .......... mail I had with my friends yesterday was fintastic.
a an b a c the d no article

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 

- include ‫ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬/ ‫ﻳﺸﻤﻞ‬ - including ‫ﻣﺸﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

- contain (‫ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ )ﺑﺪﺍﺧﻠﻪ‬ - consist of ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ‬
- enclose ‫ ﻳﺤﻴﻂ‬/ ‫ﻳﺮﻓﻖ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﻊ ﺷﻲﺀ‬
1. The curriculum .......... courses in computing.
a contain b includes c consists d surrounds
2. The emergency kit should .......... essential supplies for survival.
a contain b consist c surround d including
3. He .......... his new house with a high wall.
a contained b included c consisted d enclosed
4. Quite a few members are worried and I .......... myself among them.
a contain b include c consist d surround
5. The cake .......... of flour, sugar and eggs.
a contains b includes c consists d encloses
6. I sent him a letter and .......... my photo in it.
a contained b included c consisted d enclosed
7. This book .......... a lot of important information.
a consists b includes c conclude d have
- communicate (with) ‫ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ‬- contact ‫ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑـ‬
- connect (to) ‫ﻳﺮﺑﻂ‬/‫ ﻳﻮﺻﻞ‬- (have - make) contact with ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻣﻊ‬
8. People use more than words when they communicate .......... each other.
a with b on c by d over
9. We have good .......... with the local community.
a communicates b contacts c connects d connection
10. She is unable to .......... her ideas to other people.
a communicate b contact c connect d contract
11. I finally made .......... with her in Paris.
a communicate b contact c connect d contract
12. It's really important for us all to stay .......... with each other online.
a connected b contacted c contracted d connecting
- position ‫ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬/ ‫ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﻮﻑ‬- location (‫ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬/ ‫ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ )ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬/ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬
- destination (‫ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ )ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮﺩ‬- site ‫ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬/ ‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ‬/ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﺛﺮﻯ‬

13. I'm not sure what I would do if I were in your .......... .

a location b positioned c located d position
14. The date and .......... of the conference haven’t been announced.
a location b positioned c located d position
15. The company is moving to a new .......... in Cairo.
a destination b location c sight d position
16. Egypt has some of the best diving .......... in the Mediterranean.
a destination b locations c sites d prepositions
17. The restaurants are located in capital cities and major tourist ...........
a destinations b locations c site d positions

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 


1 Colon (:) ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﺎﻥ‬

1. to introduce lists 

 There are three reasons for success: challenging work, determination and patience.
2. between sentences when the second sentence explains or justifies the first
sentence. 
 Try to keep calm during the interview: this will cause a good impression.
3. in descriptive titles and definitions
  
 The Prisoner of Zenda: a fictional novel.
4. to express a ratio 
 The ratio of women to men becomes 5 : 1.
5. to separate hours and minutes 
 It is 12:30.
2 Semi colon (;) ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻘﻮﻃﺔ‬

 between two independent clauses linked by a transitional expression

(e.g., accordingly, consequently, for example, nevertheless, ….)

 Heavy rain had continued at the airport; consequently, all flights were canceled.

 It was raining; the game was cancelled. 
 I read; novels, poems, stories, plays.
‫( اﻗ اذا ﺾ ﻇﺌ ا ﺿﻂ ﺋ ﻄﻆ ا ﻈﻌع ا ﺎ ﺊﺛأ ﺗـ ف‬,) (:) (;) ‫( ﺸ ﺛاﻏﺋ ا ﺿﻘم ﺳﺛ‬Small) ‫ ﻇ ﺎﺚﺛم ﺖ ف ﺦﺶﻐ‬:‫ ﻗﺖﺮ‬
:(Capital)
 After he had reached home, he called me.
 Don’t run near the pool; you might slip and hurt yourself!

1. I study English .......... my sister studies medicine.

a . b ? c ; d !
2. Which can be used in the blanks: The children were told to bring the following items
.......... a pen, a pencil, a ruler and an exercise book.
a comma b hyphen c colon d semi-colon
3. Which can be used in the blanks: Jim lives in Australia........his brother lives in England.
a apostrophe b semi-colon c hyphen d colon
4. Which sentence of the following is correctly punctuated?
a We walked to school; they took a taxi. b We walked to school: they took a taxi.
c We walked to school; They took a taxi. d We walked to school; they took a taxi

