See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/320224845

Geology and Mineral Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu

Book · January 2012

CITATION READS
1 3,935

8 authors, including:

Indra Prakash
Bhaskarachrya Institue for Space Applications and Geoinformatics
135 PUBLICATIONS   651 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Open Source Hydrological Modeling For Vishwamitri River Watershed, Western India View project

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT STUDY OF MACHHU DAM –III (RAJKOT DIST.) USING REMOTESENSING AND GIS View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Indra Prakash on 05 October 2017.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

GE
OL
GI
CA
LS
UR
VE
Y OF
IN
DI
A
GE
OL
GI
CA
LS
UR
VE
Y OF
IN
DI
A
GE
OL
GI
CA
LS
UR
VE
Y OF
IN
DI
A
GE
OL
GI
CA
LS
UR
VE
Y OF
IN
DI
A
GE
OL
GI
CA
LS
UR
VE
Y OF
IN
DI
A
GE
OL
GI
CA
LS
UR
VE
Y OF
IN
DI
A
GE
OL
GI
CA
LS
UR
VE
Y OF
IN
DI
A
GE
OL
GI
CA
LS
UR
VE
Y OF
IN
DI
A
GE
OL
GI
CA
LS
UR
VE
Y OF
IN
DI
A
GE
OL
GI
CA
LS
UR
VE
Y OF
IN
DI
A
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF GUJARAT
INTRODUCTION
The Gujarat State bounded by N 20°02' and 24°42'
and E 68°04' and 74°30' has an aerial extent of 1,96,024
sq km. The western and southern parts of the State are
bordered by the coastal tract along the Arabian Sea. The
State of Gujarat has a long coastline (approx. 1550 km)
from Sir Creek in the north-west to Umargao in the
south-east, which forms nearly one-third of the Indian
coastline. The coastal tract borders the Kachchh
Peninsula, the Saurashtra Peninsula and the Central
Plains of Gujarat. The south-eastern part is occupied by
the Deccan Plateau whereas the southwestern part
forms the Saurashtra (Kathiawar) Peninsula. In the
north-east the conspicuous hill chains represent the
southward continuation of the Aravalli Range. The
Y
Kachchh Peninsula and the Rann of Kachchh occupy
the north-western part of the State. The area extending
VE
in north-south direction and lying between Aravalli
Range and Saurashtra-Kachchh Peninsulas is covered
by a alluvial tract.
UR
The State exposes a wide variety of lithological
assemblages belonging to Precambrian, Mesozoic and
Cenozoic Eras and is endowed with rich mineral
wealth. Extensive exploration leading to the production
LS
of oil and natural gas in Ankleshwar, Khambhat and
Kalol have put Gujarat prominently on the country's oil
map.
CA
Minerals of commercial significance found in the
State are those of base metals, lignite, bauxite, bentonite,
dolomite, fireclay, fluorite, fuller's earth, kaolin, ball
clay, limestone, chalk, calcareous sand, quartz and silica
GI
sand. Gujarat is the only State where potash is produced
as a by-product in the process of manufacturing
OL
common salt from brine.
The geology of Gujarat State is characterized by
hard rock terrain represented by Precambrian
metamorphites and associated intrusives;
GE
sedimentaries of Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary
Periods and the traps/flows of Deccan Volcanics of
Cretaceous-Eocene age.
The Precambrian metamorphites, viz. the rocks
belonging to Aravalli Supergroup and the Delhi
Supergroup occupy the NE part of Gujarat, adjacent to
Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. The Aravallis are
overlain by the Delhi Supergroup of rocks
(Palaeoproterozoic-Mesoproterozoic), the two having
been separated on the basis of an unconformable
relationship, structural discordance and associated
A
volcanic activities. Rocks of these Supergroups are
confined to the north-eastern part of Gujarat, in
DI
Sabarkantha and Banaskantha districts. These
Supergroups are composed of metasedimentaries and
are characterized by extensive magmatism. The
IN
magmatic activities recorded in the Aravalli
Supergroup include an early phase represented by the
rocks of Phulad Ophiolite Suite and a syn- to late
OF
orogenic phase of magmatism represented by several
granitic activities such as Sendra-Ambaji granite and
gneiss, Godhra granite and gneiss, Erinpura granite and
gneiss and Idar granite.
After the close of Proterozoic Era a great hiatus in
geological record from Cambrian to Triassic is recorded
in Gujarat. The Mesozoic sequence ranging from
Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous is represented by
fossiliferous sediments that occur in parts of Kachchh,
Sabarkantha, Panchmahals, Surendranagar, Kheda,
Vadodarà and Rajkot districts.
The close of the Mesozoic Era witnessed a major
volcanic activity in the form of widespread outpouring
of lava in parts of Saurashtra, Kachchh, southern
Gujarat and eastern parts of Pançhmahals and
Vadodara districts. The Deccan Trap volcanic activity
continued from Cretaceous to Eocene with at least four
different phases of eruption.
It is of interest to mention that older volcanics of
basaltic composition have been intersected at the base
of Dhrangadhra Sandstone at Lodhika (Banerjee, 1999).
These older volcanics fall in the alkali basalt field of TAS
diagram (Banerjee, op. cit.). The occurrence of older
traps below Mesozoic sediments was also indicated
earlier by Kaila et al. (1981) at Dhanduka, 150 km NE of
Lodhika.
The Deccan Traps are overlain by the Tertiary
rocks, which occur all along the coastal area in
Saurashtra in Khambhat (Cambay) basin and in parts of
Kachchh. The Khambhat basin contains Eocene and
Oligocene sediments having oil/gas producing
horizons. There are more than 22 oil/gas fields in the
State.
The Quaternary sediments comprise alluvium,
miliolite, coral reefs, calcareous sand etc.
2 Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
PHYSIOGRAPHY
The State of Gujarat is divisible into six
physiographic units viz, a) the southern Aravallis and
the adjoining hilly tract, (b) the Deccan Plateau and the
adjoining tract of southeastern Gujarat, (c) the Central
Plains of Gujarat, (d) the Saurashtra Peninsula, (e) the
Kachchh Peninsula and (f) the Rann of Kachchh.
Southern Aravallis and adjoining hilly tract
The southernmost part of the northeast - southwest
trending Aravalli Range, generally rising above 400 m
(locally as much as 1000 m), above msl occupies the
extreme north-eastern parts of Gujarat. Quartzite and
calc-silicate rocks form the ranges whereas the valleys
are underlain mostly by phyllite, schist, granite and
Y
basic rocks. All these lithounits belong to the
Proterozoic age. The Aravalli Range forms the main
VE
catchment area of some of the important rivers, viz. the
Banas, the Sabarmati and the Mahi.
The Deccan Plateau and adjoining tract of
UR
southeastern Gujarat
A wide expanse of high-level dissected lava flows
in the east with a low-level dissected plateau fringed by
LS
the alluvial plain and fairly broad coastal erosional
plain in the west, are the dominant features of this unit.
Several rivers, the most prominent ones being the
Narmada and Tapi, dissect this tract in E-W direction.
CA
The Central Plains of Gujarat
The Central Plains of Gujarat represent the alluvial
plains of the Tapi, Narmada, Mahi, Sabarmati and
GI
Banas rivers. The Banas debouches into the Rann of
Kachchh whereas all other rivers join the Gulf of
OL
Khambhat. Linear stretches of terraces occur along the
river valleys traversing the deltaic plains.
The Saurashtra Peninsula
GE
The Saurashtra Peninsula comprises a high-level,
dissected lava plateau and flat-top hills of sandstone in
the northeast. As in south-eastern Gujarat, a broad zone
A
of low-level dissected plateau intervenes the high level
plateau and the flat, broad coastal erosional plains in
DI
Saurashtra Peninsula. In the southern part of this
Peninsula, the Barda Hills, the Alech Hills, the Girnar
Hills and the Gir Ranges are conspicuous features.
IN
The Saurashtra Peninsula has a radial drainage
pattern. The prominent rivers are the Bhadar, the
Shetrunji, the Machhu and the Aji. The Bhadar River
OF
flows into the Arabian Sea; the Shetrunji into the Gulf of
Khambhat; the Machhu into the Little Rann and the Aji
into the Gulf of Kachchh.
The Kachchh Peninsula
It is a central high plateau dissected on all sides
except east. The hill ranges comprising Jurassic rocks in
the north with steep northern slopes, followed in the
south by the hills of Deccan Traps and the gently
sloping peripheral coastal tract of Tertiary rocks are the
important components of the Kachchh Peninsula. To
the south a rather dissected coastal erosional plain,
fringed successively by younger deltaic plains, tidal
flats, spits and still younger marginal accretionary
features constitute other geomorphological units of this
peninsula.
The Rann of Kachchh
The Rann of Kachchh comprising salt-encrusted
wasteland is the remnant of a very late marine
transgression of Miocene Epoch which is undergoing
rapid siltation. The monotony of the flat Rann surface is
broken by a group of islands (Bets), prominent among
which are Pachchham, Khadir and Bela, all located in
the north as east-west running hills. Three levels of
silted and raised Rann surfaces (Banni plains) and a few
islands (excluding the three already mentioned) rising
slightly above the general level of the Rann are other
noteworthy features.
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu 3

GEOLOGY
The Gujarat State exposes rocks belonging to the and associated intrusives, sedimentary rocks of

A
Precambrian, Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras. The hard Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras and the traps/flows
rocks cover about 49% of the total area of Gujarat, the constituting Deccan Volcanics of Cretaceous-Eocene

DI
rest being occupied by sediments of Quaternary Period. age. Generalized stratigraphy of Gujarat is given in
The hard rocks comprise Precambrian metamorphites Table -1.

IN
Table -1. Generalised stratigraphy of Gujarat

Y OF
VE
UR
LS
CA
GI
OL
GE
4 Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu

