SUPERIOR ENGLISH, PCS AND CSS ACADEMY PANO AKIL

Direct & Indirect Speech / Narration Heard speech can be reported in two forms.
1. DIRECT: Say as it is. 2. INDIRECT: Say it in your own word.
DIRECT SPEECH: A form of speech in which actual words of the speaker are reported is said to be Direct Speech.
He says,"I am fine."
REPORTING VERB: An introducing part of direct speech is called R.V.
REPORTED SPEECH: Exact words of speaker kept inside inverted commas.
INDIRECT SPEECH: A form of speech in which report is given in one's own words is called Indirect Speech.
Major Changes:
1. Changes of Words:
This That Hence Thence
These Those Now Then
Here There
Change of Time:
Today That day Yesterday The previous day
Tonight That night Ago Before
Tomorrow The next day
2. Change of Person: Person who delivers the message changes, thus it is sure for the person to be changed.
3. Change of Time: We hear the report at one time and repeat it at another time. Thus time is sure to change. Change of Person
Rule 1: If reported speech "RS" contains first (1, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours) it is changed according to the subject of
reporting verb "R.V."
1. She says,"I work hard." 2. He says, "I perform my duty."
She says that she works hard. He says that he performs his duty.
3.They say, "We love our country." 4. He says, "We study together. "
They say that they love their country. He says that they study together.
RULE 2: If RS contains second person (you, your, yours), it is changed according to object of the R.V.
1. She says to him, "You need rest." 2. He says to me, "You repeat the same mistake."
She tells him that he needs rest. He tells me that I repeat the same mistake.
3.He says, "You look happy." 4. She says to them, "You don't understand it."
He says that I look happy. She tells them that they don't understand it.
RULE 3: If R.S contains third person (he, she, it, they or any name), it remains unchanged.
Conversion Rules
Rule 1: Comma and inverted commas are removed and that is used between R.V and R.S while converting direct into indirect
speech.
Rule 2: If R.V contains Present or Future Tense the tense of R.S. remains unchanged.
1. He says, "I tried my level best." 2. She will say, "I have done it."
He says that he tried his level best. She will say that she has done it.
Rule 3: If R.V is in Past, the verb of R.S will be changed in corresponding past tense.
1. He said, "I understand the situation properly." 2. She said, "I am waiting impatiently."
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He said that he understood the situation properly. She said that she was waiting impatiently.
3. They said, "We have conveyed the information." 4. She said, "I have been working since 9 oclock."
They said that they had convey the information. She said that she had been working since 9 o'clock.
5. He said," they fought bravely." 6. He said, "I was taking breakfast."
He said that they had fought bravely. He said that he had been taking breakfast.
7. She said, "I shall return early." 8. He said, "I can prove the truth."
She said that she would return early. He said that he could prove the truth.
EXCEPTION: If R.V is in past but R.S contains universal fact or truth, in this case the tense of R.S remains unchanged.
1. He said," Food provides energy." 2. She said, "Where there is a will, there is a way."
He said that food provides energy. She said that where there is a will, there is a way.
Change of Imperative Sentences.
General Rules: 1: Said is changed into ordered, advised, requested, forbade as suits to the sense
2. TO + V is used in place of "that."
3. Words like "please, kindly" are omitted.
4. Other rules remain same.
1. He said to me, "Get lost." 2. He said to her, "Please wait a minute."
He ordered me to get lost. He requested her to wait a minute.
3. They said to me, "Help the poor." 4. Teacher said to her," Don't talk loudly."
They advised me to help the poor. Teacher forbade her to talk loudly.
5. Father said to his son, "Don't gо outside." 6. He said, "Let's play a game."
Father ordered his son not to go outside. He suggested that they should play a game.
Change of Exclamatory Sentences.
1: Said is changed into exclaimed with joy/sorrow/ surprise. "Bravo" is replaced with applauded someone saying that."
2. That is used here as a conjunction.
3. Words like "Hurrah!, Alas!, What a!, Bravo!, etc" are omitted.
4. Other rules remain the same.
1. He said, Hurrah! I have stood first." 2. She said," Alas! The old man is dead."
He exclaimed with joy that he had stood first. She exclaimed with grief that the old man was dead.
3. The girl said, "What a nice weather it is!" 4. He said to me, "Bravo! You have done a good job."
The girl exclaimed with surprise that it was nice weather. He applauded me saying that I had done a good job.
Interrogative Sentences:
1. Said is canged into asked/inquired of.
2. If or Whether is used in place of that in case of normal interrogatives.
3. In case of double interrogative no conjunction is used.
4. Interogative form of sentence is changed into affirmative form.
5. ther rules remain the same.
1. He said to me, "Are you all right?" 2. They said to me, "Have you applied for job?"
He asked me if I was all right. They asked me if I had applied for job.
3. I said to him, "What are you doing?" 4. He said to me, "What is your name?"
I asked him what he was doing. He asked me what my name was.
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Optative Sentences:
1. Said is changed into Prayed / Cursed/Wished.
2. That is used to join R.V & R.S.
1. He said, "May you live long."
He prayed that I might live long.
3. He said," Would that I were the richest person."
He wished that he had been the richest person.
TYPICAL SENTECES IN NARRATION.
1. He said to me," Good morning."
He greeted me with good morning.
3. He said to me," Happy birthday."
He wished me happy birthday.
5. He said to me, "Thank you."
He thanked me.
7. He said, "Yes."
He replied in positive.
9. I said to him," Sorry."
I apologized to him.
3. Words like "would that" are omitted.
4. Other rules remain the same.
2. She said, "May he suffer loss in business."
He cursed that he might suffer loss in business.
2. He said to me. "Good night."
He bade me good night
4. I said to him, " Good luck."
I wished him good luck.
6. 1 said to him, "Congratuations."
I congratulated him.
8. He said to me, "No."
He replied me in negative.
10. He said. "Okay."
He agreed / approved of.