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SPERIOR ENGLISH LANGUAGE PCS & CSS ACADEMY PANO AKIL

Beowulf, the hero, is a champion and slayer of monsters; the poem is outstanding because it is full of all sort of references and allusions
to great events to the fortunes of kings and nations.
Widsith describes continental courts visited in imagination by a far-wandering poet.
Widsith is an Old English poem that tells the story of a wandering bard. Through his lyrical verses, he recounts the adventures and
exploits of various legendary heroes and kings from different lands and time periods. The poem celebrates the glory and valor of these
figures, offering a glimpse into the rich tapestry of ancient lore and the power of storytelling. Widsith’s journey across cultures and
epochs creates a captivating narrative that preserves the spirit of heroic deeds and the timeless allure of oral tradition.
Waldhere tells how Walter of Aquitaine withstood a host of foes in the passes of Vosges.
“Waldhere” is an Old English poem that narrates the saga of a hero named Waldhere. Set in the realm of the Geats, the poem follows
Waldhere’s valiant adventures and his battles against various adversaries. It is a tale of bravery, honor, and the triumph of good over evil,
offering a glimpse into the epic traditions and warrior culture of the time.
The Fight at Finnesburg deals with the same favourite theme of battle against fearful odds.
“The Fight at Finnesburg” is an Old English poem that recounts a legendary battle at Finnesburg. The poem chronicles the valiant efforts
of warriors defending a stronghold against enemy forces, highlighting the intensity and chaos of the conflict. It is a gripping tale of
warfare, loyalty, and sacrifice, preserving the spirit of heroic deeds and the enduring power of resilience in the face of adversity.
“Complaint of Doer” is an Old English poem that presents a lamentation from the perspective of a character named Doer. The poem
expresses Doer’s sorrow, anguish, and disillusionment with the hardships and injustices of life. Through vivid imagery and emotive
language, it explores themes of suffering, despair, and the transient nature of human existence.
Complaint of Doer describes the disappointment of a lover.
“The Fall of the Angels” is a poetic account that depicts the rebellion and downfall of angels from heaven. The poem delves into the
celestial realm, exploring the pride, defiance, and subsequent punishment of these celestial beings. It captures the cosmic struggle
between good and evil, and serves as a cautionary tale about the consequences of hubris and disobedience.
“Crist” by Cynewulf is an Old English poem that narrates the life, teachings, and sacrifice of Jesus Christ. It delves into the birth, ministry,
crucifixion, and resurrection of Christ, presenting a profound exploration of Christian theology. Through rich imagery and lyrical
language, the poem celebrates the divine nature of Christ and serves as a spiritual reflection on redemption and salvation.
King Alfred, a prominent literary figure in Old English Literature, played a vital role in the preservation and promotion of English language
and culture. His translation efforts, such as the translation of Boethius’ “Consolation of Philosophy,” helped foster the growth of English
prose. Alfred’s emphasis on education and his contributions to historical and religious writings shaped the foundation of English
literature, leaving a lasting impact on the literary landscape of his time and beyond.
The epic poem Beowulf consists of approximately 3,182 lines.
Anglo-Saxon Poetry, whether derived from heathendom or from the church, has ideas and manners of its own.
Harold, the last of Saxon kings, was defeated at the Battle of Hastings by William the Conqueror of Normandy, France in 1066 A.D.
The Anglo Saxon Language is only a branch of the great Aryan or Indo-European family of language.
The Angles & Saxon followed in their life five principles: Love of personal freedom, Responsiveness to nature, Religion, Love for
womanhood, & Struggle for glory.
In Middle English Period Latin had been more or less spoken or written by Clergy in England.
The Nobility insisted on using French as their medium of expression.
The most popular form of literature during Middle English Period was the Romances.
These Romances are notable for their stories rather than their poetry.
Theses romances were mostly borrowed from Latin and French sources.
They deal with the stories of King Arthur, The War of Troy, and the mythical doings of Charlemagne and of Alexander the Great.
Miracle Plays encompassed the grand narrative of biblical events, from the creation of man and his subsequent fall from grace in the
Garden of Eden, to pivotal stories from the Old Testament and the life of Christ in the New, culminating in the dramatic summoning of
the dead on the day of Judgement, conveying moral lessons and illustrating humanity’s journey of sin, redemption, and ultimate divine
judgment. These plays served as powerful spectacles, engaging the audience with vivid visual representations of sacred narratives.