A
DI
IN
Y OF
VE
UR
LS
CA
GI
OL
GE
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
ARCHAEAN- PROTEROZOIC
Pre-Champaner Gneissic Complex (PCGC)
The Pre-Champaner Gneissic Complex
(PCGC) represents a suite of rocks comprising
gneisses and schists, which form the basement
for the Champaner Group (Srikarni and Das,
1997). The rocks are represented by micaceous
quartzite, quartz-muscovite-biotite gneiss,
kyanite-muscovite-quartz schist, garnetiferous
mica schist, feldspathic biotite gneiss and granite
gneiss. Schists and gneisses are exposed around
Wawadi, Koiwav, Konchiya, Tamboliya and
Majhigam villages, whereas feldspathic biotite gneisses
Y
and K-feldspar-rich, medium-grained granite gneisses
are mainly exposed towards east near Nalej, Singla,
VE
Deola, Gabdya, Sadli and Tamboliya villages in the
Chhota Udepur-Jetpur transect. This Complex has
discordant structural as well as unconformable
UR
relationship with the Champaner Group. A sheared
contact is recorded from Nalej to the west of Oliamba.
The unconformable relationship is marked by a
polymict conglomerate of Champaner Group
LS
overlying the gneisses near Poyali. Exposures of these
rocks are also seen in the hilly tract south of Orsang
River.
CA
Three phases of structural deformation are
recorded from this suite of rocks. The first phase (F1) has
produced isoclinal, reclined folds with gentle dipping
axial planes. The second phase (F2) has produced
GI
OL
GE
5
A
upright folds with low plunge which are more or less
co-axial with F1 folds and have E-W axial traces. The
DI
third phase (F3) is less pronounced. In comparison, the
overlying Champaner Group of rocks exhibits only two
IN
phases of deformation. These two assemblages also
differ in their grade of metamorphism.
Whole rock Rb-Sr isotopic analysis of the gneisses
OF
of this Complex defined a 5-point isochron of 1166.8 ±
36.7 Ma with initial Sr ratio of 0.74142 ± 0.008, which
was considered to represent the age of metamorphism
of the gneisses (Srimal and Das, 1998).
The Pre-Lunavada Gneissic Complex (PLGC)
The Pre-Lunavada Gneissic Complex (PLGC)
underlies the Lunavada Group of metasedimentaries
and occurs in and around, Kanjeta-Nadatod area. It
comprises amphibolite, hornblendite, biotite gneiss,
feldspathic quartz-biotite schist, mica schist, quartzite
and calc gneiss. Atleast three granitic intrusive phases
have been identified within this Complex. The earliest
phase seems to be synkinematic with the first phase of
deformation. The other two are the intrusive phases of
the Godhrá Granite. As a result of these intrusions, the
rocks of the Gneissic Complex have been, migmatised
at places southeast of Nadatod, north of Panam, east of
Chari and near Kanjeta. These assemblages underlie the
Lunavada rocks along a faulted contact (Sahu and
Dinesh, 1997).
6 Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
PROTEROZOIC
PALAEOPROTEROZOIC
ARAVALLI SUPERGROUP
Basement Cover relationship
The Aravalli Supergroup of rocks, in Gujarat,
constitutes the southernmost part of the Aravalli Hill
range of Rajasthan and occupies parts of Banaskantha,
Sabarkantha, Panchmahals and Vadodara districts.
The Aravalli Supergroup is divisible into four
groups, viz. Udaipur, Jharol, Lunavada and
Champaner groups. This Supergroup comprises a thick
pile of metamorphosed and multiphase deformed
Y
clastogenic sediments, with some chemogenic
assemblages and interlayered basic volcanics. This
VE
litho-assemblage is characteristic of geosynclinal,
orogenic and post-orogenic phases of the Aravalli
Geological Cycle covering a time span from 2500 to 2000
UR
Ma. Ultramafic and basic rocks occur as intrusives in
Aravalli Supergroup.
The sedimentation of the Aravalli Supergroup of
LS
rocks took place in two contrasting depositional realms
viz. geosynclinal (flysch type) and epicontinental
(molasse type). The complete litho-association of
Aravalli Supergroup suggests deposition in four
CA
different tectono-sedimentary settings:
(i) Orogenic coarse, flysch-like sediments - Udaipur
Group, (ii) Orogenic shaly, flysch-like sediments, distal
GI
turbidites - Jharol Group, (iii) Clastogenic, shallow-
basinal, molasse-like sediments - Lunavada Group, and
(iv) Shelf, beach, tidal flat, molasse-like sediments -
OL
Champaner Group.
Intrusion of basic and ultramafic rocks took place
concurrently with the main depositional episode of the
GE
Lunavada Group. The entire sequence as well as the
associated intrusive have undergone regional
metamorphism and complex polyphase deformation
with the development of migmatites during Aravalli
and post-Aravalli periods. The stratigraphic sequence
of the Aravalli Supergroup of rocks is given in Table-2.
Udaipur Group
Rocks of the Udaipur Group are confined to the
northeastern part of Gujarat and are represented by the
Balicha Formation, which comprises paragneiss,
A
DI
feldspathic mica schist, quartzite and dolomitic marble.
These rocks are directly overlain by the younger
Lunavada Group of rocks, as the Jharol Group of rocks
IN
are not represented in this sector. In fact rocks of
Udaipur and Jharol Groups are nowhere represented
together in Gujarat. The Balicha Formation is separated
from the younger Wagidora Formation of the Lunavada
OF
Group on the basis of predominance of chlorite in the
former. Roy Chowdhury (1998) concluded that both the
Udaipur and Lunavada rocks in and around Jhalod area
have undergone four phases of deformation. As a
result, strong axial-plane schistosity and a lineation
have developed during F1 deformation. This set of
deformation was described for the first time by Roy
Chowdhury (op. cit.) in the Lunavada Group of rocks.
He further concluded that the rocks in the area are part
of the Udaipur Group.
The contact between the Balicha Formation of the
Udaipur Group and the Wagidora Formation of the
Lunavada Group is distinctly gradational, and
structural history of both the groups being identical,
their inclusion into two different groups is not tenable
(Roy Chowdhury, op. cit.). Both the groups are
structurally similar but they differ in lithology (Jain and
Sahu, 1998). Based on this work, the existence of the
Lunavada Group of rocks in northeastern Gujarat
appears to be doubtful.
Jharol Group
The name Jharol Group was first used by Mathur
et al. (1973) to describe the Upper Aravalli argillaceous
and arenaceous rocks exposed in the vicinity of Jharol.
Thick accumulations of almost carbonate-free, shaly,
flysch-like clastic sequence (distal turbidites)
representing the orogenic phase of the Aravalli
Geological Cycle has been assigned to the Jharol Group.
Rocks of the Jharol Group are exposed in a linear N-S
trending belt extending from Modasa in the south to
Paroli (in Rajasthan) in the north over a distance of 190
km.
In Gujarat, the Jharol Group of rocks striking N-S,
occupy about 60 sq km area. The bulk of the group is
composed of phyllites of different types, chlorite schist,
garnetiferous mica, schist and intercalatory quartzite.
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
The Jharol Group is considered to represent deep-water
sedimentation during the main depositional episode in
the, geosynclinal trough. Absence of the first
Table-2. Generalised classification of the Aravalli Supergroup
Y OF
VE
UR
LS
CA
GI
This group comprises two formations, viz Goran
OL
(lower) and Samlaji (upper). The Goran Formation is
dominantly argillaceous consisting of phyllite and mica
schist with intercalated quartzite. Samlaji Formation is
also dominantly argillaceous but contains more
GE
arenaceous units. This formation comprises
garnetiferous mica schist, amphibole schist, chlorite
schist, quartzite, biotite gneiss and minor lenses/ bands
of calc-schist and marble.
Rocks of the Jharol Group are overlain by rocks of
the Lunàvada Group - the passage being imperceptible.
Lunavada Group
A characteristic assemblage comprising thick
sequence of clastogenic metasediments with minor
7
deformational phase of the Aravalli Cycle differentiates
this group from the older Udaipur Group.
A
DI
IN
band of chemogenic and biogenic rocks, developed in a
widespread shallow-successor basin in the northern
parts of Gujarat and southern Rajasthan, during the
late- to post-orogenic phase of Aravalli Geological
Cycle has been referred to as the Lunavada Group.
According to Gupta et al. (1997) absence of first and
second deformational phases of the Aravallis,
structural discordance and a typical coarser lithology
separate this assemblage from flysch-like volcano-
sedimentary assemblages of the Udaipur and the Jharol
Groups.
Bulk of the group is composed of a sequence of
phyllite, mica schist, quartz-chlorite schist, meta-
subgreywacke, meta-siltstone, metasemipelite, meta-
protoquartzite and quartzite with minor bands and
8 Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu

lenses of dolomitic limestone and petromict meta-
conglomerate. These rocks are exposed mainly in
Panchmahals and Sabarkantha districts and have been
grouped into Kalinjara, Wagidora and Kadana
Formations.
The boundary between the Lunavada Group and
the underlying Jharol Group, though not well defined,
However, Roychowdhary, (1998) and Jain and Sahu,
(1998) and Singh (2010) found that the rocks in the east
of Santrampur have undergone similar phases of
deformation, thus there is no difference in the tectonic
deformational history of the rocks grouped into
Udaipur and Lunavada Groups in the area. New names
have been proposed in place of the Wagidora and
Kalinjara Formations because in the revised

A
was tentatively drawn by Gupta et al. (op. cit.) on the
stratigraphy these units belong to the Udaipur Group
basis of airborne geophysical data showing discordance
(Lower Aravallis), whereas the names Wagidora and

DI
in the trends and higher arenaceous content in the
Kalinjara denote Lunavada Group (Upper Aravallis).
Lunavada Group as observed from Modasa
The revised stratigraphy of Aravalli Supergroup of
southeastwards up to the Mahi River. But, Jain and

IN
rocks around Jhalod area is given in the Table 2A.
Sahu, (1997), definitely show physical continuity of the
rocks of the Jharol Group with the Lunavada group. Dadhaliya Ultramafic Suite
Shekhawat and Joshi (1995) also found no evidence of
Concurrently with the main depositional episode
structural discordance or stratigraphic break between

OF
of the Lunavada meta-sediments, there was intrusion of
these two groups in Rajasthan. Hence, assigning a
ultramafic rocks - the Dadhaliya Ultramafic Suite,
separate Group status to the Jharol Group appears to be
which presently occupy - (a) Jitpura Varthu - Dadhaliya
untenable and it is probably more appropriate to
belt, (b) Naranpura - Lusadiya belt, (c) Ghanta (d)
include it in the Lunavada Group.

Y
Gupta et al. (1997) subdivided the metasedimentary
VE
units of Aravalli Supergroup in the rocks of in the east of
Santrampur into various formations belonging to
Udaipur and Lunavada Group on the basis of
photogeological interpretations and limited field
UR
Bhanmer - Kundol area and (e) area east of Sarsava (in
Rajasthan). It comprises mainly serpentine talc,
anthophyllite carbonate rock, talc-actinolite schist and
serpentinite, which are folded with the main
deformational phase of the Aravallis. The Jitpura -
Dadhaliya belt is approximately 11 km long with a

checks. According to Gupta et al. (Op. cit.) the Udaipur
Group has dominantly argillaceous metasediments
whereas the Lunavada Group has dominantly clastic
metasediments. The structure of early deformations in
LS
maximum width of 1.2 km (in the central part of
Nalkampa area) and has been affected by a number of
secondary faults. Limonitic box work is noticed
profoundly in the ultramafic suite at Jitpur.

the Udaipur Group are absent in the Lunavada Group.

Table 2A: Revised Stratigraphy (after Singh, 2010)

