HUBUNGAN ANTARA

FAKTOR LUAR DAN DALAM

FAKTOR LINGKUNGAN
DAN
HORMON
INTERNAL EXTERNAL
• Gene Water
 Hormones
Light
➢ auxin,
➢ cytokinins,
Temperature
➢ gibberellins, Humidity
➢ brassinosteroids,
Salinity
➢ oligosaccharins,
➢ ethylene,
Gravitation
➢ abscisic acid
Faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi pertumbuhan
Perhatikan pesebaran tumbuhan berikut ini.
Fitogeografi
Fitogeografi

1. Apakah jenis tumbuhan tertentu dapat ditemukan di semua

tempat? Mengapa? Beri argument yang kuat!
2. Carilah informasi mengenai pesebaran tumbuhan “Flora
Malesiana”. Apakah distribusinya berimbang? Mengapa?
3. Mengapa ada tumbuhan yang distribusinya terbatas?
4. Carilah foto satu jenis tumbuhan di 4 musim yang berbeda.
Apakah penampakannya sama? Mengapa?
5. Mengapa tumbuhan tertentu dapat mengalami perubahan
bentuk/warna yang ekstreem? Jelaskan!
6. Identifikasilah hal-hal yang menyebabkan distribusi tumbuhan
tidak merata.
ADAPTASI TUMBUHAN
 Tumbuhan xerofit
 Tumbuhan halofit
 Tumbuhan hidrofit
 Daerah pantai rawa
 Tumbuhan hutan tropis (liana dan epifit)
[anggrek]
Adaptations of plants
 a degree of ephemeralism, remaining dormant
in the soil as fruits or seeds
 unique dispersal systems, i.e. barbs and bristles
 xerophytic, water-seeking
 root adaptations, tap roots or heavy lateral
branching
 small leaves, with sunken or restricted openings
 pale, reflective, leaves
 hairs, spines or thick waxy–walled leaves,
evolved to replace what might nominally exist
Maram Grass
A sage plant with exposed roots
Cacti
Hydrophite
Types of Root on prairie
 intermezzo
 Soil Protection
Native plant root structures
provide soil stabilizing
benefits and can help reduce
erosion from wind and water.
Native prairie plant root
systems are more extensive
compared with many common
non-native ornamentals or
“exotics”. The roots are one
of the reasons that non-
natives require more water
and nutrients than natives.
 Orchid root
Mangrove root
plastic cover lined with
moist blotting paper
seedling in X

X
in complete darkness

seedling in Y
Y

Does the direction of growth of the

seedlings in clinostats X and Y
change ?
 plastic cover lined with
moist blotting paper
seedling in X

X
in complete
darkness

Y seedling in Y

Ans: The radicle of the seedlings in clinostat X bends

downwards in response to the pull of gravity …
What has happened to the radicles and plumules ?
 in complete darkness in complete darkness
plumule radicle

P after 2 days P
Q R Q R

(a) Beginning of experiment (b) End of experiment

Ans: The radicles grow downwards, while the plumules

grow upwards.
 A B C

unilateral unilateral
light light

light-proof
box clinostat
in complete darkness

What has happened to the shoots of plants A, B and C ?

Ans: The shoots in pot A respond by growing towards the
light source. The shoot in pot B do not show any
curvature but grow vertically upwards...
PLANT HORMONES
PLANT HORMONES
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Plant hormones
 Five plant hormones known by the mid 1960s, new
compounds called plant growth regulators

• The five hormones

– Auxins • Other plant growth
– Cytokinins regulators
– Gibberellins – Brassinosteroids
– Ethylene (ethene) – Salicylic acid
– Abscisic acid – Jasmonic acid
– Systemin
 AUXINS
• Auxins are the main hormones responsible for cell elongation in
phototropism and gravitropism.
• Control the differentiation of meristem into vascular tissue
• Promote leaf development and arrangement.
• Many synthetic auxins are used as herbicides, indole acetic acid (IAA) is the
only naturally-occurring auxin that shows physiological activity.
• Apical dominance (the inhibition of lateral bud formation) is triggered by
auxins produced in the apical meristem.
• Flowering, fruit setting and ripening, and inhibition of abscission (leaf
falling) are other plant responses under the direct or indirect control of
auxins.
• Act as a relay for the effects of the blue light and red/far-red responses.

Source: Boundless. “Auxins, Cytokinins, and Gibberellins.” Boundless

Biology. Boundless, 26 May. 2016. Retrieved 28 Jul. 2016
from https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-
textbook/plant-form-and-physiology-30/plant-sensory-systems-and-
responses-184/auxins-cytokinins-and-gibberellins-704-11929/
 AUKSIN

• When the level of auxin

declines, a special layer of
cells — the abscission layer —
forms at the base of the
petiole or fruit stalk
 2,4-D and its many variants are popular because they
are selective herbicides, killing broad-leaved plants
but not grasses (no one knows the basis of this
selectivity).
AUXIN
AUXIN
AUXIN
 Phototropism
 Gravitropism
 Cellular elongation
 Initiation of leaf primordia
 Apical dominance
 Root development
 Fruit development
 weed killer
AUXIN
AUXIN
AUXIN

 In 1926, F.W. Went extracted the

chemical messenger for
phototropism, naming it auxin
AUXIN
AUXIN
AUXIN
AUXIN
 Action spectra, blue vs red light
 Are useful in the study of any process that depends on
light EXPERIMENT Researchers exposed maize (Zea mays) coleoptiles to violet, blue, green, yellow,
orange, and red light to test which wavelengths stimulate the phototropic bending toward light.
RESULTS The graph below shows phototropic effectiveness (curvature per photon) relative
to effectiveness of light with a wavelength of 436 nm. The photo collages show coleoptiles before and
after 90-minute exposure to side lighting of the indicated colors. Pronounced curvature occurred only
with wavelengths below 500 nm and was greatest with blue light.