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ً‫ﺜا ﻗ ﺛ ﻄﻆ دراﺠﺎﻋﻃ ﺿﻀ ﻐﺛا‬ ‫ا وا‬ ‫ﺈ أﺐﻈ ء ﺾﺎ ﺋ ا ﺼ ة أو ا ﺼ ل ا‬ ‫ ﻏﺗﺎ ج ا‬


 Transitions: Phrases are used to show the connection between two sentences.
:‫ ﺲﺊ رات ﺎﺚﺛم ﻋ ر ا ﺳﻘﺻﺋ ﻐﻆ ﻂﺎﻐﻆ‬: ‫ ا وا‬

Linking words
‫ﻳﺄﺗﻰ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﻢ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ‬ ing ‫ﻳﺄﺗﻰ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﻢ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻭ‬
(transitions)

and = in addition = moreover as well as

Showing addition
 = furthermore = in addition to
not only ... but also ... = besides

because of = due to
Showing reason
 because = since =as = owing to = thanks to
=on account of

although = though = even if = even

though = nevertheless

Showing contrast but = however = yet = whilst
  however despite = in spite of
However +  +  + 
 Whatever
Whatever + +  + 

so = that’s why = therefore

Showing result
 = consequently = as a result = thus
= for this reason

Showing purpose to / so as to / in order to + inf.

 in the hope of + ing.
so that = in order that + 

to summarize, = to sum up,

Showing conclusion in conclusion, = to conclude,
 in short, = in summary,
finally, = all in all = on the whole

:‫ ﺲﺊ رات ﻏ ﺿﻆ اﺠﺎﺚﺛاﻄﻋ ﺸ ﺛاﻏﺋ ا ﺔ ﻀ‬

It is known that ……  It can’t go on without saying that ……
It is taken for granted that ……      
It is crystal clear that ……  It is worth mentioning that …… 

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 

 An essay is a series of paragraphs that talk about one subject.

.‫ﺎﺗﺛث ﺲﻆ ﻄﻌ ﻌع واﺖﺛ‬ ‫ ا ﺼ ل ﻊﻌ ﻄﺔ ﻌﺲﺋ ﻄﻆ ا ﺼ ات ا ﺎ‬
:‫ ﻏﺎﺿﻌن ا ﺼ ل ﻄﻆ ﺐﻘﺐﺋ أ ﺞاء ر ﻐ ﻐﺋ‬

Introduction  Body  Conclusion  

- It is the first paragraph in the essay. .‫ ا ﺼﺛﻄﺋ ﻊ أول ﺸﺼ ة ﺸ ا ﺼ ل‬

- It is only one paragraph. .‫اف واﺖﺛ‬ ‫ و ﺿﻌن ﺲﺊ رة ﺲﻆ‬
- It catches the reader’s attention. .‫ ﺔﺜب اﻇﺎﺊ ه ا ﺼ رئ ﻂ ﻌ ﻌع‬
- It introduces the thesis statement. .(‫ ﺼﺛم اﻓﺬ وﺖﺋ )ا ﺳﺊ رة اﻗﺸﺎﺎ ﺖﻐﺋ‬
- It gives the reader background. .‫ﻂﺼ رئ ا ﺚﻂ ﻐﺋ أو ا ﺳﻂﻌﻄ ت اﻓﺠ ﺠﻐﺋ‬ ‫ ﺳ‬

Hook = Attention grabber ‫ﲨﻠﺔ ﺟﺬﺏ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ‬

 A hook is an opening statement in an essay that attempts to grab the reader's

attention so that they continue reading.
:‫ﺸ ا ﺼ اءة وﺻﺛ ﺿﻌن‬ ‫ﺜب اﻇﺎﺊ ه ا ﺼ رئ ﻐ ﺎ‬ ‫ ﻊ ا ﺔ ﻂﺋ اﻗﺸﺎﺎ ﺖﻐﺋ ﺸ ا ﺼ ل و ﻋﺛف إ‬
‫أﺻﺎﺊ س‬ ‫ﻄﺑﻀ ﺣﺳﺊ‬ ‫ﺖﺿ ﺋ‬ ‫ﻂﺋ ﺲ ﻄﺋ‬

Thesis Statement (‫ﺍﻷﻃﺮﻭﺣﺔ )ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬

 The thesis statement states the main idea of the essay.