CA
GI
OL
GE
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
In Nalkampa area, the serpentinites form three
bands separated by intervening colour- banded
quartzite. The serpentinites, on the hilltops, are highly
silicified and are traversed by quartz veins, whereas at
lower levels they are intruded by carbonate rocks
(anthophyllite with minor amount of calcite).
Anthophyllite is altered to magnesite and talc. Relict
olivine is also present. Naranpura - Lusadiya belt with
N-S elongation extends for a distance of about 3.5 km
with width varying from 250 to 400 m. This body is also
ferruginated, silicified and carbonated. Talc-actinolite-
tremolite schist associated with magnetite is also
present. The emplacement of intrusives has been
controlled by deep-seated lineaments. The
characteristic feature is the presence of a banded
magnetite quartzite intimately associated with the
serpentinites.
The ultramafic body (serpentinite) associated with
talc schist at Ghanta, trending N20°E-S20°W, is about
150 m long and 20 m wide.
Y
The ultramafic rocks form S-shaped body south of
VE
Kundol; and to the southeast of Bhanmer, these occur as
a two km long (NNE-SSW trending) linear body with
width varying from 75 to 150 m. The outer margin of
both the bodies is marked by thin impersistent bands of
UR
colour-banded quartzite. In the western part, the
ultrarmafics are highly carbonated and ferruginated
exhibiting lateritic boxwork in Kundol area.
LS
East of Sarsva, an elongated NNW-SSE trending
ultramafic body, exposed entirely in Rajasthan shows
contact effect on phyllite in the Gujarat side.
CA
Champaner Group
The meta-sediments exposed in a U-shaped outcrop,
east of Champaner town were designated by Blanford
(1869) as “Champaner Series”. These were correlated
GI
with the Dharwars by Fermor (1930) and with the
Aravalli System by Heron (1936), Gupta and Mukherjee
OL
(1938) and Yellur et al. (1965). Gopinath et al. (1977)
suggested the term “Champaner Series” for the upper
part of the sequence only, designating middle part of
the sequence as Pre-Champaner and the lower part as
GE
Lower Aravallis. Gupta et at, (1992) used the term
Champaner Group to represent the “Champaner
Series” of Gopinath et al. (op. cit). This group occupying
over 1200 sq km of area in Vadodara and Panchmahals
districts occurs in separate outcrops. Besides, there are
numerous inliers of various dimensions within the
Godhra Granite and Gneiss. Largest inliers of these
rocks are located north of Chhota Udepur. The schistose
components of these inliers were correlated with the
Dharwars and also with the Aravallis by Gupta and
Mukherjee (1938).
9
An interbedded sequence of argillaceous,
arenaceous and impure calcareous rocks constituting
the Champaner Group rests unconformably over the
Pre-Champaner Gneissic Complex. The Champaner
Group consists of a sequence of meta-subgreywacke,
sandy phyllite, mica schist, quartzite, protoquartzite,
gneiss and petromict meta-conglomerate with minor
bands of dolomitic limestone and manganiferous
A
phyllite. The sequence is folded into a series of open
folds along WNW-ESE axes, showing moderate plunge
DI
due WNW. Shearing and development of longitudinal-
and cross-faults are other characteristic structural
IN
features. The Pre-Champaner meta-sediments show
relatively more complex structures.
On the basis of their lithological similarity and
structural homogeneity with the adjoining Lunavada
OF
Group, the Champaners have been included in the
Aravalli Geological Cycle and assigned the status of a
Group. The depositional history of this Group is
marked by the interludes with the occurrence of
conglomerate enabling the division of this Group into
Lambia, Khandia, Narukot, Jaban, Shivrajpur and
Rajgarh Formations in ascending order of
superposition. Absence of AD3 (third deformational
episode observed in the Aravalli metasediments, the
others being AD1, AD2 and AD4) deformation separates
it from the molasse sequence of the Lunavada Group.
The entire sequence of metasediments showing
greenschist facies of metamorphism is enveloped in the
south, east and north by the Godhra Granite pluton and
in the west by the Deccan Traps and infra-trappean
beds. This Group represents a molasse association
deposited in an isolated successor basin during the late-
to post-orogenic phase of the Aravalli Geological Cycle.
The sequence is folded into an anticlinorium with west
plunging antiforms and synforms designated as
Champaner Fold Belt (CFB).
The older units occupying the anticlinal cores occur
in the east and southeast of the area while the younger
sequence is found to the west and northwest. The
Champaner Group is considered to be
Palaeoproterozoic in age. Geochronological dates
varying between 1167 and 937 Ma indicate that the
Champaner Group represents Mesoproterozoic - the
upper part of the Middle Proterozoic (Srimal and Das,
op.cit.).
PALAEOPROTEROZOIC-
MESOPROTEROZOIC
DELHI SUPERGROUP
The Palaeoproterozoic- Mesoproterozoic rocks are
represented by the Delhi Supergroup which is exposed
in the main Aravalli Hill ranges extending for over 900
10
km, from Delhi to Himmatnagar (Gujarat) with a NNE-
SSW to NE- SW disposition. The part lying in Gujarat
extends over 60 km. Southwest of Himmatnagar these
rocks are covered by alluvial blanket. The Delhi
Supergroup overlies the Aravalli Supergroup with a
structural discordance and occurs in the northeastern
part of the State, mainly in the Sabarkantha and
Banaskantha districts.
Table -3. Classification of the Delhi Supergroup
Y OF
VE
UR
LS
Gogunda Group
The metamorphosed, ferruginous and clastic
CA
sequence comprising interbanded quartzite and schist
with subordinate impure calcareous rocks, deposited in
the shelf zone of the Delhi geosyncline, has been
included in the Gogunda Group. The Gogunda Group
GI
is exposed in the Sabarkantha district and comprises
two formations. The lower Antalia Formation consists
of quartzite, biotite schist, calc-silicate rock and calc-
OL
silicate marble, while the upper Kelwara Formation
mainly consists of feldspathic mica schist. The group is
tentatively correlated with the Alwar Group of north-
GE
eastern Rajasthan.
Kumbhalgarh Group
In Gujarat, the Kumbhalgarh Group is represented
only by Todgarh Formation occurring in Banaskantha
and Sabarkantha districts. This Formation extends from
three km northwest of Kiriap (in Rajasthan) in the north
to Khedbrahma (in Gujarat) in the south and comprises
calc-silicate rocks, calc-gneiss, calcschist, calc-biotite
schist, impure dolomite, calcitic marble, para-
amphibolite and thin bands of quartzite.
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
The meta-sediments and meta-volcanics of the
Delhi Supergroup, in Gujarat, are intruded by the
variants of Erinpura and Sendra-Ambaji Granites,
which have been classified into Gogunda,
Kumbhalgarh and Sirohi Groups in ascending order of
superposition (Table-3).
A
DI
IN
In Ambaji, the amphibolite, meta-rhyolite and
meta-acid tuff occur in association with the schistose
rocks and are the result of bimodal volcanism during
Delhi rifting (Golani and Bhattacharya, 1988 and Reddy
et al. 1994). The meta-rhyolite and meta-acid tuff are also
found around Jharivav and Amlimal. This felsic suite
occurs within massive to schistose amphibolites,
marble, biotite gneiss, and paragneiss. In Jharivav Hill,
dacitic-rhyolitic rocks show features, such as large and
small pillows, pillow breccia, scoriaceous flow layers,
lapilli, quench fractures and gas escape pipes (Deb et al.
1995).
Phulad Ophiolite Suite
The Delhi Geological Cycle is characterised by
extensive magmatism. The Ophiolite Suite represents
the reactivation of a deep-seated fundamental fracture
designated as the Phulad Lineament, during the early
geosynclinal phase. Hornblende schist/amphibolite,
epidiorite, pyroxenite and layered gabbro - anorthosite
occur extensively to the west of Ambaji, near Virampur
and Balaram areas in Banaskantha district and are
considered equivalent to the Phulad Ophiolites of
Rajasthan and hence, have been designated as Phulad
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
Ophiolite Suite. The rocks of this suite are massive, dark
coloured, medium- to coarse- grained and show
spheroidal weathering. Rocks show varying degree of
metamorphism and are foliated. Nebulitic and
schlieren structures are found in gabbro. Outcrops of
dark grey anorthosite occur close to gabbro bodies,
often in layered massif, and contain more than 90%
plagioclase feldspar (labradorite to bytownite) with
little amount of augite and opaques. Chattopadhyay
et al. (1997) found a close relationship of the rapakivi-
type, non-charnockitic granite to the charnockitic
plutonism in Balaram, Abu Road, where rapakivi-
ovoid-b earing hy perst hene g ranodiorit e t o
hypersthene syenite grade into mangerite and gabbroic
rock. This whole suite of charnockitic and non-
charnockitic assemblage has been metamorphosed to
pyroxene-hornfels facies. However, Desai et al. (1978)
and Biswal (1985) consider these rocks to represent
granulite facies of metamorphism. According to
Chattopadhyay et al. (op. cit.) the rocks of this suite have
Y
undergone regional metamorphism under amphibolite
facies. In this context, Chattopadhyay (op.cit.) has
VE
expressed that the very presence of andalusite in the
metapelites containing sillimanite, cordierite, biotite
and K-feldspar together with hornfelsic texture (Desai
UR
et al. 1978) are suggestive of pyroxene hornfels facies
and not pyroxene granulite facies.
Sirohi Group
Thick deposition of flysh-type argillites with
LS
intercalated quartzite and marble in the
elongated Sirohi trough during the main orogenic
phase of the Delhi Geological Cycle has resulted in the
CA
formation of rock assemblage, which is designated as
the Sirohi Group. Only a part of this sequence is
exposed in Gujarat where it occurs in the border area
between Gujarat and Rajasthan, in the Banaskantha
GI
district of Gujarat. The rock types are mainly mica
schist, marble, calc- silicate rocks, dolomite, quartzite
and migmatite. These rocks have been assigned to the
OL
Reodhar Formation of the Sirohi Group. Earlier
workers, viz. Coulson (1933) and Heron and Ghosh
(1938) described these rocks as Aravallis. Subsequently,
GE
workers of GSI included them in Delhi Supergroup
occupying areas to the west of the main Delhi
Synclinorium.
MESOPROTEROZOIC
Sendra-Ambaji Granite and Gneiss
The magmatic activity responsible for
emplacement of Phulad Ophiolite Suite was followed
by intense deformation leading to higher grade of
regional metamorphism accompanied by
migmatisation and intrusion of syn- to late- orogenic
11
granites, viz. Sendra - Ambaji Granite and Gneiss.
These rocks occur in and around Khedbrahma, Ambaji
and Danta in Sabarkantha and Banaskantha districts.
The type section of these granites and gneisses is in
Ambaji.
These granites and gneisses form prominent hills
with conspicuous peaks, like Kengora (? 782 m), Chikla
A
(? 741 m), Dagma (? 674 m) and Gabbar (? 597 m). The
granites and gneisses are associated with migmatite.
DI
The unfoliated, coarse-grained granite shows gneissose
structure towards the periphery. The gneissic granite,
within the grey granite near Hirad, is considered to be
IN
the older variety (Krishnanunni et al. 1966). The gneissic
granites can be divided into two categories, the pink
and the grey varieties. The coarse- to medium-grained
OF
pink granites show gneissic structure and are
composed of quartz, pink feldspar, biotite and a little
amount of magnetite. The dark coloured variety is
characterised by dark, fine streaks of hornblende or
biotite. West of Koteshwar temple and northeast of
Ambamata town the horseshoe- shaped granite outcrop
occurs as a sill-like body. The fine-grained granite is,
pink in colour and generally massive in structure. The
rock is mostly composed of quartz and potash feldspar
and contains little plagioclase. Mafic minerals hardly
form 10% of the rock. The grey granite is exposed in the
western part in Kengora, Gabbar, Dagma, Sabalpani
and Ghantodi. It contains phenocrysts of K-feldspar
which range in size from one to four cm. Granite
exposed near Gabbar Hill shows rapakivi texture.
Crawford (1975) has dated the granite from Ambaji at
1228 Ma. Rb-Sr isochron yielded the age of the Ambaji
microgranite as 765 ± 56 Ma (Chowdhury, 1981).
Krishnanunni et al. (1966) have described Ambaji
Granite and Gneiss and associated migmatites to have
formed due to granitisation of metasediments.
NEOPROTEROZOIC
Godhra Granite and Gneiss
Godhra Granite and Gneiss occurs in Chhota
Udepur, Godhra and adjacent areas. It was considered
to be post-Delhi in age by Gupta and Mukherjee (1938).
Radiometric age of 950 Ma by Crawford (1975) and Rb-
Sr isochron age of 955 ± 20 Ma (Gopalan et al, 1979), also
support its post-Delhi status. The granitic rocks with
maximum expanse in Godhra area have been named as
the Godhra Granite and Gneiss. This suite of rocks is
intrusive into the Lunavada and Champaner groups of
rocks. The coarse grained granite, often porphyritic, is
greyish-white and occasionally pink in colour. When
porphyritic, phenocrysts of grey and pink feldspar are
found set in a groundmass of quartz, feldspar and
biotite. It is composed of plagioclase feldspar (32 to
12
36%), potash feldspar (29 to 34 %), and quartz (26 to
35%), with sphene and apatite as accessories. It shows
coarse gneissose texture. According to Yellur (1966) this
suite of rocks consists of granite, porphyritic
granodiorite and associated aplites and pegmatites. The
granite massif is a part of the major post-Delhi
composite batholith, in which the Champaner schist
occurs in the form of roof pendants. The present
structural disposition of the Champaner Group appears
to be the result of emplacement of this granite during
different stages of tectonic activity.
Study of trace elements, REE and Sr87/Sr86 ratio
suggest that the granitic rocks originated by partial
melting of pelitic rocks. Most of these rocks are per-
aluminous in nature which suggests the possibility of
their generation by partial melting of sialic crust (Das,
1998).
Erinpura Granite and Gneiss
Erinpura Granite and Gneiss represent the late- to
Y
post-Delhi acid intrusives. A few radiometric age data
indicate 830 ± 30 Ma age for the granite at Erinpura
VE
(Chowdhary et al. 1985) and 735 ± 15 Ma for the granite
at Mt. Abu (Crawford, 1975), both the localities being in
Rajasthan. This granitic rock occurs between Rampur
UR
(in Rajasthan) and lqbalgarh (in Gujarat). The principal
exposures of these granites are found to the south,
northwest and west of Kui-Chitrasani fault. Erinpura
granite exposed near Sarotra and Amirgarh is grey,
LS
porphyritic, massive and medium- to coarse grained.
The exposures southwest of Sarotra show well-
developed foliation. The phenocrysts are of quartz and
potash-feldspar varying in size from less than one cm to
CA
about five cm. Biotite is the main mafic constituent.
Idar Granite
GI
Around Idar, the granites occur as detached
hillocks, tors, bosses, knobs and rugged pinnacled hills
separated by well-developed soil horizon. The soil
OL
cover varies in thickness from less than a metre to as
much as 10 metres. The faces of the granite hills are
mostly vertical. Idar granite is considered to be the
youngest post- Delhi intrusive, which is exposed from
GE
Idar in the north to Himmatnagar in the south. It is
considered to be equivalent to the Malani Plutonic Suite
of rocks of Rajasthan. The granite is of two different
types viz, pink porphyritic granite and grey granite.
Pink porphyritic granite is the most dominant type of
granite occurring in the areas around Dantroli, Gadvi
and Reda village. The grey granites in areas around
Verabar and Badol are medium- to coarse grained and
rich in ferromagnesian minerals. North of Mahiwada,
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
granite comes in close contact with the migmatites of
the Delhi Supergroup and towards south it grades into
pink granite.
MESOZOIC
After the major depositional, metamorphic and
deformative episodes of Archaean and Proterozoic,
there was a great hiatus up to the close of Triassic in the
A
geological activity in Gujarat. During Jurassic and
Cretaceous periods of Mesozoic era the area witnessed
DI
intense geological activity in terms of sedimentation
and volcanism.
IN
Mesozoic sediments occupy about 14,800 sq km of
area in parts of Kachchh, Sabarkantha, Panchmahals,
Vadodara, Surendranagar and Rajkot districts and the
Deccan Traps occupy 61,000 sq km in Kachchh and
OF
Saurashtra Peninsulas and in the southern and eastern
parts of the State.
Kachchh
Mesozoics of Kachchh have attracted attention
since long on account of their exceptionally rich fossil
record of marine Jurassics in India. These rocks range in
age from Middle Jurassic to Late Cretaceous and are
bordered by the Deccan Traps in the south and by the
saline marsh of the Rann of Kachchh, in the north. The
fossil assemblage and petrographic characters of the
Mesozoic rocks suggest a near-shore, shallow- marine
deposition fluctuating from neritic, lagoonal to littoral
environments. The Mesozoic rocks have been classified
as Patchum, Charee, Katrol and Oomia Groups by
Waagen et al, (1873) who also correlated these groups
with their European equivalents viz. Oomia Group
with the in Tithon Group, Katrol Group with the
Oxford-Kimmeridge Group, Charee Group with the
Kelloway-Oxford Group, and Patcham Group with the
Bathonian Group.
Rajnath (1932) and Krishnan (1982) also presented a
comprehensive account of the Mesozoic stratigraphy of
Kachchh. Krishnan modified Rajnath's Mesozoic
classification of Kachchh and presented a succession
with modification of age (Table - 4).
Subsequently, Biswas (1971) revised the
stratigraphy of Kachchh proposing new nomenclature
by classifying different lithostratigraphic units into
Jhurio, Jumara, Jhuran and Bhuj formations, the former
three broadly corresponding to Patcham, Chari and
Katrol Groups/Series of Waagen (1873), Rajnath (1932)
and Krishnan (1982). The revised Mesozoic
stratigraphy of Kachchh and other areas Biswas (1971),
Merh, (1995) is reproduced in Table- 5.
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu 13

Table-4. Jurassic succession in Kachchh (after Krishnan, 1982)

A
DI
IN
Y OF
VE
UR
LS
CA
GI
OL
GE
14 Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu

A
DI
IN
Y OF
VE
UR
LS
CA
GI

Ghevariya et al. (1984 a, 1984 b), Ghevariya, (1984, Ghevariya and Srikarni, op.cit.) along with their broad
1987), Ghevariya and Srikarni, (1991) carried out equivalent based on the classification of Biswas (1971) is
OL

detailed work in Kachchh and presented a classification as follows:

of the Mesozoic rocks retaining nomenclature of Pachchham (Jhurio) Formation
Waagen (1873), Rajnath (1932) and Krishnan (1982)
The Pachchham Formation named after the island
GE

based on the place name Pachchham, Chari, Katrol and

Bhuj. Four different Formations into which they
classified the Mesozoic rocks are Pachchham
Formation, Chari Formation, Katrol Formation and
Bhuj Formation. Each of these formations was further
subdivided by them into several lithostratigraphic units
but without correlating these units with the already
known biostratigraphic units of Waagen (1873), Rajnath
(1932) & Krishnan (1982). Description of each of the four
different formations representing the Mesozoic rocks of
Kachchh (Ghevariya et al. op.cit; Ghevariya, op.cit;
of Pachchham in the Rann of Kachchh, is about 400 m in
thickness and is exposed in parts of Pachchham (Kuar
Bet, Kaladongar and Goradongar), Khadir, Bela and
Chorar Islands. Pachchham Formation comprises
intercalated sequence of siltstone, shale, marlite,
claystone, coralline limestone, calcareous sandstone
and grey and pink limestone. Small outcrops of these
rocks are also seen at Jara, Kira, Jumara and Habo
domes in the northern edge of Mainland Kachchh, and
south of Kachchh Mainland fault which marks the
northern limit of the outcrops of Mesozoic rocks which
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu 15

Table - 5. Mesozoic Stratigraphy of Kachchh (after Biswas, 1971)

