UNIT EXAM #2 (CHAPTERS 4, 5, 6, & 7) (PG.

117-281)
Chapter 4: Anxiety, Trauma- And Stressor-Related, and Obsessive- Compulsive and Related Disorders Chapter 6: Mood Disorders and Suicide
Chapter 5: Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders and Dissociative Disorders Chapter 7: Physical Disorders and Health Psychology

UNIT EXAM #2 (CHAPTERS 4, 5, 6, & 7)

1. According to your textbook, the apparent primary function of ________ is to regulate our emotional reactions.
a. serotonin (Ch. 6; pg. 217)
b. dopamine
c. cortisol
d. GABA

2. All of the following are characteristics common to specific phobias EXCEPT:

a. strong and persistent anxiety related to a specific object or situation
b. significant attempts by the anxious individual to avoid the phobic situation
c. recognition by the person with the phobia that the anxiety is excessive or unreasonable
d. Chronically decreased arousal of the autonomic nervous system (Ch. 4; pg. 136)
DSM-IV (5) Dirsorder Criteria Summary: Specific Phobia (Features A. – E.; Ch. 4, pg. 136)

3. At various times, the symptoms of the disorder known as chronic fatigue syndrome were attributed to all of the following EXCEPT:
a. viral infection (Ch. 7; pg. 269)
b. intense exercise (Ch. 7; pg. 270)
c. stress (Ch. 7; pg. 269)
d. brain atrophy
(a.) It is possible that a virus or a specific immune system dysfunction will someday be found to account for CFS…
(b.) Harvey and colleagues (2008) studied 34 individuals with CFS and found very high levels of exercise prior to the development of CFS
(c.) Another possibility suggested by Abbey and Garfinkel is that the condition represents a rather non-specific response to stress

4. Martin Seligman’s theory that people become anxious and depressed because they believe that they have no control over the
stress in their lives is informed by:
a. the learned helplessness model (Ch. 6; pg. 221)
b. cognitive-behavioral theory
c. humanistic/existential theory
d. the Seligman model of depression
*inferred* there is no actual "the Seligman model of depression," since the correct terminology is "learned helplessness theory of depression"

5. In treating panic disorder, all of the following types of medications are used EXCEPT:
a. tricyclic antidepressants
b. SSRIs
c. Steroids (Ch. 4; pg. 132-134)
d. benzodiazepines
A large number of drugs affecting the noradrenergic, serotonergic, or GABA–benzodiazepine neurotransmitter systems, or some combination, seem effective in treating panic disorder,
including high-potency benzodiazepines, the newer selective-serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as Prozac and Paxil, and the closely related serotonin-norepinephrine re-uptake
inhibitors (SNRIs), such as venlafaxine | drug treatment alone (imipramine—IMI—a tricyclic antidepressant, was used because this study was begun before the SSRIs were available)

6. Which of the following would be typical for a patient suffering from a conversion disorder?
a. ability to avoid walking into things even though the patient reports being unable to see anything
b. ability to see some bright objects when calm but suffering complete loss of sight during a stressful period or emergency
c. performance far below average when asked to name objects in the visual field when the patient reports blindness
d. ability to name everything in the visual field even though the patient reports blindness (Ch. 5; pg. 180-183)
**Conversion disorder aka Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder**: Evidence of incompatibility between the symptom and recognized neurological or medical conditions
(i.e. marked inconsistencies/contradictions)
***incorrectly chose option (c.) when correct answer is option (d.)

7. Which of the following statements about suicide is correct?

a. The suicide rate is high among African Americans but low among Native Americans.
b. The suicide rate among adolescents in the United States is decreasing.
c. For college students, suicide is the second leading cause of death. (Ch. 6; pg. 237)
d. Females are more likely than males to die from suicide.
(a.) Most minority groups, including African Americans and Hispanics, seldom resort to this desperate alternative. As you might expect from the incidence of depression in Native Americans, however, their suicide rate is
extremely high
(b.) Even more alarming is the dramatic increase in death by suicide beginning in adolescence. In 2012 in the United States, the number of deaths by suicide per 100,000 people rose from 1.73 in the 10 to 14 age group to
14.26 in the 20 to 24 age group
(c.) In a study of college students (among whom suicide is the second leading cause of death), approximately 12% had serious thoughts about suicide during the past 12 months (Wilcox et al., 2010). Only a minority of
these college students with thoughts of suicide (perhaps around 10%) attempt to kill themselves, and only a few succeed
(d.) Regardless of age, in every country around the world except China, males are four times more likely to commit suicide than females
8. The antidepressant medication, lithium, is also referred to as a mood stabilizer because it:
a. increases the availability of both dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain
b. is less toxic than the SSRI medications
c. helps to prevent manic episodes (Ch. 6; pg. 229)
d. increases thyroid functioning, which results in improved mood stabilization
Lithium, however, has one major advantage that distinguishes it from other antidepressants: It is also often effective in preventing and treating manic episodes. Therefore, it is most often
referred to as a mood-stabilizing drug