.‫ﻐ ﻐﺋ ﻂ ﺼ ل‬ ‫ﻐ ﻐﺋ ا ﺿ ة ا‬ ‫ا ﺔ ﻂﺋ ا‬ ‫ ﻌ‬
 It is the point that the writer wants to show in the essay. It sets limits on the topic.
.‫ﺪ ﺖﺛودا ﻂ ﻌ ﻌع‬ ‫ ﻊ ا ﻈﺼ ﺋ ا ﺎ ﻏ ﻏﺛ ا ﺿ ﺈ ﻌ ﻐﺗﻋ ﺸ ا ﺼ ل وﻊ‬

 The body is the middle paragraphs between the introduction and the conclusion.
.‫ﺋ‬
‫ﻐﻆ ا ﺼﺛﻄﺋ وا ﺚ‬ ‫ ﺦﻂﺈ ا ﻌ ﻌع ﻊﻌ ا ﺼ ات ا ﻌﺠ‬
 They are paragraphs of support for the thesis..‫ﺸﺼ ات ﺛﺲﻃ ا ﻌ ﻌع‬
 They contain facts, data, evidences, comments, analysis, examples, pros and cons.
.‫ اﻄﺑﻂﺋ‬،‫ ﺲﻐﻌب‬،‫ ﻄ ﻐﺞات‬،‫ ﺗﻂﻐﻀ‬،‫ ﺳﻂﻐﺼ ت‬،‫ دﻗ ﻀ‬،‫ ﻐ ﻇ ت‬،‫ ﻏﺗﺎﻌى ﺦﻂﺈ ا ﺼ ل ﺲﻂ ﺖﺼ ﺺ‬
: ‫ ﺗﺎﻌى ﺾﻀ ﺸﺼ ة ﻄﻆ ﺸﺼ ات ﻃ ا ﻌ ﻌع ﺲﻂ‬

Topic  Supporting  Concluding  

Sentence   Sentences   Sentence  

93
 Everyone wants to be healthy, but many people think it is too hard
or they are too busy. However, there are some easy things you can do.
Instead of drinking soda, you should drink water. Soda tastes
good, but it has sugar. Eating too much sugar will make you gain
weight or get cavities. If you are eating a snack or a meal, drink a cup
of water with it.
You can also exercise. Exercising will help you not get sick or feel
tired. If you don't have time to play sports or run outside, you can do
other things. For example, you can walk up the stairs instead of taking
the elevator. If you are watching television or doing homework, get up
sometimes and move around.
In brief, you don't have to diet or do hard exercises every day to
be healthy. Making small changes will help you be healthier.

Artificial intelligence
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96
 
‫" أو "ﻊـﻀ‬ ‫ ا ﺂال ا ﺜﻏﻀ ﺲﺊ رة ﺲﻆ ﺠﺂال ﺻﺧﻐ ﻏﺪ ف ﺸ ﻇﻋ ﻏﺋ ا ﺔ ﻂﺋ ا ﺚﺊ ﻏﺋ ﺞﻏ دة ا ﺎ ﺾﻐﺛ وﻄﺳﻈ ه "أ ﻐﺟ ﺾـﺜ‬
."‫أﻇ ﺲﻂ ﺦﻌاب‬
.‫ ﻏﺎﺿﻌن ا ﺂال ا ﺜﻏﻀ ﻄﻆ ﺸﺳﻀ ﻄ ﺲﺛ و ﻐ ﺸ ﺲﻀ ﺬﺊﺼ ً ﺲﻀ ا ﺔ ﻂﺋ‬
.‫ إذا ﺾ ﻇﺌ ا ﺔ ﻂﺋ ﻄﺑﺊﺎﺋ ﻏﺿﻌن ا ﺂال ا ﺜﻏﻀ ﻄﻈ ﻐ ً وا ﺳﺿﺟ‬
‫( إذا ـ ء اﺠـﻃ‬he) ‫ إذا ء اﺠﻃ ﻄﺜﺾ ﺲ ﺻﻀ ﻏﺗـﻌل‬.‫ﻐ ﺸ ﺲﻀ وﻗ ﻏ ﺿﻈﻈ اﺠﺎﺚﺛام اﻓﺠ ء‬ ‫ ﻏﺿﻌن دا ً ا ﺔﺞء ا ﺑ ﻇ‬
.(they) ‫( وا ﺔ ﺲ ﺻﻀ أو ﻐ ﺲ ﺻﻀ ﻏﺗﻌل إ‬it) ‫( واﺠﻃ ﻐ ﺲ ﺻﻀ ﻄ د‬she) ‫ﻄﺂﻇ ﺲ ﺻﻀ ﻏﺗﻌل‬
   
   
 