A
DI
IN
Y OF
VE
UR
LS
CA
GI
OL
GE
16
Y OF
VE
UR
LS
CA
besides Pachchham, include Chari, Katrol and Bhuj
formations. It extends from Lakhpat in the west to the
GI
north of Bhachau in the southeast. The formation is
divisible into three lithostratigraphic units. The basal
unit comprising calcareous sandstone, siltstone, and
OL
coralline limestone is exposed in Kuar bet and in
Chhapri bet areas. These rocks have yielded rich
assemblage of bivalves (Corhula lyrata, Trigonia, etc.),
brachiopods (Terebratula, Rhynchonella), cephalopoda
GE
(Nautiloidea, Phylloceratids), corals (mainly solitary
and sedentary forms) and dinosaurian bone fossils. The
basal unit is overlain by a sequence of shales with
intercalations of limestone, thickly-bedded calcareous
sandstone and conglomerate. These rocks contain
bivalves (Trigonia, Pecten, etc.), and a rich assemblage of
corals and brachiopods, (Terebratula, Rhynchonella). The
fossils include Stephenoceratid, cephalopoda
(Nautiloidea, Macrocephalitidae, Phylloceratid etc.),
dinosaurian bones and piscean and crocodilian teeth
and plant fossils of Gondwana affinity. The uppermost
unit comprising shale and limestone forms cliff
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
A
DI
IN
sections. Siltstone is exposed in southern part of
Kaladongar and northern part of Goradongar. These
rocks contain corals, cephalopods and bivalves.
Chari (Jumara) Formation
The Pachchham Formation is unconformably
overlain by rocks of the Chari Formation, which derives
its name from village Charee. These rocks are exposed
in the southern parts of Kaladongar and Goradongar
ranges in Pachchham Island, southern part of Khadir in
the bets within the Rann of Kachchh, and are also seen
in the northern part of Wagad Mainland.
The rocks of the Chari Formation are exposed as
inliers and lenses along the axis of east-west trending
domal anticlinal ridges (south of Mainland fault) at Jara,
Jumara, Jhura, Habo, etc. The other lensoid outcrops
occur in Charwar and in other ridges located
immediately south of the Katrol Fault (which brings the
Chari Formation in juxtaposition with the Bhuj
Formation), near Sukhpar, Madhapar, etc. It comprises
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
about 350 m thick sequence of fossiliferous shale,
golden oolite, fossiliferous limestone, calcareous
sandstone containing ferruginous and calcareous
nodules, which encase ammonite fossils. The Chari
formation is subdivided into four units based on
lithology. The basal unit comprises a sequence of shale,
siltstone and thinly-bedded sandstone alternating with
golden oolite bands at Jara, Jhura, Jumara, Kira and
Habo. These rocks contain bivalves, brachiopods,
cephalopods, gastropods, corals and plant fossils. This
unit is partly developed in Pachchham Island on the
southern slopes of Kaladongar and Goradongar ranges
and is about 25 m thick.
The overlying second unit, about 100 m thick,
dominantly comprises thickly-bedded, argillaceous
sandstone with ocherous nodules bearing ammonites
in lower section and forming minor cuesta with steeper
slopes in northwestern part of Lakhpat, Jumara and
Nara areas.
The third unit, which is about 80 m thick, forms
Y
depressions and low-lying areas and comprises shales
with calcareous nodules encasing fossils within
VE
gypseous layers. It forms relatively low ground with
scattered low mounds. This unit laterally passes into the
rocks of arenaceous character in central Kachchh. The
UR
youngest unit has variable thickness. Thickest exposed
section (about 40 m) is seen in Wandheya-Sukhpar area.
It comprises alternate sequence of olive green oolites,
gypseous shale, siltstone and green sandstone.
LS
Katrol (Jhuran) Formation
The rocks of the Chari Formation are
unconformably overlain by about 400 m thick
CA
intercalated sequence of gypseous shales, with
cyclically repeated sequence of calcareous sandstone
and shale, constituting the Katrol formation. Rocks of
GI
this formation are exposed in the form of two sub-
parallel continuous exposures in the mainland
Kachchh. The first one forms a vast northwest-
OL
southeast trending outcrop from Guneri to Jhura from
where it extends eastward upto Khirsara. The other one
extends from Deshalpar to Malingara and south of
Katrol Fault in central part of Kachchh mainland. These
GE
rocks are also exposed in the Wagad Mainland and in
the Bela Island, Karabir, Gorabir and Gangta Bets.
The Katrol Formation is divisible into four
lithostratigraphic units. The basal unit comprises
intercalated sequence of grey, gypseous shale and
siltstone with ocherous nodules. The second unit is
dominantly calcareous sandstone with intercalations of
shale in the western Kachchh, which passes into
dominantly argillaceous faces in east central Kachchh.
These units contain rich assemblage of pelecypods,
17
gastropods, ammonites and fossiI wood.
The third unit comprises a dominantly gypseous
shale horizon with minor silty and sandy intercalations
and ocherous bands. The black shale horizon of this unit
contains Upper Gondwana plant fossils (Ptilophyllum,
Williamsonia, Brachyphyllum, etc.) fossil fruits, cones
and fronds along with shells of Trigonia and other
A
bivalves.
The uppermost unit forms conspicuous ridges at
DI
the periphery of domes at Guneri, Jara, Jumara, Jhura,
Habo and in the southern vicinity of Katrol fault. It
IN
comprises a 80 m thick sequence of hard, compact,
calcareous, quartzitic sandstone and conglomerate
intercalated with lenses of shale and burrowed
siltstone. The intercalated sequence, at times, becomes
OF
very thick and forms transitional zone between the
rocks of the Katrol and the overlying Bhuj Formation.
This transition zone has been included as a part of
Katrol Formation. The calcareous sandstone contains
dinosaurian bone fossils, footprints and foot tracks of
bipedal, tridactyl dinosaurs near Tharauda.
Bhuj Formation
The rocks of the Bhuj Formation include
the Umia Group of Waagen (1873) and are named after
Bhuj Township. It unconformably overlies the rocks of
the Katrol Formation in the western mainland Kachchh
and forms a 1000 m thick sequence of friable, feldspathic
and ferruginous (at times glauconitic) sandstone
showing graded-bedding, ironstone, clays and trap-
pebble conglomerates with many fossiliferous horizons.
These rocks are exposed in the form of continuous
outcrop in the mainland Kachchh with a maximum
width between Lakhmipur and Roha. This outcrop
extends from Guneri in the northwest to Deshalpur in the
southeast, whereafter it takes a turn and extends further
up to Khirsara. A continuous and broadly elliptical
exposure, bordering the Katrol Formation, extends from
Andhon in the west to Fatehgarh and Deshalpur in the
north. Besides this, small isolated outcrops occur in
Pachchham island, Goradongar and Kaladongar, Bela
and Mauvana Island and Mardek Island as inliers within
younger volcanics and Tertiary rocks. In the east, a thick
intervening transitional zone has developed in central
Kachchh. The rocks of the Bhuj Formation contain a rich
assemblage of Upper Gondwana plant fossils and many
intervening fossiliferous marine bands, in the western
and central parts. The Bhuj Formation is sub-divided into
three members (1) lower Guneri Member, (ii) middle-
Ukra Member (limited to Guneri-Ukra area) and (iii)
Upper Member.
The Guneri Member comprises cyclically repeated
intercalated sequence of burrowed ferruginous gritty
18
sandstone, grey and black, carbonaceous shale, and
siltstone with coal partings. The ironstones and shales
show rhythmic alternations. The ferruginised
sandstone and shale contain tracks and trails of various
invertebrates. The shale bands and ferruginised
sandstone contain plant fossils of Upper Gondwana
affinity (Pecopteris, Ptilophyllum Acutifolium,
Williamsonia, Cladophlebis, Brachyphyllum, etc.).
Dinosaurian footprints are recorded from ferruginous
sandstone near Pakhera. The Ukra Member occurs as a
lensoid marine intervention between the Guneri
Member and the Upper Member of the Bhuj Formation
in the Ukra area and comprises a sequence of about 30 m
thick hard, lateritic ferruginous sandstone,
conglomerate, green glauconitic clay, shale, siltstone,
green friable sandstone and bands of fossiliferous
limestone. Important fossils include ammonites,
Terebratula, Rhynchonella, bivalves, Belemnites and
corals, fossil wood and dinosaurian bone fragments.
The Upper Member comprises a sequence of coarse,
gritty, variegated sandstone, siltstone, fossiliferous shale
Y
and clay with ferruginous and ocherous bands.
Sandstone, shale, and clay have yielded silicified and
VE
ferruginised fossil wood and rhizomes, besides
Ptilophyllum sp., Pecopteris sp., Elatocladus sp.,
Brachyphyllum mamilliare, B. expansus, etc. The sandstone
UR
contains dinosaurian footprints at Fatehgarh. Most part
of Bhuj sandstone includes sandstone of the Upper
Member overlain by intercalations of trap-pebble
conglomerate and sandstone forming part of volcano-
LS
sedimentary sequence.
The rocks of Bhuj Formation are overlain by Deccan
lava flows.
CA
The Mesozoic sediments of north-western Kachchh
show interstratified volcano- sedimentary sequence.
Several intertrappean beds are recorded (Ghevariya,
1985; Ghevariya and Srikarni, 1988, 1990) interstratified
GI
with the Deccan lava flows in Anjar area. Some of these
intertrappeans contain skeletal remains of dinosaurian
OL
Table -6. Lithostratigraphic classification of Mesozoic rocks, Saurashtra
Group Formation
GE
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
fossils. In the eastern Kachchh dinosaur footprints and
tracks (?) and their complete skeletal remains have been
recorded from Fatehgarh and Pakheda areas from
Mesozoic sediments.
Saurashtra
The Mesozoic rocks covering an area of about 4000
sq km are exposed in the northeastern part of the
A
Saurashtra Plateau in Surendranagar and Rajkot
districts. The lithostratigraphic classification (Kathiara,
DI
1973, 1976) of these rocks is given in Table - 6.
Dhrangadhra Group
IN
Early Cretaceous sediments are represented by the
Dhrangadhra Group comprising three formations.
The oldest- Than Formation consists mainly of
OF
current-bedded, ferruginous sandstone and
carbonaceous shale with thin coal seams. The shales
contain flora similar to those of the Jabalpur Formation
and Umia Plant Bed, such as Cladophlebis withyensis and
Ptilophyllum cutchensc. The overlying Surajdeval
Formation consists of white sandstone (glass sand
variety) with specks of kaolinised feldspar and thin
bands of white to grey shale.
The youngest- Ranipat Formation is composed of
gritty, hard, purple to brown, highly ferruginous,
occasionally quartzitic, sandstone. There are thin bands
of white, grey, ferruginous shale and conglomerate.
This formation has the widest areal extent among the
Mesozoics of Saurashtra. Kathiara (op. cit.) assigned
Early Cretaceous age to the Dhrangadhra Group. The
workers of ONGC studied the spores and pollens of
Dhrangadhra Group in detail. Their identification
revealed rich assemblages of pteridophytes, lycopods,
cycads and angiosperms. The rich microflora includes a
number of determinant types, typically pointing to an
age range from uppermost Jurassic to Lower
Cretaceous.
Lithology
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
Wadhwan Group
The Wadhwan Group, which overlies the
Dhrangadhra Group, is about 80 m thick and represents
Middle Cretaceous sedimentation. It comprises three
formations.
The Kukda Formation mainly consisting of highly
ferruginous, semi-consolidated sandstone with bands
of conglomerate and shale overlies the Ranipat
Formation. The Malachimata Formation consists of
sandstone and fossiliferous limestone pointing to a
marine environment of deposition. Bryozoa, corals,
gastropods, echinoids and algae are reported from this
formation. The overlying Khamisara Formation was
deposited in shallow-water deltaic basins developed
after marine regression. The rock types are mainly
white to light coloured sandstone with thin bands of
white shale. At Lodhika a thick sandstone - shale
sequence representing the Dhrangadhra and the
Wadhwan Groups has been encountered at depths
between 1341 m and 2675 m below the Deccan Traps in
Y
an exploratory well drilled by ONGC (Banerjee and
Ghevariya, 1999).
VE
North-Eastern Gujarat
In the Sabarkantha district of Gujarat, the Mesozoic
UR
is represented by the Himmatnagar Formation
comprising thick, cross-bedded, fine grained sandstone
with ferruginous concretions, and shale bands. These
rocks occurring in isolated outcrops towards ESE of
LS
Himmatnagar have been assigned an Early Cretaceous
age on the basis of plant fossils like Matonidium indicum
and Weichselia reticulate and are considered to be
equivalent to the Ranipat Formation of the
CA
Dhrangadhra Group, Songir Sandstone of Vadodara
and Nimar Sandstones of Narmada Valley.
Eastern and Southeastern Gujarat
GI
The Mesozoic rocks, both continental and marine,
are exposed in eastern part of Gujarat in Vadodara and
OL
Panchmahals districts and in the southeastern part in
Bharuch district. These rocks have been grouped under
the Bagh Formation and the Lameta Formation, both of
Late Cretaceous ages. The Bagh Formation occurs at
GE
Ambadongar, Rajpipla, and Navagam in Narmada
valley. The basal part of the Bagh Formation is the
Nimar Sandstone/Songir Sandstone consisting of
conglomerate, grit and sandstone. This unit contains
plant-bearing horizon as well as beds containing
oysters and Astarte indicating that the fluviatile
deposition was interrupted by more than one marine
transgression. The Nimar Sandstone is overlain by
Nodular Limestone, a bluish-white to cream coloured,
compact, argillaceous limestone, which has yielded
ammonites, pelecypods, gastropods, echinoids,
19
bryozoans and smaller foraminifers. The three m thick
Deola Marl, overlying the Nodular Limestone is a
highly fossiliferous unit, containing several taxa of
ostracods and gastropods. The topmost unit of the Bagh
Formation is the Coralline Limestone, which is red to
yellow in colour containing abundant bryozoans. The
fossil assemblage points to a Cenomanian to Upper
Senonian age For the Bagh Formation.
A
The Lameta Formation occurs at Sewalia, Dahod and
DI
Naswadi in Kheda and Panchmahals districts.
Fossiliferous infra-trappean sequence (approx.10m
thick), predominantly arenaceous to carbonaceous - often
IN
cherty, is predominant in Rahioli, Karanpura and
Werasa, Thansari, Rojhav, Sonipur, Sarwariya,
Daulatpura-Khempur and Gajapagi-Mewada in
Balasinor area of Kheda district. The lower part of the
OF
Lameta Formation consists of a conglomerate horizon
with angular chert fragments and quartz. It is followed
upwards by calcareous sandstone and marl with
intervening chert. This sequence includes the famous
dinosaur fossil-bearing horizons. Eggs and bones of
dinosaur are found in plenty here. Dwivedi and
Mohabey (1984) discovered the dinosaurian bones and
egg fossils from an area, about one km west of Rahioli.
The fossil eggs were also found in A.C.C limestone
quarry near Balasinor. The bones include posterior skull
fragment, brain case, femur, humerus, etc. In Dholi
Dungri, Mohabey (1986) reported dinosaurian bones of
juvenile nature within sandstone (Lameta beds). The
complete skeletal remains of juvenile Sauropod are less
than 50 cm long. Skull and limb bones are fragmented.
Some teeth have also been reported from Handia.
Infra-trappean limestone near Jetholi Talao
exhibits a dinosaurian footprint adjacent to dinosaurian
egg clutch (Dwivedi and Mohabey, 1985). Besides, well-
preserved plant fossils of Gondwana affinity have also
been recorded in the arenaceous units associated with
the dinosaur fossil-bearing zones. These zones extend
further to the southeast and east in Dahod and Jhalod
areas. The Lameta Basin is almost longitudinal in shape.
These sediments do not show any primary structures
because of extensive bioturbation.
Presence of extensive Thallasinoid burrow system
represents a sandy-shore environment of deposition
whereas the stromatolite-like structures (Ghevariya
and Srikarni, 1989) probably suggest that the Lametas
were deposited, atleast in part, under marine
environment (Mohabey, op. cit.).
The Mesozoic rocks also occur as intertrappeans
within the Deccan Traps at several places, especially in
Saurashtra and Kachchh peninsulas. Gritty sandstone
and chert bands have been observed in Ratidevli and
south of Rajwadia. These intertrappeans have yielded
fossils of plants, bivalves and fish.
20 Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu

MESOZOIC-TERTIARY

A
DECCAN TRAPS and sills are somewhat restricted to the western part of
the trap country, while the plug-like intrusions and
The Cretaceous - Eocene period witnessed a major

DI
complexes of acid rocks are concentrated in Saurashtra.
volcanic activity in the form of widespread outpouring
of lava in vast areas of western, central and southern Dykes are numerous and are very unevenly

India covering an area of approx. 2,00,000 sq km. The
eruption of basic to intermediate lava took place
through long, narrow fissures in the crust and, spread
out as sub-horizontal to horizontal sheets.
IN
distributed. The western part of the Saurashtra is
characterised by WNW-ESE trending dykes with
considerable length. In the southern part, on the other
hand two prominent patterns have developed along

OF
WNW-ESE and NE-SW trends. A third trend in this area
In Gujarat, about 61,000 sq km area falling in
is NW-SE. Two dyke swarms at Deda (NE-SW trend)
Kachchh and Saurashtra peninsulas, southern and
and Jasdan (nearly E-W trend) are recorded in southern
eastern parts of Gujarat State is covered with the lava
Saurashtra (West, 1958). The dykes are largely basaltic
flows. The maximum thickness of the trap column has

Y
to doleritic in nature though acid dykes of granophyre,
been established to be more than 1300 m, in an ONGC
felsite and dacite are common in southern Saurashtra.
drill hole near Lodhika in Rajkot district. Recent
VE
Besides these, late hydrothermal siliceous and
geophysical studies by ONGC have also shown more
ferruginous intrusives have also been recorded in the
than 1400 m thick concealed trap section in the Cambay
southern Saurashtra.
Basin area.
UR

The highest concentrations of dykes are recorded

The trap country is characterised by flat- topped
from Una in the southwest to Talaja in the northeast,
hills and step-like terraces formed as a result of
through Rajula in the central part.
variation in hardness of different flows and also within
LS

the same flow. At some places, circular/conical hills
like Girnar Hill, Barda Hill, Pavagad Hill, Osham Hill
etc. rising 300 - 600 m above mean sea level represent the
younger igneous intrusions or plugs of differentiated
CA
The dyke patterns in the area east of Gulf of
Khambhat follows Narmada-Tapi lineament (ENE-
WSW) and are remarkable for their parallelism. In the
southern part in Valsad and Dangs districts, a

magma emplaced within the lava flows during the last
phase of the Deccan volcanism.
Individual lava flows are of vesicular as well as
GI
prominent NW-SE to N-S pattern has gradually
developed. Though these dykes are in general basaltic
in composition, alkalic dykes/intrusives of

Ambadongar, lamprophyres of Chhota Udepur and

non-vesicular type. The vesicular flow has an
alkalic dykes of Rajpipla area are the strong departures.
amygdular top part, a compact middle part while the
Acid rocks are relatively uncommon and are confined
OL

bottom part shows pipe vesicles filled with secondary

minerals. The non-vesicular flow has a compact fine-
grained upper part and a coarser lower part. Such flows
are hard, compact and fine-grained as compared to the
GE
mainly to Pavagad and Rajpipla areas.
In southern Gujarat, dykes of dolerite and basalt are
noticed at a number of places near Jogbari, Bundhpara