Morality Plays, popular during the Middle English period, used allegorical characters to portray the battle between good and evil,
highlighting moral lessons and the consequences of human actions, ultimately aiming to instruct and guide audiences towards virtuous
living through theatrical narratives of temptation, redemption, and divine justice.
The personages were abstract virtues, or vices, each acting & speaking in accordance with his name; and the plot was built upon their
contrasts and influences on human nature, with the intent teach right living and uphold religion.
The Protagonist is always an abstraction; he is Mankind, the Human Race, the Pride of Life, and there is an attempt to encompass the
whole scope of man’s experience & temptations in life.
William Langland, like Dante and Bunyan, ennobles his satire by arraying it in a garb of allegory; & he is intensely real.
FIGURE OF SPEECH & LITERARY TERMS
An Aubade is a morning love song or poem that celebrates the dawn or laments the parting of lovers at daybreak.
An Elegy Is a mournful poem or song that expresses grief, sorrow, or lamentation, typically for the dead.
A Ballad Is a narrative poem or song that tells a story, often with a rhythmic and lyrical quality.
Ode: A lyrical poem characterized by its formal & elevated style, often written to praise or celebrate a person, an event, or an abstract
concept.
A Bildungsroman Is a novel or literary genre that focuses on the moral, intellectual, and psychological growth and development of a
protagonist from childhood to adulthood.
A Sonnet Is a 14-line poem with a specific rhyme scheme and meter, traditionally expressing love, emotions, or philosophical ideas.
A Villanelle Is a poetic form consisting of 19 lines with a specific rhyme scheme & repetitive lines, often exploring themes of obsession,
loss, or nostalgia.
A Limerick Is a humorous and witty five-line poem with a specific rhyme scheme, often characterized by its bawdy or nonsensical
content.
A Fable Is a short fictional story, often featuring anthropomorphic animals or inanimate objects, that conveys a moral or lesson.
A Haiku Is a concise and contemplative form of Japanese poetry consisting of three lines with a specific syllable pattern (5-7-5), typically
capturing a fleeting moment in nature.
A Poetry Slam is a competitive spoken word event where poets perform their original work with emphasis on performance, delivery, and
audience engagement.
An Acrostic Is a form of poetry or word puzzle where specific letters in each line, when read vertically, spell out a word, name, or phrase.
A Riddle is a puzzling or enigmatic statement, question, or story that challenges the reader or listener to solve it through wit, logic, or
clever interpretation.
Blason is a poetic form that intricately praises or catalogs the physical attributes and virtues of a person, often focusing on their beauty
or idealized qualities.
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SPERIOR ENGLISH LANGUAGE PCS & CSS ACADEMY PANO AKIL
In literature, Romance refers to a genre of imaginative storytelling that typically involves chivalrous adventures, idealized love, and a
sense of wonder or enchantment.
Cento is a poetic form composed of lines or fragments borrowed from other works, woven together to create a new poem with its own
unique meaning and message.
Verse Epistle: A poetic composition in a letter or communication form that conveys thoughts, emotions, or ideas to a specific recipient or
audience.
Dirge: A mournful & somber poem or song that expresses grief or laments the death of someone, often performed at funerals or in
remembrance.
Satire is a literary genre that uses irony, humor, and exaggeration to criticize and mock individuals, institutions, or society, often with the
intent to bring about social or political change.
A Dramatic Monologue Is a poetic form where a single character delivers a speech, revealing their thoughts, emotions, or experiences,
while addressing an implied or silent listener.
Invective is a form of language or writing that vehemently attacks, criticizes, or insults a person, group, or idea, often employing harsh
and abusive language.
An Eclogue Is a poetic form that features a dialogue between two or more characters, often set in a pastoral or rural setting and
exploring themes of nature, love, or rustic life.
Lament is a poetic expression of grief, sorrow, or mourning, often conveying a sense of loss, longing, or sadness.
Ekphrasis is a literary form that vividly describes or narrates a work of art, capturing its visual details and evoking its emotional or
aesthetic impact through words.
An Epic is a long narrative poem that celebrates heroic deeds, legendary figures, and grand events, often reflecting the values and beliefs
of a particular culture or society.
A Hymn Is a religious or spiritual poem or song that praises or celebrates a deity, expressing devotion, gratitude, or reverence.
Light Verse is a form of poetry that is characterized by its playful, humorous, and often whimsical tone, focusing on entertaining the
reader with clever wordplay and witty observations.