 Jana is a clever girl, isn’t she?
 Dalia has typed the letters, hasn’t she?
 Ali won’t be late, will he?
.‫ﺂال ا ﺜﻏﻀ‬ ‫( وا ﺳﺿﺟ ﺸ ا‬you) ‫( إ‬I) ‫ ﻗﺖﺮ ﺲﺛم ﺗﻌﻏﻀ‬
 I shall visit you, shan’t I?
.‫( ﺖ ﺈ زﻄﻆ ﺸﺳﻀ ا ﺔ ﻂﺋ‬do / does / did) ‫ﺲﺛ ﻇ ﺎﺚﺛم‬ ‫ ﺸ ﺖ ﺋ ﺲﺛم و ﻌد ﺸﺳﻀ ﻄ‬
 They came by car, didn’t they?
 Toka speaks English well, doesn’t she?
 People like making money, don’t they?
(NO ‫ وا ﺔ ﻂﺋ ا ﻈ ﻐﺋ‬Yes ‫ﺋ ﻂﺔ ﻂﺋ ا ﺑﺊﺎﺋ‬ ‫ﺂال )أو ﻌﻏﺋ ا‬ ‫ﺋ ﺲﻂ ا‬ ‫ ﻗﺖﺮ ا‬
Mona is sick, isn't she? The boys never liked dancing, did they?
 Yes, she is.  Yes, they did.
 No, she isn't.  No, they didn't.
‫ ﺳﺊ ﺲﻆ ا ﻈ‬few / little / never / seldom / hardly / rarely / no longer / neither ‫ ا ﺿﻂ ت ا ﻐﺋ‬
. ً ‫و ﺜ ﻏﺿﻌن ا ﺂال ا ﺜﻏﻀ ﻄﺑﺊﺎ‬
 I will never speak to her again, will I?
 They rarely visit Japan, do they?
has P.P
:‫ ﻗﺖﺮ اﻗ ﺎﺧ رات ا ﻐﺋ‬ 's
 I’d rather have tea, wouldn’t I? is V + ing

 We’d like to eat fish, wouldn’t we? would 

 You’d better stay in bed, hadn’t you? 'd
had P.P
 It’s stopped raining, hasn’t it?
(anyone / someone / somebody / everyone / everybody / no one / anybody) ‫ إذا ﺾ ن ا ﺲﻀ‬
: ‫( ﺸ ا ﺂال ا ﺜﻏﻀ ﻄ ﻄ اﺲ ة ا ﺐﺊ ت وا ﻈ‬they) ‫ﻇ ﺎﺚﺛم‬
 Everybody has finished the test, haven’t they?
 No one is here, are they?
‫( ﺸـ ا ـ ﺂال ا ـﺜﻏﻀ ﻄـ‬it) ‫( ﻇـ ﺎﺚﺛم‬something / nothing / anything / everything) ‫ إذا ﺾ ن ا ﺲـﻀ‬
: ‫ﻄ اﺲ ة ا ﺐﺊ ت وا ﻈ‬
 Something stops me, doesn’t it?
 Nothing can change the fact, can it?

97
 ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ا ﺎ م‪:‬‬ ‫ﻏﺼ ﻂ ﺸ ا ﻇﺔﻂﻐﺞﻏﺋ ا‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﻢ ﻗﺪ ﺑﺪﺃ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺸﺳﻀ ﻄ‬

‫‪ When I arrived at the cinema, the film had started.‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫ا ﺊ ﻐ إذا دل ﺲﻂ ﺲ دة ﺸ ا‬ ‫ﻏﺼ ﻂ ﺸ ا ﻇﺔﻂﻐﺞﻏﺋ ا‬

‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻮﻥ ﻳﺒﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﻫﺮﺍﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺸﺳﻀ ﻄﺪ رع‬ ‫ﺾن‬

‫‪ The Ancient Egyptians built their pyramids of stones.‬‬

‫ﻄ ﺎ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺎ ﻃ ﺸ ا ﻇﺔﻂﻐﺞﻏﺋ ﻄ‬

‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻯ ﻳﻘﺮﺃ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺩﻕ ﺟﺮﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺸﺳﻀ ﻄﺪ رع‬