vesicular type, which are easily breakable. Vesicular and NW of Anjhar in Dangs district. Dykes trending
and non-vesicular types are separated, at some places, E-W are olivine bearing and those trending N-S are
by thin ash beds or lacustrine inter-trappean beds. The devoid of olivine.
trap rock, in general, is of tholeiitic basalt type having a
In Kachchh region, dykes are less frequent
wide lateral uniformity in composition. It is basaltic to
compared to the other two regions and are largely
doleritic in composition with specific gravity ranging
emplaced within the Mesozoic sediments. A large
from 2.58 to 3.03 (average being 2.9). In parts of
number of alkaline plugs emplaced within the rocks of
Saurashtra, drilling has revealed the Occurrence of
Pachchham and Bhuj Formations of Mesozoic age are
more basic, undersaturated types interbedded with
characteristic of Kachchh. These plugs are considered to
normal basalt. The ultrabasic rocks occurring as dykes
be the oldest plugs in Kachchh as well as Saurashtra
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
(Ghevariya and Srikarni 1991; Das and Guha, 2000).
Sills of both tholeiitic and alkalic basic rocks are
emplaced within Mesozoic sediments. Interestingly
acidic rocks are extremely rare in Kachchh and only one
granophyre dyke at Kuran-Nirwandh and one trachyte
body at Bhanjada bet are recorded.
There is a general consensus that the duration of
Deccan Volcanism is between Late Cretaceous (100 Ma)
and Late Eocene (37 Ma). In case of Deccan lavas of
Kachchh, alkali basalts and tholeiites show overlapping
ages (64.4 to 66.8 Ma) by Ar40/Ar39 method (Pande et al.
1988). Notwithstanding such a large range with
radiometric ages of Gujarat Deccan Traps, there is a
general agreement that maximum outpouring of
Deccan basalt was restricted within 60-65 Ma though
extreme radiometric ages of about 102 Ma and 31 Ma are
also known (Alexander, 1981).
Preliminary palaeomagnetic studies reveal that the
flows in Saurashtra exposed between 270 ± 10 m and
Y
300 ± 10 m above msl exhibit normal polarity; whereas
those exposed below and above this horizon show
VE
reverse polarity.
Kachchh
UR
The Deccan Traps are exposed mainly in the
southern part of Kachchh along a 10- 20 km wide belt
trending NW-SE. They overlie the Bhuj Formation.
Normally the flows are plateau-type tholeiitic basalts in
LS
the west at Dayapar and Matanomadh and are alkaline
at Baladia, Anjar and Bhachau. However, occurrence of
highly alkaline intrusive rocks like nephelinite, essexite,
CA
olivine analcite basalt within the Mesozoics is also
reported from a few places. Nine flows have been
reported from southern part, where the total thickness
of the trap section amounts to 140 - 150 m. At most of the
GI
places, the lava is of pahoehoe type. Very good
exposures of festoon type (?) ropy lava are reported
OL
near Dhunai, on the Bhuj - Mandvi road and near
Wagura, southeast of Khedoi Mota. Flow directions of
individual lavas vary locally from N, NW and NE
indicating the existence of source lava in the north
GE
where the outpouring took place.
Numerous alkali-type and tholeiitic-type
intrusives occur in the Mesozoic sediments and Deccan
Trap flows. Gabbroic rocks and pyroxenite constitute
the main alkali body at Nirwandh and Kuran with
metallic suiphide disseminations. Dykes and
apophyses of hornblendite, ankaramite, granophyre,
trachyte, andesite and syenite are found at the outer
margin of the main body. In Kachchh mainland,
mantle-derived peridotite nodules are also reported
21
from the alkaline plugs at Bhuj, Vithoniya and
Dinodhar. These xenolithic peridotite nodules occur as
oblate, ellipsoidal fragments with long axis up to 2.5 cm.
These xenoliths are distinct with coarser grain size and
characterised by deep bottle-green colour in
comparison to host basalt (Guha, 1998). Crustal
xenoliths are also present. Compositionally all plugs are
A
similar, but on the basis of presence or absence of
mantle xenoliths, two groups can be distinguished. The
DI
absence of mantle xenoliths in the plugs may be
indicative of slow rate of emplacement. Dunite nodules
collected from a number of plugs contain 98% olivine
IN
and magnesiochrome spinel. The spinel-lherzolite
xenolith carries spinel, olivine, clinopyroxene,
orthopyroxene and ilmenite. Spinel-olivine oxygeo-
OF
thermobarometer indicates temperature in the range of
1400°C to 1500°C near NNO (Nickel-Nickel Oxide)
buffer. Experimentally determined P-T diagram for
high-magnesium basalt suggests that the spinel-
lherzolite field stretches between 1150°C and 1225°C at
10 Kb pressure to 1460°C at 25 Kb pressure. Considering
the higher temperature range the pressure conditions
for formation of these xenoliths is estimated to be 15 to
25 Kb (Das and Guha, 2000).
Tholeiitic-type of plugs and dykes are confined to
the Kachchh mainland and they comprise olivine basalt
and dolerite.
Saurashtra
Thick and most extensive exposures of Deccan
Traps lie in the Saurashtra Peninsula. The thickness is
estimated in the western part to be about 1300 m which
tapers to 350 m in the eastern part. As many as 37 flows
have been identified in borehole section, at Dhanduka,
in eastern Saurashtra. Field evidence suggests
gradation from compound 'pahoehoe' flow to simple
'aa' flow and orientation of amygdules indicates that the
lava has flowed from north to south. Both phyric and
aphyric varieties of basalt, which are traversed by basic
dykes, exist. Lensoid bodies and thin bands of
pyroclastics occur between the basaltic flows near Mota
Khabda, Bhangeshwar, Mahadev and Amarsar.
Saurashtra is known for a number of igneous
complexes such as Alech and Barda Hills (western
part), Girnar and Osham Hills (south-central part) and
Chogat Chamardi Hills (eastern part), besides dykes
and plugs, which intrude the basaltic flows. Detailed
account of these complexes is as follows:
Barda Igneous Complex
This Complex consists of a group of igneous rocks
22
such as felsite, diorite, trachyte and occasional
pitchstone flows (Fedden, 1884). Adye (1914) described
felsites, granophyres and rhyolites from this area.
According to the work carried out by GSI, the whole
Barda massif is composed of coarse miarolitic
granophyre, fine- to medium-grained granophyre and
felsite. Miarolitic granophyres occupy the central part
of the massif. Felsites, both highly porphyritic and
spherulitic, appear at the western and southern
peripheral zones. Rhyolite with thin bands of obsidian
is found about two km from the western exposed
boundary of the massif. The basaltic lava at the contact
with acid intrusives shows low-grade metamorphic
changes. The granophyres are yellowish- white to grey
and fine to coarse-grained whereas felsites are generally
aphanitic with darker shades.
Minor intrusives of granophyres and felsites are
found within the main massif as small dykes and
irregular bodies. Such granophyres are almost similar
Y
to host rock; whereas felsites are characterised by very
low proportion of clinopyroxene.
VE
Chemically, granophyres and felsites are of dacite-
rhyolite types and these are dominantly metaluminous
UR
with aluminium saturation index varying from 0.84 to
1.03.
Alech Hill Complex
LS
Volcanic-subvolcanic complex of the Alech Hills is
situated about 30 km north-east of Porbandar city. The
Complex as described by Adye (1914) is composed of
obsidian, felsite, granophyre, porphyries and dykes of
CA
dolerite, along with suspected gold-bearing quartz-
reefs. According to Dey and Chowdary (1994) the acid
lava flows and their intrusive counterparts represent
GI
younger volcanic phenomena. The basaltic lavas are the
oldest, which are overlain by dark green lava showing
trachytic texture. This, in turn, is overlain by a
OL
rhyodacite flow, and on top is the weakly banded
rhyolite. Dykes of dolerite, gabbro and granophyre
intrude the lavas. A discontinuous ring- like
GE
granophyre dyke, emplaced within basaltic lavas,
encircles the acid lava at the core. A cauldron-type
subsidence at the core has been advocated by
Bandyopadhyay (1984). According to him, this is
supported by the brecciation/crushing observed in the
rhyolite and the presence of an arcuate fault zone.
Osham Hill Complex
Situated about 24 km west-northwest of Junagadh
town the Osham Hill Complex (OHC) is a near-circular
body comprising acidic lavas. The hill is surrounded by
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
widespread flows of Deccan tholeiites. Fedden (1884)
described this as a volcanic vent through which central
type of eruption took place, though Pascoe (1964)
considered this rhyolite body as a laccolith emplaced
within Deccan lavas. Vemban & Kulkarni (1966) and
Mukul (1968) recorded steep escarpments and terraces
along the eastern, southern and north-western slopes of
A
the hill. Some of the escarpments are interpreted as
faults.
DI
The major rock types in the area are rhyolite and
pitchstone. Rhyolite shows conspicuous flow banding
IN
due to its various colour shades of pink, red and grey.
Maithani et al., (1996) recorded these acidic rocks as
metaluminous.
OF
Mount Girnar Complex
The igneous intrusive complex of Mt. Girnar has
been studied by Fedden (1884), Evans (1901), Mathur
et al. (1926), Wakhaloo (1967), Bose (1973) and Paul
et al. (1977). According to Bose (op.cit.), the outer
peripheral zone of this Complex is composed of silicic
porphyry (granophyre?) emplaced as a discontinuous
ring dyke within the basaltic lava flows. Towards the
core the central circular hill ranges of basaltic lavas are
intruded by gabbro. At the core, the central mass is
composed of diorite and monzonite along with other
minor rocks like lamprophyre, nepheline syenite and a
number of potash-rich aphanitic basic dykes. The diorite
and associated rocks are intruded within gabbro.
Mathur et al. (op. cit.) indicated that the rock
assemblage in this suite was derived from a common
magma and crystallisation differentiation was the
reason for the formation of the varied rock types, a
view, which was also favoured by Wakhaloo (op. cit.).
Bose (op.cit.) attempted to explain the genesis of these
rocks on the basis of phase chemistry and trace elements
and opined that acidic magma is genetically unrelated
with the associated basaltic rocks. Paul et al. (op.cit.)
consider that assimilation or crustal anatexis could be a
possible origin of the acid magma at Girnar,
emphasising that the possible candidate was the granite
of Precambrian basement.
Kanessara Igneous Complex
The complex situated about one km south of
Kanessara is emplaced within basaltic lavas of
aphanitic, aphyric and phyric character. The Complex
comprises picrite (alkalic), alkali gabbro, foidal syenites
and small plug-like bodies and veins of aplitic and
coarse grained granitic rock. The gabbro and picritic
dykes are emplaced within alkalic basalt. Part of the
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
gabbro body exhibits rhythmic layering and carries
xenoliths of porphyritic basalts. A few alkali basalt
dykes cut across the gabbro and basaltic flows. Syenite
occurs as small plug-like bodies and veins within
gabbro, carrying xenoliths of gabbro. Sahu and Karim
(1993) on the basis of basalts having significant potassic
character and the predominance of potash over soda in
syenite member indicated their derivation from a depth
of 100 km or more.
Rajula Suite of rocks
Rajula acid rocks extend over a length of about 65
km from southwest of Rajula to Gunderna attaining a
maximum width of about 10 km. The acid rocks are both
extrusive and intrusive in nature and occur as a group
of disjointed, elongated bodies. All the acid bodies are
emplaced along the lineaments, developed within the
associated basaltic lavas and are disposed in a broad
arcuate pattern.
Y
Earliest record of felsite and pitchstone at Rajula
area is after Fedden (1884). Banerjee (1995) has
VE
indicated that the northeastern end of this belt is
composed of rhyolite lava near Longdi, which merges,
with the rhyolite plugs at Gunderna, the plug being
UR
interpreted as the focus of a central-type of eruption
(Dorka et al. 1984). The rhyolite is associated with
tuffaceous rocks, which is fragmentary and contains
kidney- shaped volcanic bombs (1 - 20 cm in size).
LS
The rhyolitic rocks are generally banded and show
variable shades of pink and brown, rarely grey and
dirty-white. Dorka et al. (op. cit.) consider these rocks as
CA
flows interlayered with andesitic basalt flows; five such
acid flows have been recorded in the central part.
The Chamardi - Choghat Complex
GI
This Complex of Bhavnagar district shows
intrusive relationship with the surrounding Deccan
OL
basalt. The main rock types of the Complex are
granophyre, layered gabbro-anorthosite, porphyritic
basalt and rhyolite. The gabbro-anorthosite part of this
Complex forms a semi-circular body around
GE
granophyre, near Chamardi, whereas the basaltic
intrusion, near Choghat, also occurs in an arcuate
fashion conforming to the curvature of gabbro-
anorthosite semi-circular body. Large xenoliths of
basalt are present in the massif. Dykes of granophyre,
rhyolite, felsite, dolerite and basalt have intruded these
major intrusive bodies.
Eastern Gujarat
The Deccan Traps occur as isolated outcrops in
23
Vadodara and Panchmahals districts while sporadic
occurrences are found in Kheda and Sabarkantha
districts. Tholeiite is the dominant rock type of
Pavagadh and Ambadongar intrusive complexes.
Tholeiite, gabbro, granophyre and nepheline syenites
are the important rocks of the composite plug of Phenai
Mata Complex. A few alkali flows also occur in the
A
eastern Gujarat.
Pavagarh Volcanic Complex
DI
The volcanic rocks in the Pavagad Hill, covering
about 16 sq km area, have evoked great interest since
IN
the work of Blanford (1869), Fermor (1906) and Beer
(1919). The volcanics exposed in this area rest over
Mesozoic sediments and comprise basic to acid lava
OF
flows Tiwari, (1972). The banded rhyolite at the base is
followed by mugearite, ankaranite, enstatite basalt,
basalt, olivine basalt, latite, andesite, palagonite tuff
and pitchstone. Agglomerates are also recorded.
Mukherjee et al. (1980) on the basis of tectonic setting of
the area, geochemistry of the lava flows and their
mineral chemistry suggested a model regarding the
genesis of Pavagarh lavas. They opined that the NW-SE
pre-existing fracture was responsible for the
outpouring of the lavas at the later stages of Deccan
Volcanism and this outpouring probably caused the
formation of a cone at Pavagarh, where magmatism
continued for a longer period. Seventeen flows of
variable thickness were documented by them. The end
of magmatism was marked by acidic lavas comprising
rhyolite, pitchstone and obsidian.
Geochronological studies of rocks of Pavagadh
have indicated ages of 64 ± 4 and 63 ± 2 Ma for basalt
and 43 ± 2 Ma for rhyolite (Rama, 1964).
Phenai Mata Complex
This composite plug within the Deccan Trap was
studied in detail by Sukheswala and Sethna (1964,
1973). The plug has formed as a result of successive
emplacement of basalt, gabbro, granophyre and
nepheline syenite. Towards the base of the intrusion
olivine-bearing anorthosite is recorded. Dykes of
dolerite, basalt, microgranite and lamprophyre are
known from the area.
Bose (1980) observed that the anorthosite and
gabbro from the plug show development of normative
quartz and hypersthene attesting to their slightly
oversaturated nature and the trend of differentiation
being comparable to the development of acid
differentiates associated with Deccan basalts, viz.
rhyodacites at St. Mary islands and other places.
24
Sukheswala and Sethna (1973) concluded that
rocks of the composite plug might have been derived
from tholeiitic magma by a process of differentiation.
They suggested that the acid magma was formed by the
differentiation of the basaltic magma at depth. Czygan
(1984) held the view that foid syenites at Phenai Mata as
well as at Mt. Girnar were the most differentiated
products of the fractionation of the alkalic basaltic
magma which might have their source from tholeiitic
melt.
Lamprophyre occurrences within alkali basalt
province have been reported by Gopinath (1973) in the
Jetpur taluka, Vadodara district. Sukheswala et al.
(1964) were the first to report lamprophyres in Phenai
Mata area. Durgamath (1981) reported basic
lamprophyric and alkaline dykes from Phenai Mata
Hills. The lamprophyres of the area include
camptonite, which contain kaersutite, titanaugite,
plagioclase, K-feldspar and minor amounts of
Y
nepheline, sodalite and cancrinite. Monchiquite, a
variety of lamprophyre, also consists of kaersutite,
VE
titanaugite, plagioclase, K-feldspar, and minor amount
of nepheline, sodalite and cancrinite. Durgamath (1984)
concluded that the magma was undersaturated but
UR
alkaline in composition and the Phenai Mata
lamprophyres represent alkaline residue derived by the
differentiation of basic magma. Srikarni and Das (1997)
have reported lamprophyre dykes from Singla and
LS
Deola in Chhota Udepur taluka. These kersantite/
camptonite dykes trending N50°E S 50°W occur within
granite gneiss (Pre Champaner Gneissic Complex). One
of the dykes is four km long. Under thin section
CA
phenocrysts of euhedral biotite, barkevikite, and
titanaugite in various proportions are seen in
plagioclase and carbonate-rich groundrnass. Carbonate
GI
ocelli are also present. Chemically, the rock falls in
Alkali lamprophyre field and Tephrite-Basanite field in
TAS diagram. REE distribution pattern indicates that
OL
the rock is highly fractionated (La/Yb 60-65 and
Ce/Yb=90-109).
Ambadongar Complex
GE
The Ambadongar Ring Complex, in Vadodara
district known for its fluorite mineralisation, was first
recorded by Mukherjee (1944). Subramaniam and
Parimoo (1965) considered the host (carbonate) rocks as
possible mobilised limestone. Sukheswala and Udas
(1963, 1964) recognised it as carbonatite. It crops out as a
ring-dyke structure consisting of an innermost ring of
carbonatite breccia rimmed by calciocarbonatite
(sovite) and these are intruded by ferrocarbonatite
(ankerite) plugs and dykes (Simonetti et al. 1995).
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
Banerjee (1985) recorded nephelinite, tinguaite,
phonolite, trachyte, lamprophyre and granophyre
emplaced within the Mesozoic sediments and the
Deccan basalts. Other rocks recorded in the area are
basaltic and doleritic dykes and plug-like bodies and
dykes of rheomorphic sandstone cutting across the
basaltic flows. Banerjee (op. cit.) also reported tinguaite
A
breccia and carbonatite breccia from the Complex. The
carbonatite breccia is composed of rock fragments of
DI
varying sizes of sandstone and limestone of Mesozoic
age; shale, gneissic and granitic rocks of Precambrian
age and basaltic rocks of Deccan Traps.
IN
The alkali rocks, generally porphyritic, are
characterised by the phenocrysts of sanidine,
nepheline, aegirine augite and melanite garnet and
OF
intrude Mesozoics and Deccan lavas surrounding the
Ambadongar Hill, as well as the carbonatite.
The emplacement of the carbonatite and alkali
rocks of the Complex is associated with doming up and
fracturing of Bagh Beds of Cretaceous age and this
emplacement occurred during or just after the last
phase of the major volcanic activity. Based on trace
element geochemistry and petrography, Sethna and
Borges (1981), and Srivastava (1994) suggested that the
alkalic rocks in close association with carbonatites of
Ambadongar were genetically related and are derived
from mantle as a uniform CO2-rich magma which
differentiated as a process of liquid immiscibility to
form carbonatite and siliceous fractions. This conforms
with the earlier views of Sukheswala and Borges (1975),
who expressed that the carbonatite and tinguaite might
have resulted from the immiscible fractions of the same
carbonatite-alkali magma, which was thoroughly
homogeneous. The carbonatite and the surrounding
metasomatic aureole are rich in fluorite, apatite, barite
and radioactive minerals. The carbonatite body has
been dated as 61 ± 2 Ma and 76 ± 2 Ma in two separate
determinations by Viladkar (1981) and Gwalani et al.,
(1993).
Southern Gujarat
Deccan Traps consisting of basalts are traversed by
numerous dolerite dykes and cover large parts of
Bharuch, Surat, Valsad,Tapi and Dangs districts of
southern Gujarat. Near Rajpipla, the basalts are of
alkaline nature, highly enriched in potassium. The
other rocks that occur in this area are ankaramite,
mugearite, picrite and rhyolite. The potash-rich basalt is
found to be interlayered with the tholeiite basalts
(Mahoney, 1988). However, in Rajpardi area, the alkali
lavas do not have direct contact with tholeiites and such
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
alkalic lavas along with small alkalic intrusives, appear
as separate blocks perhaps faulted and juxtaposed with
the tholeiites (Banerjee and Ghevariya, 1999). Acid
intrusives are located around Rajpardi and Nani Debari
in Bharuch district. Five talukas of Surat district are
separated and formed as Tapi district in 2007. The
whole of the newly constituted Tapi district is a tribal
belt and covered fully by Deccan Traps.
Cambay Basin
Drilling and geophysical studies have shown that
in the Cambay Basin area, the Deccan Traps occur under
a thick pile of Tertiary sediments. The thickness of the
Deccan Traps in these areas is of the order of one to Four
km. The reason for this massive thickness may be that
the already preserved lava pile in the graben received
further supplies of lava through the vents in the
thickness of the lava pile.
Y
VE
UR
LS
CA
GI
OL
GE
25
The occurrence of plug-like acid intrusives along
the well-known Narmada lineament and its western
extension in Saurashtra (Barda lineament) and also
along the basin-marginal fault zones of the Cambay
graben, suggests that the loci of the late phase of
eruption or magmatic intrusions are located on
important fault zones of western India.
A
Other areas
DI
Basalts are broadly grouped in Surat and Valsad
districts, into three units - (i) fine-grained basalt, ii)
porphyritic basalt and (iii) megaphenocrystic basalt.
IN
The flows are traversed by dolerite dykes. The cross-
cutting relationship of the dykes indicates that the ENE-
WSW set is the oldest. The palaeomagnetic studies in
southern part of Surat district indicate that the change
OF
of polarity from reverse to normal is at an elevation of
about 250 m above msl.
26 Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu

TERTIARY

A
After the diastrophic activity (Late Cretaceous) and sedimentary rocks and Deccan Traps along the coastal
eruption of Deccan Trap lava flows (Cretaceous- strip of the Kachchh mainland.