A Masque Is a type of festive entertainment in the form of a dramatic performance that combines music, dance, and poetry, often
featuring elaborate costumes and sets, typically associated with courtly events.
Occasional Verse is a type of poetry written to commemorate or address a specific event, occasion, or person, often commissioned for
special celebrations or memorials.
A Paean Is a fervent and joyful song or poem that expresses praise, thanksgiving, or triumph, often dedicated to a deity, hero, or
significant achievement.
A Palinode Is a poetic form that retracts or retracts a previous statement or opinion, often expressing regret or offering a revised
viewpoint.
Panegyric: A heartfelt and eloquent tribute, sung with poetic grace, celebrating the virtues and achievements of a person, a place, or an
idea.
Parody: A humorous and satirical imitation that cleverly mimics and exaggerates the style, themes, or characters of a literary work or
genre for comedic effect.
Pastoral: A serene and idyllic portrayal of rural life, often infused with themes of nature, innocence, and the simple joys of rustic
existence, painting a tranquil escape from the complexities of urban society.
Prosody: The rhythmic and melodic organization of language, encompassing elements such as meter, rhyme, sound patterns, and
intonation, lending a musical quality to poetic expression.
Quantitative Prosody: A poetic approach that focuses on the precise measurement and arrangement of syllables and their durations,
emphasizing rhythm and meter through the systematic use of long and short syllables.
Accentual Prosody: A poetic technique that places emphasis on the number of stressed syllables per line, disregarding the total number
of syllables, creating a rhythmic structure based on the prominent accents within the verse.
Syllabic Prosody: A poetic style that organizes verse based on the precise count of syllables per line, disregarding accents or stress
patterns, resulting in a rhythmic structure primarily determined by syllabic quantities.
Accentual-Syllabic Prosody: A comprehensive poetic technique that combines both the number of stressed syllables and the total
syllable count per line, creating a rhythmic structure that harmonizes accents and syllables to achieve a balanced and melodic
composition.
Initial: A term used in prosody to refer to the first stressed syllable in a line of verse, often playing a crucial role in establishing the
rhythm and setting the tone for the entire poem.
Rhythm: The heartbeat of language, a pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables that dances through words, shaping the musicality
and cadence of a literary work.
Meter: The measured arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry, creating a rhythmic framework that guides
the flow and cadence of the verse.
Scansion: The meticulous process of analyzing and marking the metrical patterns, including stressed and unstressed syllables, in a line of
poetry, unraveling its rhythmic structure and revealing its poetic essence.
Variation: The deliberate deviation from established patterns of language, rhythm, or structure in literature, introducing artistic diversity
and adding layers of complexity, surprise, and creative exploration.
Substitution: A poetic technique where one metrical element, such as a stressed or unstressed syllable, is replaced by another, creating a
momentary alteration in the established rhythmic pattern, adding emphasis or altering the overall flow of the verse.
Reversed Foot: A metrical unit in poetry where the order of stressed and unstressed syllables is reversed within a single foot, creating an
unexpected and distinctive rhythmic effect.
Stanza: A grouped arrangement of lines in a poem, functioning as a structural unit that shapes the flow, pacing, and thematic
development, often providing a distinct pause or shift in meaning.
Couplet: A pair of consecutive lines in a poem, often sharing a rhyme scheme, creating a compact and self-contained unit of expression
that can convey a complete thought or idea.
Tercet: A stanza composed of three lines, often interconnected through rhyme or theme, allowing for concise and harmonious poetic
expression within a compact form.
Quatrain: A stanza comprising four lines, often with a specific rhyme scheme, enabling a balanced and versatile unit of verse that can
convey narrative, emotion, or contemplation.
Cinquain: A poetic form consisting of five lines, typically with a specific syllable count or rhythmic pattern, allowing for concise and
evocative expression within a structured framework.
Sestet/Sixoin: A stanza or poetic form consisting of six lines, often used in sonnets or other structured poems, providing a compact space
for further exploration, resolution, or lyrical variation.
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SPERIOR ENGLISH LANGUAGE PCS & CSS ACADEMY PANO AKIL
Heptameter: A metrical line of verse consisting of seven poetic feet, creating a rhythmic pattern that allows for extended poetic
expression and a sense of lingering beauty.
Octave: An eight-line stanza or section of a poem, often used in sonnets, serving as the introduction or setup of a theme, presenting
ideas or conflicts that invite further development or resolution.