‫‪ Dad was reading the paper when the doorbell rang.‬‬

‫)‪:(didn’t‬‬ ‫اﺊ ﻐ ا ﻈ‬ ‫ﺎ ﻃ ﺸ ا ﻇﺔﻂﻐﺞﻏﺋ ﺸ زﻄﻆ ا‬

‫ﻫﻮ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺸﺳﻀ ﻄﺪ رع‬ ‫ﻃ‬

‫‪ He didn’t get the results that he expected.‬‬

‫)‪(won’t‬‬ ‫ﻐ ﻄﻈ‬ ‫ﻏﺼ ﻂ ﺸ ا ﻇﺔﻂﻐﺞﻏﺋ ﻄ ﺎﺼﺊﻀ‬

‫ﻟﻦ ﺃﺯﻭﺭ ﺃﻗﺎﺭﺑﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺸﺳﻀ ﻄﺪ رع‬ ‫ﻆ‬

‫‪ I won’t visit my relatives next week.‬‬

‫ﺲﻂ اﻗﺖﺎ ل وﻇ ﺎﺚﺛم ‪:may‬‬ ‫ﻏﺛل ذ‬

‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﺸﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺸﺳﻀ ﻄﺪ رع‬ ‫ﺻﺛ‬
‫‪ The world may witness some climate changes that may‬‬
‫‪lead to global warming.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ـ ﻐ أﻄـ ـﺛون أى إﺣـ رة‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ﺎ ﻃإ ـ ﻄ‬ ‫إذا و ﺛت إﺣ رة ﺛل ﺲﻂ ا‬
‫ﺎ ﻃ إ ا ﺪ رع ا ﺎ م‪:‬‬ ‫ﺛل ﺲﻂ ا‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺍﺗﺼﻞ ﺑﻰ ﺃﻣﺲ ﻫﺎﺗﻔﻴﺎً‪.‬‬

‫‪ He telephoned me yesterday.‬‬ ‫ﺸﺳﻀ ﻄ‬ ‫ﺼﺛ‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺣﻘﻖ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ Mo Salah has achieved a lot of achievements that no one‬‬
‫‪could reach before.‬‬

‫‪100‬‬
  

 
  
Persuasive Expository
  Reflective / Informative
Descriptive Narrative
   
 

1 Persuasive (Argumentative) Essay ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻗﻨﺎﻋﻰ‬

 The writer seeks to persuade / convince the reader to support his specific point of
view about a topic. 
 It requires reasons, facts and evidences on the topic. 
 The author takes a clearly defined stance on their subject and builds up an
evidence-based case for it. 

2 Reflective (Opinion) Essay ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﺗﺄﻣﻠﻰ‬

 It may be a real experience, imagined event, special object, or a place, something you
read, watched or heard.
‫أو‬ ‫ﺊـ ة ﺖﺼﻐﺼﻐـﺋ او ﺖـﺛث ﺚﻐﻂـ او ﻄﻌ ـﻌع ـ ص أو ﻄﺿـ ن أو ﺣـﻎء ﺻ أ ـ أو ﺣـ ﻊﺛ‬ ‫ ﺻﺛ ﻏﺿﻌن ا ﺼ ل ا ﺎ ﻄﻂ‬
. ‫ﺠ ﺳﺌ ﺲﻈ‬
 The writer analyses his experiences and explains how they created personal
change. 
 In an opinion essay, the writer expresses an opinion andsupports that opinion with facts
and examples. 

3 Descriptive Essay ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﻭﺻﻔﻰ‬

 It describes the topic.  

 It appeals to the five senses (touch, smell, sight, sound, and taste) and uses sensory
details. 
 It uses personifications, metaphors, similes and creative styles.
.‫ ﻏ ﺎﺚﺛم ا ﺎﺔ ﻐﺛات اﻗﺠﺎﺳ رات وا ﺎﺤﺊﻐﻋ ت واﻗﺠ ﻐﺈ اﻗ ﺛاﺲﻐﺋ‬

4 Narrative Essay ‫ ﺳﺮﺩﻯ‬/ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﻗﺼﺼﻰ‬

 It narrates / tells a story or a situation. . 

 It includes a sequence of actions. .
 It includes the setting of the scene (time & place). .

5 Expository / Informative Essay ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﻯ‬

 It defines something or gives information. 

 It explains a process and gives instructions. 
 It needs research and the writer's knowledge.  
  

111
 I am

he / she / it is v ing

we / you / they are

 I am playing football at the moment.
 Look! They are reading novels.
 Jana is doing a research now.

Object (am / is / are) being P.P.

 Football is being played at the moment.

 A research is being done by Jana.

(isn't - aren’t - am not) V ing

 Jana isn't doing a research now.

 They aren't reading novels.

:‫ﻄﻆ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻈ ﻊﻀ ﺸ ا ﺪ رع ا‬ ‫ﺂال‬ ‫ ﻏﺎﺿﻌن ا‬

(Am / Is / Are)  V ing

 Are you playing football now?