Eocene), the Tertiary sedimentation commenced in
Gujarat. Well developed Tertiary sections are exposed
in Kachchh mainland and in parts of Saurashtra, while a
DI
The first detailed study of this region was made by
Wynne (1869, 1872). Wynne (1872) classified the
Tertiary beds of Kachchh mostly on the basis of

thick pile of Tertiary sediments occupies the vast
covered tracts falling in Cambay Basin, which produces
substantial quantities of oil and gas. The Tertiary rocks
IN
abundant nummulitic fossils and lithology.
The Tertiary formations of Kachchh consist of three
distinct facies, the lower one is volcanic and is

of Gujarat mainly overlie the Deccan Traps and, at
places, the Upper Mesozoic sedimentary rocks.
The Palaeocene rocks are largely trap-wash and the
associated carbonaceous silty clay indicates their
OF
represented by the lavas of the Deccan Traps. The
middle and main part is typical marine transgressional
facies and represents stratigraphic units equivalent to
the Laki, Kirthar, Nan and Gaj Series of Sind-

Y
shallow-water deposition. The Eocene rocks are well Baluchistan (Krishnan,1982).The upper part is fluviatile
developed in Kachchh and Cambay Basin areas. This is and represents the stratigraphic unit equivalent to
VE
followed by a regressive phase and a transgressive Manchhar Series of Sind-Baluchistan (Krishnan, op.
phase represented respectively, by Oligocene and cit.).
Miocene rocks. In the Cambay area, which represents
The Tertiary rocks are exposed all along the
UR

the central part of the Cambay trough, the sediments

western, southern and southeastern parts of Kachchh,
attain a thickness of about 2000 m.
extending from Lakhpat in the west to as far as Wandh
Kachchh in the east. Some isolated outcrops of these rocks occur
in the northern and eastern parts of Kachchh Peninsula.
LS

Tertiary rocks of Kachchh are well known for their

rich marine fossil assemblage. After the eruption of lava The Tertiary rocks overlie the denuded laterites and
traps, and at places these directly rest on the Mesozoic
flows of the Deccan volcanic activity there was a period
formations (Chatterjee and Mathur,1965).
marked by a phase of extensive lateritisation under
CA

tropical conditions. Subsequently, the Tertiary The succession of Tertiary rocks as exposed in
sediments were deposited over the Mesozoic Kachchh is given in Table - 7:

Table-7. Stratigraphic succession of Tertiary rocks of Kachchh

GI

Age Formation Lithology

OL
GE
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
The oldest Tertiary rocks directly overlying the
Deccan Traps belong to the Matanomadh Formation of
Palaeocene age. This formation comprises larerite,
lateritic conglomerate and lithomargic- and bentonitic
clay, followed by gypsiferous, pyritous sandstone with
Venericardia, Neomeris etc. The overlying Kakdinadi
Formation (Lower Eocene) consists of greyish to
variegated clay and shale with limestone bands rich in
Nummulites. The Fulra Formation (Middle to Upper
Eocene) which overlies the Kakdinadi Formation
comprises cream coloured limestone with abundant
foraminifers like Assilina exponens, Alveolina elliptica,
Nummulites beaumonti, Discocylina, etc. The Oligocene is
represented by the overlying Maniayara Fort
Formation, which consists of sandy limestone, coralline
limestone, glauconitic clays, marl and siltstone, with
Nummulites intermedius, N. c1ypeus, N. fitcheli etc. The
Kharinadi Formation (Oligocene to Lower Miocene)
overlies the Maniyara Fort Formation and consists of
Y
mottled siltstone, variegated clay and fossiliferous VE
Table -8. Tertiary Succession of Saurastra
Age Formation
UR
LS
CA
Bhatia Formation (Palaeocene to Eocene) is
exposed in Jamnagar district and comprises laterite and
clay.
GI
At the westernmost part of the Saurashtra
Peninsula, near Dwarka, the Mio-Pliocene rocks are
OL
exposed as Gaj Formation and the overlying Dwarka
Formation. The Gaj formation (Lower to Middle
Miocene) consists of fossiliferous variegated clay, marl
and impure limestone. The overlying Dwarka
GE
Formation (Middle Miocene-Pliocene) comprises
gypseous clay, cherty Limestone and sandy
foraminiferal limestone.
The Mio-Pliocene is represented by the rocks
comprising thin-bedded grits and sandstone, which are
exposed in the eastern part of the Saurashtra Peninsula
in Gogha area of Bhavnagar district and represent
Gogha Beds of Krishnan (1982).
In the Piram Island, situated to the east of Gogha in
the Gulf of Khambhat, the Piram beds (Krishnan op.cit.)
27
marlite. This Formation has yielded a rich assemblage
of mammalian and other vertebrate fossil fragments.
These fossils include well-preserved teeth, mandibular
ramus, limb bones of reptilian and mammalian affinity
(Rhinocerotidae, Equidae, Cervidae, Bovidae, and
Proboscidae) and well-preserved coprolites. The
overlying Gaj Formation (Lower to Middle Miocene)
A
comprises green siltstone and fossiliferous and
gypseous marlites. The Gaj Formation is overlain by the
DI
Sandhan Formation (Pliocene) which consists of
micaceous sandstone, laminated siltstone, calcareous
IN
clay, marlite and conglomerate. Avian egg-shells have
been reported from this formation.
Saurashtra
OF
In the Saurashtra Peninsula, the rocks of Late
Tertiary age are exposed in isolated outcrops along the
coastal areas overlying the Deccan Traps. The Tertiary
succession of Saurashtra is given in Table -8.
Lithology
comprising hard ferruginous conglomerates, grits and
clays are exposed. Fossil mammalian bones were
discovered in this area (Pascoe, 1936) in the
conglomerate beds. These beds have been correlated
with the Dhok Pathan (Siwalik) of Sind, due to presence
of large giraffoid, Bralunatherium perimense and the
large antelope in them (Pascoe, op. cit.). Besides,
mammalian fossils like Anancus, Stegolophodon etc. of
Siwalik affinity are also recorded. This bed ranges in
age from Upper Miocene to Pliocene and is considered
equivalent to the Dwarka Formation.
South Gujarat
The Tertiary rocks, in the Surat-Bharuch area of
south Gujarat, occur in two broad outcrops separated
by the alluvium of the Kim River. The smaller southern
exposure extends for about 16 km in a roughly N-S
direction. The larger exposure, 50 km long and 20 km
wide extends in NE-SW direction. Tertiary succession
in the area is given in Table-9.
28
Table - 9. Tertiary Succession in South Gujarat (After Kathiara, 1969)
Age Formation
Y OF
Laterite of the Salod Formation overlying the
VE
Deccan Traps, represents Palaeocene and transgresses
to Lower Eocene. The Vagadkhol Formation consists of
clay, sandstone and conglomerate. Important fossils are
UR
Assilina exponens, Nummulites ramondi, Ostrea flemingi,
Rostellaria prestuichi, Natica longispira and Vulsella
lengumen. The Nummulite Formation consists of
impure, argillaceous limestone, clay, sandstone and
LS
marl. These rocks are rich in Nummulites and other
foraminifera.
The Lower Eocene to Oligocene is represented by
CA
the Tarkeshwar Formation showing regressive marine
facies composed of alternating sequence of shale and
sandstone, with thin intercalations of calcareous
sediments, bentonite, ocherous clay and lignite.The
GI
fossils include Nummulites fitcheli, N. intermedius,
Globigerina officianalis, Gumbelina, Operculina, Rotalia,
etc.
OL
The Babaguru Formation, well exposed in the
Babaguru Hill near Ratanpur, consists of gravel,
sandstone and shale interbedded with conglomerate
GE
beds. The conglomerate contains clasts of chalcedony,
jasper, agate, amethyst, etc. derived from the Deccan
Traps. Bhumbli conglomerate at the top of Babaguru
Formation separates it from the overlying Kand
Formation. The latter, best exposed near Kand village,
comprises essentially of flaggy fossiliferous limestone
containing abundant fossils of pelecypods, echinoids,
foraminifera, and few fish scales. The faunal
assemblage suggests an Early Miocene age.
The Jhagadia Formation conformably overlies the
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
Lithology
A
DI
IN
Kand Formation and consists of white, greenish-white
or grey, calcareous and micaceous, current-bedded,
calcareous sandstone, conglomerate and clay. It has
been assigned Middle Miocene to Pliocene age.
Cambay Basin
The Cambay Basin covers the alluvial plains of
Gujarat between latitudes 21° and 24° and longitude
71°30' and 73°30', Gulf of Khambhat (Cambay) and
northern shelf part of Arabian Sea. The Basin is
bounded to the west by the Saurashtra Peninsula,
covered almost completely by the Deccan Traps and
Mesozoic rocks; towards the northeast by the Aravalli-
Delhi Hill range; and to the east by the Deccan Traps
and the Champaner Group of rocks (Proterozoic). The
southeastern limits are determined by the Deccan Traps
of Rajpipla-Navasari-Bombay section. To the south and
south-west, the basin extends into the continental shelf
of the Arabian Sea. The fact, that the Deccan Traps form
floor for the Tertiary rocks of the Cambay Basin over the
major part indicates that the basin came into existence,
following the basaltic lava extrusion, due to crustal
tension (Raju et al. 1972). Auden (1949b) pointed out the
megatectonic oscillation of the crust as the possible
mechanism for the origin of the basin. The deep drilling
in the Cambay basin by the Oil and Natural Gas
Corporation Limited has revealed presence of a thick
pile of Tertiary sediments under the plain tracts
between Mahesana area and Gulf of Khambhat. The
stratigraphic succession, as worked out by ONGC is
given in Table -10.
Lower to Middle Eocene Cambay Black Shale
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu 29

Formation is the main source of petroleum whereas fields in the Cambay Basin occur in Bharuch and
the Middle Eocene horizons are the main producer Surat in South Gujarat, in Kheda and Vadodara in
of oil and gas. The pay horizons occur in Lower Central Gujarat and in Ahmadabad and Mahesana
Eocene to Lower Miocene also. The oil and gas in North Gujarat.

Table-10. Stratigrapltic sequence of the Cambay Basin

A
Age Formation Lithology

DI
IN
Y OF
VE
UR
LS
CA
GI
OL
GE
30 Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu

QUATERNARY

A
Quaternary deposits hold a place of great Deccan Traps and is characterised by a deep red soil
significance in the geology of Gujarat. About 1,00,174 sq cover (latosol). From a few kilometres east of Thanad

DI
km area of the State is covered with Quaternary this plain continues south-eastward through the
sediments deposited during Pleistocene and Holocene northern part of the Banaskantha, Mahesana and
Epochs.The depositional units belonging to the Ahmadabad districts, gets covered by later fluviatile

Quaternary are given in Table - 11.
Oldest deltaic plain
The Gujarat plains have been progressively built up
IN
sediments and aeolian sands in the western and
central Mahi basin and again continues from the
northern part of the Vadodara district to as far south
as Rajpipla, south of the Narmada river. The

OF
in the form of successive deltaic plains by the alluvia of stratigraphic sequence of the alluvial fills underlying
the Tapi, Narmada, Mahi, Sabarmati and Banas rivers. this surface has been observed at a number of places
The oldest deltaic plain fringes the crystallines and the and is given in Table 12.

Y
Table 11: Quaternary deposits of Gujarat
VE
Present flood plains Silty clay of Varahi Formation
UR

Rann surface Saline water -logged flat surface

Latest coastal accretional plain Salt encrusted mud flat
Unclassified bar Silty clay with sand patches mangrove, swamps
LS

Youngest tidal flat Lagoons unfilled with mud

Barrier bar and spit Sand and silt with coastal dune
Older tidal flat Mud flat (above high tide)
CA

Banni plains and bets Elevated inundated, saline silty sand (occasionally flooded)/
(Raised Rann surfaces) Elevated uninundated nonsaline silty sand
Fluvial terraces and palaeochannels No soil formation
GI

Youngest deltaic flat Salt encrusted

OL

Old coastal dunes Limestone (including miliolite)

Third deltaic plain (with inceptisol) Unconsolidated sand, silt and clay with incipient soil
covered by silty clay accretion
GE