Phototropic effectiveness relative to 436 nm

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
400 450 500 550 600 650 700

Wavelength (nm)

Light

Time = 0 min.

Time = 90 min.

CONCLUSION The phototropic bending toward light is caused by a photoreceptor that is

Figure 39.17 sensitive to blue and violet light, particularly blue light.
AUXIN

 Geotropisme
CYTOKININ
Interaction of auxin and cytokinin in the
regulation of shoot branching
 TISSUE CULTURE
Functions of Cytokinins
➢ Stimulates cell division; Promote shoot growth by increasing cell proliferation
➢ Promote cell expansion: only in dicot seedlings but in stem and roots they inhibit
cell inhibit cell expansion probably due to production of ethylene in stem and roots
➢ Promote Chloroplast maturation: Promotes the conversion of etioplasts into
chloroplasts via stimulation of chlorophyll synthesis - Etiolated leaves treated with
cytokinins develop chloroplast
➢ Stimulates morphogenesis (shoot initiation/bud formation) in tissue culture.
➢ Stimulates the growth of lateral buds-release of apical dominance. (Modify apical
dominance and promote lateral bud growth)
➢ Regulate vascular development
➢ Stimulates leaf expansion resulting from cell enlargement.
➢ May enhance stomatal opening in some species.
➢ Involved in releasing seed dormancy
➢ Delay of senescence
➢ Induction of enzymes and gene expression – stimulate RNA and protein synthesis –
post-transcriptional regulation
➢ Promote nutrient metabolism in some species
GIBERALIN
 What happens during Germination?
 After water is imbibed, the release of gibberellins
from the embryo
 Signals the seeds to break dormancy and germinate
2 The aleurone responds by synthesizing
1 After a seed and secreting
imbibes water, the digestive enzymes that
3 Sugars and other nutrients
embryo releases hydrolyze stored nutrients in
absorbed
gibberellin (GA) the endosperm. One example
from the endosperm
as a signal to the is -amylase, which hydrolyzes
by the scutellum (cotyledon)
aleurone, the thin starch. (A similar enzyme in
are consumed during growth
outer layer of the our saliva helps in digesting
of the embryo into a seedling.
endosperm. bread and other starchy foods.)

Aleurone

Endosperm

-amylase Sugar
GA

GA
Water

Radicle
Scutellum
(cotyledon)

Figure 39.11
Mechanisms of Germination
 Germination begins when a seed absorbs water and resumes metabolism.

 may fail to germinate without additional environmental signals

 stratified – some have to be held at low temperatures in order to germinate

❑ Scarification
 mechanical

 chemical

 heat

❑ thick seed coat pods :

 Adaptable, Drought-Tolerant, Colorful and Disease-Free
 Kentucky Coffee Tree: poisonous

❑ Frugivores – fertilizer
ETHYLENE
Functions of ethylene
Gaseous in form and rapidly diffusing.
Gas produced by one plant will affect nearby plants.
Fruit ripening.
Epinasty – downward curvature of leaves.
Encourages senescence and abscission.
Initiation of stem elongation and bud development.
Flowering - Ethylene inhibits flowering in most species,
but promotes it in a few plants such as pineapple,
bromeliads, and mango.
Sex Expression - Cucumber buds treated with ethylene become carpellate
(female) flowers, whereas those treated with gibberellins become staminate (male)
flowers.
Functions of abscisic acid

General growth inhibitor.

Causes stomatal closure.
Produced in response to stress.
 Abscisic acid is produced chiefly in
mature green leaves and in fruits.
 suppresses bud growth and
promotes leaf senescence
 also plays important role in
controlling stomatal opening and
closing
EXTERNAL FACTOR
 SALINITY

 Figure 1. LM-micrographs
showing cross sections of
mature leaves from 4-month-
old K. candel plants. Growth
conditions were (mM NaCl):
A, 0; B, 50; C, 100; D, 250;
E, 400; and F, 550. Scale bar
= 100 µm. lE, lower
epidermis;uE, upper
epidermis; lP, lower palisade
parenchyma; uP, upper
palisade parenchyma; S,
stomata; Sp, spongy
parenchyma; T, tannin
layer; V, vascular bundle.
LIGHT
Phototropism experiments with coleoptiles
LIGHT

 Fotosintesis
 Fototropisme
 Fotoperiodisme
 Perkecambahan
 Warna daun
 Ukuran dan ketebalan daun
LIGHT

Seed germination
Size and shape of leaves
Stem elongation
Metabolism of phenolics
LIGHT
❖ PHOTOPERIODISM
LDP - SDP
LIGHT

 Cross sections of leaf blade of Ponkan tangerine (Citrus reticulata), where

A = shade leaf and B = sun leaf
LIGHT
LIGHT
WATER

 Perkecambahan
 Pembelokan akar
pH
TEMPERATURE
HUMIDITY
OXYGEN
NUTRITION
MECHANISM
SPECIAL CASE
CARNIVOROUS PLANTS
Five basic trapping mechanisms are found in
carnivorous plants.
 Pitfall traps (pitcher plants) trap prey in a
rolled leaf that contains a pool of digestive
enzymes or bacteria.
 Flypaper traps use a sticky mucilage.
 Snap traps utilize rapid leaf movements.
 Bladder traps suck in prey with a bladder that
generates an internal vacuum.
 Lobster traps, also known as eel traps, force
prey to move towards a digestive organ with
inward-pointing hairs.

 Sundew
 Nephenthes