Feet, in the realm of literature, are the rhythmic units that dance upon the poetic stage, measuring out the delicate steps of meter and
lending harmony to the symphony of words.
The Iamb, a graceful poetic foot, tiptoes upon the page with a gentle rise and fall, like a whispered heartbeat in the realm of words.
Trochee: A metrical foot in poetry consisting of a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable, creating a rising rhythm.
Anapest: A metrical foot in poetry consisting of two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable, producing a flowing and
lighthearted rhythm.
Anapest Dactyl: A rhythmic pattern in poetry consisting of two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable, followed by a
stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables, creating a lively and syncopated beat.
Spondee: A metrical foot in poetry consisting of two stressed syllables, emphasizing a strong and deliberate rhythm.
Pyrrhic: A metrical foot in poetry consisting of two unstressed syllables, conveying a soft and gentle rhythm.
Anaphora: A rhetorical device in literature where a word or phrase is repeated at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences for
emphasis and poetic effect. Example: “I have a dream that one day… I have a dream that one day… I have a dream that one day…”
(Martin Luther King Jr., “I Have a Dream”)
Alliteration: A literary device in which the repetition of initial consonant sounds in neighboring words or syllables creates a pleasing and
memorable effect.
Example: “Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.”
Allegory: A narrative technique in literature where characters, events, or settings symbolically represent abstract ideas or moral
concepts, providing deeper layers of meaning and commentary.
Apostrophe: A rhetorical device in literature where a writer directly addresses an absent person, an abstract concept, or an inanimate
object as if it were present and capable of responding.
Example: “O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?” (William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet)
Assonance: A literary device in which the repetition of vowel sounds within words or syllables creates a melodic and harmonious effect.
Example: “The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain.”
Beat: A rhythmic and pulsating quality in literature, often associated with the cadence, flow, and musicality of poetry.
Example: “I wandered lonely as a cloud” (William Wordsworth, “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”).
Binary: A literary term referring to a contrast or opposition between two opposing ideas, characters, or forces.
Example: The theme of good versus evil in “Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde” by Robert Louis Stevenson showcases a binary struggle between the
protagonist’s dual nature.
Blank Verse: Unrhymed poetry written in iambic pentameter, often used in dramatic works, creating a natural and rhythmic flow.
Example: “To be, or not to be: that is the question” (William Shakespeare, Hamlet).
Caesura: A pause or break within a line of poetry, usually indicated by punctuation or a natural rhythm, creating a momentary
interruption or emphasis.
Example: “It is for you we speak, not for ourselves, / You are abused and by some putter-on / That will be damned for ‘t.” (William
Shakespeare, Othello)
Chiasmus: A rhetorical device in literature where words or phrases are repeated in reverse order to create a balanced & contrasting
effect.
Example: “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.” (John F. Kennedy)
Diction: The author’s choice and use of words and phrases in writing to convey a specific tone, style, and meaning.
Climax: The highest point of tension or dramatic intensity in a narrative, often representing the turning point or the most crucial moment
of the story.
Enjambed Line: A poetic technique where a sentence or phrase continues from one line to the next without a grammatical pause or
punctuation, creating a sense of fluidity and uninterrupted flow.
Example: “I celebrate myself, and sing myself,
And what I assume you shall assume” (Walt Whitman, “Song of Myself”)
Free Verse: A form of poetry that does not follow a fixed metrical pattern or rhyme scheme, allowing for greater freedom and flexibility
in the expression of ideas and emotions.
Monotony: A literary quality characterized by a lack of variety, repetition, or sameness in language, structure, or theme, resulting in a
dull or tedious effect.
Refrain: A repeated line, phrase, or stanza in a poem or song that serves as a recurring motif, adding emphasis, rhythm, and a sense of
unity to the work.
Synecdoche: A figure of speech in literature where a part is used to represent the whole, or the whole is used to represent a part,
creating a vivid and impactful imagery.
Example: “All hands on deck” (referring to the whole crew) or “New wheels” (referring to a new car).
Topos: A recurring theme, motif, or literary convention that is commonly used and recognized across different works of literature,
providing a shared foundation of meaning and familiarity.
Trope: A figurative or metaphorical device in literature where words or phrases are used in a non-literal sense to convey a specific
meaning or evoke certain emotions, enriching the language and enhancing the narrative.
Valediction: A farewell or parting message in literature, often expressed with emotional depth and poetic elegance, conveying good
wishes, love, or a sense of closure.