9. Illness anxiety disorder is present when:

a. normal bodily sensations are interpreted by the patient as a sign of a serious illness (Ch. 5; pg. 175)
b. real physical illness is exaggerated to the point where the patient can only focus on the pain
c. the patient has an unrealistic fear of contacting germs
d. the patient is truly ill but does not trust the medical establishment enough to seek treatment
Illness anxiety disorder aka somatic symptom disorder (pka somatoform disorder) involving severe anxiety over belief in having a disease process without any evident physical cause
Illness anxiety disorder: physical symptoms are either not experienced at the present time or are very mild, but severe anxiety is focused on the possibility of having or developing a serious disease
Somatic symptom disorder: if one or more physical symptoms are relatively severe and are associated with anxiety and distress

10. One symptom of a mood disorder is anhedonia, which means:

a. a feeling of worthlessness
b. an altered pattern of sleep
c. indecisiveness
d. an inability to experience pleasure (Ch. 6; pg. 203)
Anhedonia: loss of energy and inability to engage in pleasurable activities or have any “fun”

11. The model of the etiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder suggests that in order for an individual to develop OCD, ________
must be present.
a. biological vulnerability
b. psychological vulnerability
c. both biological and psychological vulnerabilities (Ch. 4; pg. 157)
d. neither biological nor psychological vulnerabilities

12. The part of the treatment plan for dissociative identity disorder that is similar to the treatment plan for posttraumatic stress
disorder is:
a. integration of personality fragments through psychoanalysis
b. use of antipsychotic medications
c. reliving and reprocessing the trauma, similar to treatments for PTSD (Ch. 5; pg. 195)
d. hypnotic regression to early life experiences
The strategies that therapists use today in treating DID are based on accumulated clinical wisdom, as well as on procedures that have been successful with PTSD. The fundamental goal is to identify cues or triggers that
provoke memories of trauma, dissociation, or both, and to neutralize them. More important, the patient must confront and relive the early trauma and gain control over the horrible events, at least as they recur in the
patient’s mind. To instill this sense of control, the therapist must skillfully, and slowly, help the patient visualize and relive aspects of the trauma until it is simply a terrible memory instead of a current event

13. A main difference between somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder is:
a. Somatic symptom disorder has a real medical basis and illness anxiety disorder does not.
b. Somatic symptom disorder is heritable and illness anxiety is not.
c. Somatic symptom disorder is associated with physical exacerbation of real symptoms, whereas illness anxiety
disorder is associated with distorted beliefs about normal bodily function. (Ch. 5) *inferred*
d. There is no difference; the two terms refer to the same disorder in DSM-5.
Somatic symptom disorder involves distressing physical symptoms, while illness anxiety disorder (hypochondriac) revolves around excessive worry and distorted beliefs about normal bodily function.

14. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is often accompanied by all of the following EXCEPT:

a. severe generalized anxiety
b. major depression
c. visual hallucinations (Ch. 4; pg. 153)
d. panic attacks
It is not uncommon for someone with OCD to experience severe generalized anxiety, recurrent panic attacks, debilitating avoidance, and major depression, all occurring simultaneously

**Submitted challenge question for #15 @ 10:57am on Wednesday, 7/5/2023**

 15. Mood disorders can take on many forms; one of the most severe, involving repeated episodes of extremely low mood, is
referred to as:
a. major depressive disorder
b. persistent depressive disorder (Ch. 6; pg. 204-205)
c. cyclothymia
d. melancholia
Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia): shares many of the symptoms of major depressive disorder but differs in its course. There may be fewer symptoms, but depression remains
relatively unchanged over long periods, sometimes 20 or 30 years or more; It is considered more severe
Major depressive disorder: Mood disorder involving one (single episode) or more (separated by at least 2 months without depression, recurrent)

“The question "Mood disorders can take on many forms; one of the most severe, involving repeated episodes of extremely low
mood, is referred to as:" provides both options (a.) major depressive episode and (b.) persistent depressive episode.

The text defines option (b.) persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) as a “mood disorder involving persistently depressed mood,
with low self-esteem, withdrawal, pessimism, or despair, present for at least 2 years, with no absence of symptoms for more than 2
months.”
Similarly, major depressive disorder is defined as a: “mood disorder involving one (single episode) or more (separated by at least 2
months without depression, recurrent); noting recurrent as “repeatedly occurring.”