 Are you enjoying the party?
Yes, I am. No, I am not.
:‫ﻄﻆ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺂال داة اﺠﺎ ﻋ م ﺸ ا ﺪ رع ا‬ ‫ ﻏﺎﺿﻌن ا‬
 (am / is / are)  V ing

 What are you doing?  I am watching TV.

 Why is she crying?  Because her leg is aching.
:‫ا ﺳﻀ‬ ‫ﻐﻆ ﺞ‬ still ‫ﺎ وﻗﺖﺮ أن ﺾﻂ ﺋ‬ ‫ﺎﺚﺛم ﻄ زﻄﻆ ا ﺪ رع ا‬ ‫ ﺾﻂ ت‬
at present   At present, we are studying French.
at this moment   I'm eating the meal at this moment.
now   Toka is crying now.
still   She is still reading.
Look!   Look! This pipe is leaking water.
Listen!   Listen! He is singing a nice song.
Watch out!     Watch out! The train is coming.
Be quiet!   Be quiet! The baby is sleeping.
always   My brother is always bothering me.
arrange   I’ve arranged I am having dinner with you.
today   You're working hard today.
this week / this year
  I am doing so well this year.

117
 :‫ا ﺜى أرﺠﻀ ا ﺠ ﺋ‬ ‫ﻂﺤﺚ‬ ‫ ﻏﺿﺎﺈ ﻊﻈ ﺲﻈﻌان ا ﺊ ﻏﺛ ا ﺿﺎ وﻇ‬
From: Ahmed 2023@yahoo.com
(user name) ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺒﻖ @ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬
(domain name) ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ @ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬

:‫ﺠﻀ إ ﻐ ا ﺠ ﺋ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻂﺤﺚ‬ ‫ ﻏﺿﺎﺈ ﻊﻈ ﺲﻈﻌان ا ﺊ ﻏﺛ ا ﺿﺎ وﻇ‬

To: Al Daifi 2023@yahoo.com
(user name) ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺒﻖ @ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬
(domain name) ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ @ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬

:‫ ﻏﺿﺎﺈ ﻊﻈ ﻄﻌ ﻌع ا ﺠ ﺋ ا ﺿﺎ وﻇﻐﺋ‬
Subject (About): Giants’ series
‫ﻻﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺎﻍ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿـﻮﻉ ﺑـﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴـﺪ ﻭﻭﺍﺿـﺢ ﻭﻣﺨﺘـﺼﺮ ﻟﻴـﺸﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺘﻠﻢ‬
.‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ‬

:‫ ﺚﺎﻂﺷ ا ﺎﺗﻐﺋ ﺎﻘف ﻇﻌع اﻗﻏ ﻐﻀ ﺸﻋﻈ ك‬

  
  
formal email informal email
Dear .................... , Hi .................... ,
Dear Sir(Madam), Hello .................. ,
Dear Mr (Mrs) ……., Hey..................,
:‫ ﻏﺗﺎﻌى ﻄﻌ ﻌع ا ﺊ ﻏﺛ ا ﺿﺎ وﻇ ﺲﻂ ﻊﺛف ا ﺠ ﺋ‬
formal email informal email
contractions  
  
abbreviated words 
  imperatives  active voice 
 
passive voice
: ‫ﻂ ﺠﻀ إ ﻐ‬ ‫ﺋ ﺲﻂ ﺣﺿ أو ﻌدﻏ‬ ‫ ﺗﺎﻌى ا ﺚ‬
formal email informal email
Yours sincerely, Bye,
Yours faithfully,  See you later, 
Best wishes, See you soon,
Regards, Cheers, love,

‫ ﻟﻜـﻦ ﺭﺳـﺎﺋﻞ‬،‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺳـﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻴـﺮ ﺭﺳـﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳـﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳـﻞ‬

:‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬
‫ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ‬/ ‫ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬/ ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬/ ‫ﺃﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ‬