Terza Rima is a poetic form consisting of tercets interlinked through a rhyming scheme that follows the pattern ABA BCB CDC, creating a
sense of rhythmic progression and unity.
Blue, in literature, embodies a spectrum of emotions and symbolism, evoking feelings of melancholy, tranquility, and depth, while often
representing themes of longing, introspection, and the vastness of the human experience.
Heroic Quatrain, in literature, refers to a four-line stanza with a rhyme scheme of ABAB, typically used in epic poetry to convey grandeur,
heroism, and narrative momentum.
IN MEMORIAM STANZA, within literature, is a quatrain form with an intricate rhyme scheme of ABBA that Tennyson employed in his
renowned work “In Memoriam A.H.H.,” exploring themes of grief, loss, and the enduring nature of love and remembrance.
Villanelle Ballad Stanza, in literature, combines the structure of a traditional ballad with the intricate pattern of a villanelle, featuring
alternating tercets and a refrain that produce a captivating rhythm while conveying poignant themes and emotions.
Hymn Measure, within literature, refers to a simple and regular meter consisting of four iambic lines per stanza, often utilized in hymns
and religious poetry to evoke a sense of reverence, devotion, and musicality.
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SPERIOR ENGLISH LANGUAGE PCS & CSS ACADEMY PANO AKIL
Phantom, in literature, embodies a spectral presence or an elusive entity that haunts the narrative, invoking mystery, suspense, and
often representing hidden desires, unresolved conflicts, or the intangible aspects of the human psyche.
Sapphics, in literature, refers to a poetic meter associated with the ancient Greek poet Sappho, characterized by the pattern of long and
short syllables in a specific arrangement that creates a distinctive musicality and lyrical flow.
The Venus And Adonis Stanza Is a six-line poetic form with an ABABBCC rhyme scheme used by Shakespeare in his narrative poem
“Venus and Adonis” to depict the tragic love story between Venus and the mortal Adonis.
Tail Rhyme, also known as “Rime Couée,” is a poetic technique characterized by the repetition of the same two or three syllables at the
end of successive lines, creating a distinctive and rhythmic pattern.
A Sestina Is a complex poetic form consisting of six stanzas of six lines each, followed by a final triplet, where the same six end-words are
repeated in a specific pattern throughout the poem, creating a unique and intricate structure.
Rhyme Royal is a poetic form consisting of seven lines written in iambic pentameter, with a specific rhyme scheme (ABABBCC), often
used in narrative poetry to create a sense of rhythm and unity.
Ottava Rima is a poetic form composed of eight lines with a consistent rhyme scheme (ABABABCC), often utilized in epic poems and
satirical works, providing a structured and balanced framework for narrative or contemplative verses.
Spenserian Stanza is a poetic form created by Edmund Spenser, consisting of nine lines with a specific rhyme scheme (ABABBCBCC),
often used in epic and narrative poetry to weave intricate tales with a harmonious blend of rhyme and meter.
Spenserian Stanza
The stanza’s main meter is 8 lines iambic pentameter with a final line in iambic hexameter having six feet Or stresses known as
Alexandrine.
Rhyme scheme – abab bcbc c
A Pun is a humorous play on words that relies on multiple meanings or the phonetic similarity between words.
Irony is a literary device where the intended meaning of words is different from their literal meaning, often creating a contrast between
what is expected and what actually happens.
Verbal Irony: When a character says something that is the opposite of what they truly mean or intend.
Situational Irony: When the outcome of a situation is the opposite of what is expected or intended.
Dramatic Irony: When the audience or reader knows something that the characters in the story are unaware of, creating tension or
suspense.
Cosmic Irony: A form of irony where fate, destiny, or a higher power seems to play a role in creating ironic situations.
Sarcasm: A type of verbal irony that involves mocking or expressing contempt through the use of exaggerated compliments or
statements.
Structural Irony: When the overall structure or framework of a story is used to create an ironic effect.
Personification: A figure of speech where human attributes or qualities are attributed to non-human entities or inanimate objects.
Hyperbole is a literary device that involves deliberate exaggeration for emphasis or dramatic effect, stretching the truth beyond reality.
Litotes is a figure of speech in literature where an affirmative statement is expressed by negating its opposite, such as saying “She’s not
unkind” to imply that she is actually kind.
Simile: A comparison between two different things using “like” or “as.”
Metaphor: A comparison between two different things without using “like” or “as.”