Based on question 15’s descriptive use of the phrase “one of the most severe,” page 204 in chapter 6 discerns persistent
depressive disorder (dysthymia) from option (a.) major depressive disorder as “considered more severe.” This distinction based on
the question’s word choice presumably leaves option (b.) persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) as the correct answer. Please
help me understand if I am incorrect in my reasoning. Thank you for your time.”

16. One symptom of depression is an increase in sleeping. What other symptom related to sleep occurs in depression?
a. decreased slow wave sleep, the deepest stage of sleep (Ch. 6; pg. 218)
b. less intense REM activity
c. stages of deepest sleep occurring earlier in the sleep cycle
d. slower onset of REM sleep
In addition to entering REM sleep more quickly, depressed patients experience REM activity that is more intense, and the stages of deepest sleep, called slow wave sleep, don’t occur until
later, if at all

17. The physical or somatic symptoms of a major depressive disorder include:

a. changes in appetite or weight (Ch. 6; pg. 202)
b. decreased ability to concentrate
c. increased energy (true, but not physical/somatic)
d. orgasmic feelings

18. African Americans from the South often refer colloquially to trance syndromes as:
a. “phii pob”
b. “autohypnosis”
c. “frenzy witchcraft”
d. “falling out” (Ch. 5; pg. 188)

19. What is the main difference between situational phobia and panic disorder (PD)?
a. People with situational phobia never experience panic attacks outside the context of the phobic situation. (Ch. 4;
pg. 137)
b. People with situational phobia experience panic attacks when confronted with the phobic situation as well as at other
times.
c. People with PD experience panic attacks only in specific situations.
d. People with PD experience panic attacks only at specific times.
The main difference between situational phobia and panic disorder is that people with situational phobia never experience panic attacks outside the context of their phobic object or situation.

20. Whether or not stress and/or anxiety develop in a stressful situation appears to be related to one’s perceived sense of:
a. happiness
b. excitement
 c. control (Ch. 4; pg. 143)(Ch. 6; pg. 221)
d. acceptance
The existence of a generalized psychological vulnerability—such as the belief that events, particularly stressful events, are potentially uncontrollable—would increase an individual’s vulnerability
Seligman suggests we seem to, but only under one important condition: People become anxious and depressed when they decide that they have no control over the stress in their lives

21. According to the text, injury prevention programs have proven effective in teaching children about all of the following EXCEPT:
a. escaping fires
b. preventing burns
c. prevent other serious injuries
d. avoiding strangers (Ch. 7; pg. 275)
A variety of programs focusing on behavior change have proved effective for preventing injuries in children. For example, children have been systematically and successfully taught to prevent burns, escape fires, and
prevent other serious injuries

22. The antidepressant medications known as imipramine (Tofranil) and amitriptyline (Elavil) are included in the class of drugs
called:
a. SSRIs
b. tricyclics (Ch. 4; pg. 134)(Ch. 6; pg. 228)
c. MAO inhibitors
d. tranquilizers
(imipramine—IMI—a tricyclic antidepressant, was used because this study was begun before the SSRIs were available)
Tricyclic antidepressants were the most widely used treatments for depression before the introduction of SSRIs, but are now used less commonly. The best-known variants are probably
imipramine (Tofranil) and amitriptyline (Elavil)

23. Somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder have all of the following in common EXCEPT:
a. They are both outdated terms that are no longer officially part of the DSM. (Ch. 5; pg. 173-76) (FALSE)
b. They are both associated with frequent visits to the doctor.
c. Disease conviction is a core feature of both disorders.
d. For both, the essential problem is anxiety.
24. In the 1970s, Herbert Benson developed a brief relaxation procedure that involved focusing on a:
a. repeated syllable (Ch. 7; pg. 272)
b. photo
c. person
d. musical note
**(a.) Herbert Benson developed a brief procedure he calls the relaxation response, in which a person silently repeats a mantra (focusing attention solely on a repeated syllable) to minimize
distraction by closing the mind to intruding thoughts.

25. Which of the following statements is NOT accurate regarding body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)?
a. A variety of checking rituals are common in people with BDD in attempts to alleviate their concerns.
b. Many people with BDD become fixated on mirrors.
c. Excessive grooming and skin picking are also common in those suffering from BDD.
d. BDD is seen more often in men than women. (Ch. 4; pg. 158-160)
**(d.) A variety of checking or compensating rituals are common in people with BDD in attempts to alleviate their concerns; excessive grooming and skin picking are
also common; many people with this disorder become fixated on mirrors