130
 To : Mostafa Gamal@ gmail.com
Subject: Invitation to Annual Giants’ Meeting

Dear Mr Mostafa,
On behalf of Giants’ series, I am writing to extend a formal invitation to the
Giants' Team to attend our upcoming Annual Meeting, scheduled to take place
on Sunday 6, 2023 in Bani Suef.
Our Annual Meeting is a highly anticipated event, gathering key
stakeholders, leaders, and professionals from various organizations. It serves
as a platform for sharing insights, discussing various s trends, and fostering
collaboration among esteemed participants.
We have specifically chosen to extend this invitation to the Giants' team
due to the tremendous respect we hold for your achievements, dedication, and
commitment to excellence in sales. We believe that your presence and
participation would greatly enhance the value of the event.
The meeting will feature a series of engaging presentations, panel
discussions, and interactive sessions. Attendees will have the opportunity to
gain valuable knowledge, exchange best practices, and explore potential co-
operation with other like-minded organizations.
We are confident that the Giants' team, with its remarkable track record,
unique perspectives, and valuable experiences, would greatly contribute to the
discussions and interactions during the Annual Meeting. Your presence will
undoubtedly inspire and motivate fellow participants.
To confirm your attendance, kindly RSVP by next Friday by replying to this
email. If you have any questions or require further information, please do not
hesitate to reach out to me. Thank you for considering our invitation, and we
eagerly anticipate your positive response.
Yours sincerely,
Ahmed Al Daifi
Head of the team
Gaints’ Series
AlDaifi2030@gmail.com

132
 Present simple Present simple
Zero
conditional
‫( ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‬v : v + s) ‫( ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‬v : v + s)

.‫ﺎﻌﺻﻐﺌ ﻄﺳﻐﻆ‬ ‫ﺊ‬ ‫ﺎﺚﺛم ﻂﺎﺳﺊﻐ ﺲﻆ ﺖﺼ ﺺ ﺲﻂ ﻐﺋ ﺲ ﻄﺋ و ﻂﺎﺳﺊﻐ ﺲﻆ ﺲ دات ﺐ ﺎﺋ ﻗ ﺎﺶﻐ وﻗ‬ 

 If/ you heat ice, it melts. If water freezes, it turns into ice.
: ‫ﻏﻂ‬ ‫ﺾ‬ ‫ﺎﺚﺛم ا ﺗ ﺋ اﻓو‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ﺦﺋ وإذا ﺾ ﻇﺌ ﻄﻌﺻﺷ‬ ‫ ﻗ ﺛ أن ﺿﻌن ا ﺗﺼﻐﺼﺋ ﺲ ﻄﺋ و ﻐ ﺌ‬
 those / these / that / this
 If goats eat the bark on a tree, the tree dies.
my / his / her / its / your / our / their / ....'s...
 If the plants on our farm get very thirsty, we will irrigate them.

 Streets will become wet if it rains tonight.

Present simple will+ inf.

First
conditional can / may / should + inf.
‫( ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‬v : v + s)
‫ﺃﻣﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻬﻰ‬

. ‫ﺎﺼﺊﻀ ـﺎﻌﺸ ﺣ وط ﺖﺛوﺐ‬ ‫ﺎﺚﺛم ﻂﺎﺳﺊﻐ ﺲﻆ إﻄﺿ ﻇﻐﺋ ﺖﺼﻐﺼﻐﺋ ﺗﺛوث ﺣﻎء ﺸ ا‬ 
 If you study hard, you will succeed.
.‫ﻂﺋ ﻌاب ا ﺤ ط‬ ‫ﻂﺈ ﺸ‬ ‫ ﻏ ﺿﻈﻈ اﺠﺎﺚﺛام اﻓﻄ أو ا ﻈﻋ أو ا‬
 If Jana calls, tell (don't tell) her I am here.
.‫( ﻂﺎﺳﺊﻐ ﺲﻆ ا ﺼﺛرة‬can) ‫ﻂﺋ ﻌاب ا ﺤ ط ﻂﺎﺳﺊﻐ ﺲﻆ اﻗﺖﺎ ل أو‬ ‫( ﺸ‬may) ‫ ﻏ ﺿﻈﻈ اﺠﺎﺚﺛام‬
 If Jana studies well, she can get high marks.
.‫( ﻂﺎﺳﺊﻐ ﺲﻆ ا ﺞام‬have to) ‫ﻂﺋ ﻌاب ا ﺤ ط ﻂﺎﺳﺊﻐ ﺲﻆ ا ﻈﺧﻐﺗﺋ أو‬ ‫ ﺸ‬should ‫ ﻏ ﺿﻈﻈ اﺠﺎﺚﺛام‬
 If you ask me, you should see a doctor. If Seif comes late, he has to apologise.

Past simple would + inf.

Second
conditional
‫( ﻣﺎﺿﻰ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‬v +ed ‫)ﺷﺎﺫ ﺃﻭ‬ could / might + inf.