Symbolism: A process of using words in writing to makes the use of objects, characters, or actions to represent abstract ideas or
concepts.
Onomatopoeia: The use of words that imitate the sounds they describe.
Oxymoron: The combination of two contradictory terms to create a new meaning.
Allusion: A reference to a well-known person, place, event, or work of literature.
Imagery: Descriptive language that appeals to the senses, creating vivid mental images.
Repetition: The intentional repetition of words, phrases, or structures for emphasis or rhetorical effect.
Consonance: The repetition of consonant sounds within words or phrases.
Euphemism: The use of mild or indirect words or expressions to replace harsh or offensive ones.
Metonymy: A process where one word is used to refer to another word based on a contextual or conceptual association between them.
Paradox: A statement that seems contradictory or absurd but may reveal a deeper truth.
Zeugma: A figure of speech where a word applies to two different things in different senses within the same sentence.
Epiphora: The repetition of a word or phrase at the end of successive clauses or sentences for emphasis or rhetorical effect.
Syllepsis is a figure of speech where a single word is used in a sentence to modify two or more other words in different ways.
Antithesis: The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, words, or phrases within a sentence or in close proximity.
Analogy: A comparison between two things, often to explain or clarify a complex idea by drawing similarities.
Ambiguity: The presence of multiple possible interpretations or meanings in a word, phrase, or situation.
Conflict: A struggle between opposing forces or characters in a literary work.
Juxtaposition: The placement of two contrasting ideas, characters, or settings side by side to highlight their differences.
Foreshadowing: The use of hints or clues to suggest future events in the plot.
Soliloquy: A monologue delivered by a character alone on stage, expressing their inner thoughts and emotions.
Aside: A brief remark/comment made by a character to the audience or a character, which is not heard by other characters on stage.
Dialogue: A conversation between two or more characters, often used to convey information, develop characters, or advance the plot.
Monologue: A character speaks alone, revealing their thoughts, emotions, or intentions to the audience or themselves.
Characterization: The process of developing and portraying characters through description, action, and dialogue.
Point of view: The perspective from which a story is told, such as first person, third person limited, or third person omniscient.
Plot: The sequence of events that make up a story, including exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution.
Stream Of Consciousness: A narrative technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur, often without
traditional sentence structure or punctuation.
Interior Monologue: Similar to stream of consciousness, interior monologue is a narrative technique that presents a character’s inner
thoughts and feelings as if they were speaking aloud to themselves.
Modernist Poetry: A movement in poetry that emphasized experimentation with form, language, and subject matter, often using
unconventional techniques such as free verse, fragmentation, and allusion.
Imagism: A poetic movement that emphasized precise, sensory imagery and language, often featuring short, unrhymed lines.
Surrealism: An artistic and literary movement that explored the unconscious mind and dreams, often featuring bizarre or fantastical
imagery and unconventional juxtapositions.
Expressionism: A movement in art and literature that emphasized the emotional and psychological experiences of the artist or character,
often featuring distorted or exaggerated forms and colors.
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SPERIOR ENGLISH LANGUAGE PCS & CSS ACADEMY PANO AKIL
Cubism: A movement that emphasized the fragmentation & reassembling of forms, often using geometric shapes & multiple
perspectives.
Dadaism: An artistic and literary movement that rejected traditional aesthetic and cultural values, often using nonsensical or absurd
techniques to challenge the status quo.
Realism: A literary movement that emerged in the 19 th century, focusing on the accurate & objective depiction of everyday life and
society.
Romanticism: A literary and artistic movement that arose in the late 18 th and early 19th centuries, emphasizing emotion, imagination,
nature, and individuality.
Modernism: A literary and cultural movement that emerged in the early 20 th century, characterized by experimentation, fragmentation,
and a break from traditional forms and conventions.
Postmodernism: A literary and cultural movement that emerged after World War II, challenging traditional notions of authorship,
narrative, and meaning, often embracing intertextuality, pastiche, and metafiction.
Naturalism: A literary movement that developed in the late 19 th and early 20th centuries, portraying human behavior as determined by
social, economic, and environmental forces, often emphasizing the darker aspects of life.
Existentialism: A philosophical and literary movement that emerged in the mid-20 th century, focusing on individual existence, freedom,
and the search for meaning in an absurd and chaotic world.
Transcendentalism: A literary and philosophical movement that emerged in the 19 th century, emphasizing the inherent goodness of
individuals and their connection to nature, as well as the importance of intuition and self-reliance.