.‫ ﺳﺊ ا ﺗ ﺋ ا ﺑ ﻇﻐﺋ ﺲﻆ ﻄﻌﺻﺷ ﻐ ﻄﺗﺎ ﻀ أو ﺣﻎء ﺚﻐﻂ ﺸ ا ﺪ رع‬

 If I studied hard, I would pass the exam. If I were rich, I would build a palace!
.‫ﺎﺚﺛم ا ﺗ ﺋ ا ﺑ ﻇﻐﺋ أﻏﺪ ﻂﺎﺳﺊﻐ ﺲﻆ ا ﻈﺧﻐﺗﺋ‬ 
 If I were you, I wouldn't waste my time. If I were you, I’d help poor people.

134
economy (n)  terrorism (n) 
tourism (n)  solve (v) 
industry (n)  democracy (n) 
trade (v/n)   freedom (n) 
culture (n)  reduce (v) 
agriculture (n)  national income (n) 
progress (n)  pollution (n) 
invest (v)  over population (n) 
investor (n)  birth control (n) 
investment (n)  stimulate (v) 
prosperity (n)  vital role (n) 
welfare (n)  hard currency (n) 
flourish (v)  backbone (n) 
reform (v/n)  natural resources (n) 
improve / develop (v)  self-reliance (n) 
development (n)  self-sufficiency (n) 
globalization (n)  self-control (n) 
loyalty (n)  self-sacrifice (n) 
legal (adj)  revolution (n)  
mass media (n)  destruction (n) 
overcome (v)  principles (n) 
issue (n)  civilization (n) 
protect from (v)  equality (n) 
awareness (n)  set up (v) 
unemployment (n)  disputes (n) 
including (n)  rights (n) 
rationalize (v)  project (n) 
a source of  service (n) 
hinder (v)  shortage (n) 
prevent (v)  society (n) 
crisis (n)  education (n) 
seek to (v)  ignorance (n) 
devote (v)  charming (adj) 
citizen (n)  efforts (n)  
unite (v)  value (n) 

147
marvelous (adj)  age (n)  
marvels (n)  hope (n)  
aggression (n)  humanity (n) 
outstanding (adj)  economic (adj) 
patience (n)  device (n) 
needs (n)  devise (v) 
motivation (n)  innovate (v) 
negotiate (v)  hospitality (n) 
ideal (adj)  licence (n) 
risk (n)  license (v) 
security (n)  limit (v) 
traffic jam (n)  mate (n) 
resources (n)  expand (v) 
standard of living  expansion (n) 
home / homeland  expenses (n) 
do … best  exploit (v) 
look forward to  export (v) 
peoples (n)  growth (n) 
attraction (n)  guide (v) 
loans (n)  hatred (n) 
addiction (n)  expose (v) 
advanced (adj)  essential (adj) 
liberate (v)  isolate (v) 
diabetes (n)  isolation (n) 
participate in (v)  individual (n) 
fair / just (adj)  main (adj) 
manage (v)  publicity (n) 
mental (adj)  precious (adj) 
in charge of  prescription (n) 
conference (n)  face (v) 
fulfill (v)  elections 
gap (n)  demand (v/n) 
equality (n)  emergency (n) 
aspects / fields (n)  will (n) 
enable (v)  courage / bravery (n) 

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aim / goal / target (n)  truth (n) 
ability (n)  understanding (n) 
absence (n)  attractive (adj) 
accept (v)  available (adj) 
account (n)  balance (n) 
accuse of (v)  ban / forbid (v) 
achieve (v)  base (n) 
achievement (n)  battle (n) 
adapt to (v)  bear (v) 
admit (v)  behaviour (n) 
adopt (v)  belief (n) 
solidarity (n)  belonging (n) 
stability (n)  defend (v) 
conscience (n)  dependence (n) 
advertisement (n)  diagnose (v) 
take place (v)  boil (v) 
take part in (v)  stage (n) 
taxes (n)  invasion (n) 
witness (n)  vote (v) 
blame (v)  wander (v) 
author (n)  agreement (n) 
amateur (adj)  campaign (n) 
ambition (n)  cancer (n) 
appointment (n)  catastrophe (n) 
appreciate (v)  cell (n) 
authority (n)  ceremony (n) 
armed with  charity (n) 
advance (n)  current events (n) 
childhood (n)  strict (adj) 
astronaut (n)  strike (n) 
attack (v)  commerce (n) 
attempt (v)  shelter (n) 
attract (v)  corrupt (n) 

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