Dunes and sand sheets
Second deltaic plain with vertisol
(black cotton, soil)
Old colluvial plain (with latosol)
Oldest deltaic plain (with latosol)
Oxidised parabolic and complex dunes, younger unoxidised
Sand-aggravated palaeovalley, oxidised brownish-
yellow sand and silt
Semi-consolidated boulders and pebbles
Semi-consolidated boulders, pebbles and sands
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
Table 12. Stratigraphic sequence of the Oldest deltaic plain
Deeply pedogenised dark red soil
Oxidised silt and sand
Cemented river gravel often deeply oxidised (locally showing herring- bone current bedding)
Mottled clay
Bed rock (often lateritised)
Old colluvial plain
This surface blankets the pediments between the
Aravalli ranges and the oldest deltaic plain and
comprises deeply oxidised deposits.
Second deltaic plains with vertisol
The second deltaic plains accreted by series of
meandering rivers, occur westward of the oldest deltaic
plain and are characterised by a black cotton soil
Y
(vertisol) with accumulation of nodules of calcium
carbonate in the soil profile. The stratigraphic
VE
sequences of the alluvial fills underlying this surface
display some significant differences in their upper part
in north and south Gujarat. In the northern part, north
UR
of the present Mahi River, aeolian sands become
dominant in the upper part of the sequence and
ultimately form dunes. In south Gujarat the sequence
does not show any appreciable aèolian activity and
LS
fluviatile regime continues with deposition of
alternating bands of silts and sands. Thick black cotton
soil has formed on top of these bands. Black cotton soil
also occurs in northern Gujarat on top of the second
CA
deltaic plain in areas which escaped aeolian activity.
Dunes and sand sheets
The dunes are mainly superimposed on the second
GI
deltaic plain though these also cover part of the oldest
deltaic plain. In the Ahmedabad district they are highly
dissected and their forms are almost indeterminate;
OL
nevertheless, some of these appear to belong to
parabolic type. Between Ahmadabad and Mahesana,
dune topography occupies the areas of aggraded river
GE
valleys in such a way so as to leave no doubt that the
sands have been deposited by aeolian agency. These
dunes belong to barchanoid type. A stretch of linear
dunes occupies the tract bordering the eastern
boundary of the Rann, north of Thanad. Sand sheets
cover much of the pediments and pediplains in north
Gujarat and obstacle dunes are common on the
windward side of the hills.
The top of the parabolic and indeterminate dunes
are oxidised, the barchanoid dunes are feebly oxidised
whereas the linear dunes are unoxidised.
31
A
DI
Third deltaic plain
IN
In the north, central and south Gujarat the third
deltaic plains occur westward of the second deltaic
plains, on the eastern flank of the erstwhile extension
of the Gulf of Khambhat. These deltas were formed at
OF
the mouths of the presently existing big rivers and can
be identified as the deltas of the Banas, Sabarmati,
Mahi, Narmada and Tapi rivers in spite of a little
lateral coalescence. Similar deltas have been formed at
the mouths of major rivers in Saurashtra where they
form two prominent belts on the northern and
northeastern flanks of the peninsula. In Kachchh the
youngest deltaic plains are coalesced to form a
continuous belt from east to west on the southern
margin of the Peninsula.
The Third deltaic plains are underlain by
unconsolidated sand, silt and clay with development of
only incipient soil cover.
Old coastal dunes
This unit comprises limestone, belonging to the
Miliolite and Chhaya Formations and some marine
deposits. The Miliolite Formation essentially comprises
oolitic calcarenites and micrite; whereas the latter
consists of shell limestone, oyster beds, coral reefs and
calcirudites (Mathur et al. 1988).
Youngest deltaic flat
Formed of silt and clay, these flat surfaces occur on
the seaward side of the third deltaic plains and may
indicate an older generation of mud flats covering the
erstwhile extension of the Gulfs of Khambhat and
Kachchh.
Fluvial terraces and paleochannels
Linear stretches of terraces occur along the river
valleys traversing through the younger deltaic plains
and are restricted to the lower reaches of rivers, in the
Tapi, terraces are developed up to Surat; in the
Narmada, terraces occur up to the confluence of the
Karjan river, north of Rajpipla; in the Mahi, up to
Valsad; and in the Sabarmati, a few kilometres to the
south of Ahmadabad.
32
Banni Plains and bets
In the Rann of Kachchh three different geomorphic
surfaces have been formed because of Holocene
upliftment and are covered by soils of different degrees
of maturity. A transition from a true solanchak soil in
the Rann proper to various forms of folonetz and solod
soils are discernible in the progressively more uplifted
and consequently, more mature blocks of the Banni
surfaces. Near Bhirindiara, where the upliftment is
maximum, a solod soil covers a few metres of silt and
clay. In the less uplifted and mature blocks, solonetz
soils have formed a greenish- grey silt.
Older tidal flat
The coastal deposits of the deltaic plains were
formed by the accretion of successive shorelines. At
first, barrier bars and spits were formed off the coast,
with intervening lagoonal depressions between them
and the shore. Gradually, these depressions became
filled up with silt and clay and transformed into mud-
Y
flats or tidal flats.
VE
Two generations of tidal flats have been
demarcated, of which the older is above the high- tide
level. The older tidal flats (Katpur Formation, De, 1988)
UR
occur as narrow belts bordering the seaward side of the
youngest deltaic plains (Mahuva Formation, De, op.
cit.), contain many older beach ridges and mark the
former coastline.
LS
1. Katpur Formation
Brown, unconsolidated clays of this formation
contain unfossilised tests of forams, cosmopolitan
CA
bivalves, gastropods (coastal) and crude algal (?) forms.
Admixing of terrestrial gastropod forms with the
coastal shallow-marine forms is noticed. The clays are
very rich in decomposed mangrove plant roots, stems
GI
and leaves.
In Kachchh, these tidal-flat deposits extend along
OL
the coastal zone almost up to three km inland from the
present coastline constituting silt and greyish-black
muds. Thickness varies from 10 to 20 cm.
GE
2. Mahuva Formation
It represents present day/ Recent sediments over
the older deposits. As this formation contains various
subfacies of different geomorphic (or genetic) set-up,
the faunal (all fresh/unfossilised) assemblage varies
accordingly. The beach sands contain both broken
(polished/rounded) and complete shells of marine
bivalves, gastropods and foraminifera. A part of these
are being incorporated into the recent coastal dunes by
wind transportation. The stream sediments contain
typical fresh-water gastropods. The recent tidal-flat
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
deposits contain mostly shallow-marine forms. As a
whole, admixing of shallow - marine and fresh-water
forms is the characteristic of this formation.
Barrier bar and spit
Numerous barrier bars and spits, some of them as
long as 20 km or more, occur along the coast in south
Gujarat, south and west Saurashtra and in southern part
A
of the Kachchh Peninsula. A few barrier bars occur
inland, north of Nal Sarovar in central Gujarat. Coastal
DI
sand dunes are invariably present on all the barrier bars.
Youngest tidal flat
IN
These occur on the landward side of the Barrier bars
and spits and are particularly covered during high tide.
In south Gujarat the seaward sides of the older tidal flats
OF
are eroded and dissected and the youngest tidal flats
occur as blankets on top of them. This unit occupies
linear, discontinuous stretches in southern Saurashtra
and more or less continuous stretches in western
Saurashtra and southern Kachchh. The salt encrusted
surface is underlain by silty clay and clay.
Unclassified bar
The elongated sand banks in the Gulf of Khambhat,
the coral reefs and associated bars in the Gulf of
Kachchh, the bars at the mouths of the Narmada river
and gulf-ward side of the Little Rann of Kachchh (east of
Gandhidham), are included in this unit. Most of these
bars comprise sands in the central portions, flanked by
clay accretion.
Latest coastal accretional plain
This surface emerges only during the low tides and
indicates the seaward progradation of the shorelines.
This surface discontinuously flanks the eastern,
northern and western margins of the Gulf of Khambhat
and the southeastern and northwestern margins of the
Gulf of Kachchh.
Rann surface
It is a vast, marshy, saline tract extending for about
300 km in the east-west direction and 30 to 100 km in the
north-south direction. Receding sea level,
neotectonism, and heavy silting by the westerly flowing
rivers have led to the formation of the present Rann.
After regression of the Inland Sea, the marine tract has
come under the influence of semi-aridity, seasonal
flooding by precipitation, run-off water from the
surrounding drainage system and occasional high tidal
waves
Present Flood Plains
This is confined in the main rivers of Gujarat State.
Quaternary sediments in Gujarat were deposited under
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
various climatic and physiographic environments under
different neotectonic setups. Several workers have
carried out extensive studies in various fluvial basins of
North, Central and South Gujarat and in the Rann of
Kachchh for establishing the morphostratigraphy,
lithostratigraphy, tectonostratigraphy and
climatostratigraphy of the Quaternary sediments. The
Quaternary episodes have been established and
expressed in a generalised sequence (Table-13) and
basin-wise studies revealing morphostratigraphic
sequence have been tentatively correlated (Table14).
The fluvial activities of the Tapi, Narmada, Mahi,
Sabarmati and Banas have progressively built up
successive deltaic plains in Gujarat under fluvio-marine
environment with westward shifting of the shore line
under changing climatic conditions. Intermingling of
coastal marine facies and fluvial facies with intermittent
aeolian facies characterises the Gujarat plains.
Two major phases of valley aggradation
Y
corresponding to the accretion of oldest deltaic plain
and second deltaic plain, separated by a period of red
VE
soil formation, have been identified in all the major
valleys of Central and South Gujarat. The occurrence of
chocolate coloured, nodular, swampy clay at the base of
UR
the second deltaic plain in Mindhola and Tapi River
basins (South Gujarat) indicates submergence of the
area and formation of mud flats on the eroded oldest
deltaic plain. Subsequent deposition of gravels and
LS
inclusions of mud balls within it indicate recession of
the sea, steepening of the gradients of the rivers and
Table - 13. Quaternary Episodes of Gujarat State
CA
GI
OL
GE
33
erosion of the mud flats. Progressively the aggradation
of the rivers continued with deposition of silt and sand,
keeping pace with gradual rise of the sea level and then
culminating in the formation of the topmost mud flat of
the second deltaic plain in South Gujarat. A neotectonic
subsidence in the Little and Great Rann after formation
of this topmost mud flat (with black cotton soil) resulted
A
in a marine incursion.
Culmination of the second aggradational phase in
DI
Central and North Gujarat is marked by Aeolian
activity with the formation of parabolic and complex
IN
dunes. However, the fluvial activity of the second
aggradational phase continued in South Gujarat.
The third deltaic plain was formed at the mouths of
OF
the existing rivers and is identified as deltas of the Luni,
Banas, Sabarmati, Mahi, Narmada, and Tapi Rivers and
major rivers of Kathiawar. In Kachchh, this plain has
been formed on the southern margin with
corresponding projective reclamation of the Rann
surface by neotectonic upliftment to form Banni Plains
with transitional solonetz to solod soil cover.
Further sedimentation after formation of the third
deltaic plain is characterised by the youngest deltaic flat
(mud flat) on the seaward side covering erstwhile
extension of the Gulf of Khambhat and Kachchh, tidal
flats, barrier bars and spits, coastal accretional plains,
marshy saline rann surface, present day flood plains,
etc. process of accretion being continued.
34
Table - 14. Morphostratigrapltic sequence of Gujarat State
Y OF
VE
UR
LS
CA
GI
OL
Neotectonics in Kachchh Region
Kachchh region is one of the few regions in the
world with high intra-plate seismicity making the area
GE
tectonically unstable with incidence of recurring
earthquakes. This region falls under Zone-V in the
Seismotectonic Hazard Zonation map of India (BIS).
The tectonic framework of Kachchh is controlled by a
set of parallel major faults comprising Nagar Parker
Fault, Alla Bund Fault, Island Belt Fault, South Wagad
Fault, Kachchh Mainland Fault (KMF) and Katrol Hill
Fault, from north to south. These faults have been active
since its inception in the Mesozoic (Biswas, 1887, Singh,
et al. 2008).
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
A
DI
IN
The study of the various lithounits in the Kachchh
around KMF suggests that it had repeatedly
experienced tectonic disturbances. The autoclastic
intraformational conglomerate, warping, open folds,
faults and sand-dykes recorded from the area provide
ample evidences of paleoseismicity in the area.
Rejuvenation of streams is an important geomorphic
evidence of tectonic activity during Holocene. Near
Devisar, Khirsara, Dhrung and Jura villages, the
streams flowing northerly into the Rann, show
rejuvenation with deep headward cutting. Near
Dhrung, about 15 meter thick cliff of Holocene
sediments is recorded along the Dhrung river section.
Offsetting of streams has also been noticed at various
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu 35

places due to the 2001 earthquake as well as due to Neotectnics in Saurashtra region
earlier reactivation of the pre-existing weak planes. The
Neotectonic activity has been recorded around
Manfara fault was reactivated due to 2001 earthquake,
Balamba Ranjitpur Jodiya coast of Saurashtra. An
which is one of the several active transverse faults to the
elliptical land segment has emerged in this coastal belt
Kachchh Mainland Fault. Near Devisar and Khirsara a
during late Holocene period and is still in rising trend.
few stream courses show about 50 meters of offsetting
This is confirmed by: a) drainage morphology, such as
in the Holocene sediments, which indicate the
narrowing of trunk channel towards sea, sharp bend of
reactivation during Holocene. Owing to the upheaval of

A
trunk channel over tidal flat area, development of new
landmass at Budharmora and differential subsidence of
sets of channels over tilted river terrace with flow
land in Kharoi area, local changes in the ground slope

DI
direction at an high angle with the major channel; b)
are noticed. The change in slope has given rise to
presence of several blind channels; c) Identification of
reversal of stream courses at places (Singh et al. 2008).
palaeo-delta with sharp delta mouth along estuary

The Loriya active fault, which is cutting the alluvial
fan of the Pur River has been active in the recent past
and was reactivated due to 2001 earthquake. The
ground fissures along this active fault range in
IN
margin; and d) Oyster- pelecypod bed (sub-recent time)
much above the present high tide level. Further results
of comparative study of Survey of India toposheets of
1943 AD and 1985 AD and study of satellite imagery

dimension of 1 to 2 meters deep and 100 - 150 meters in
length. The v-shaped fissures are in right lateral en-
echelon pattern, which strike slip movement along this
fault. The trenches made across these fissures show no
OF
(2006 AD), show a gradual shift of high tide line
towards sea and coastal belt emergence, which is
probably due to the neotectonic activity. Neotectonic
activity in this region is also manifested by the

Y
dip-slip component of movement. Study indicates that configuration of the basins (basin morphology)
only the segment of KMF bounded by the two including asymmetry of the small river basins (the Aji,
VE
transverse faults, i.e. Manfara and Loriya transverse Und and Sasoi rivers) with regard to the trunk channels.
faults was reactivated due to the 2001 earthquake
(Singh et al. 2008, 2011).
UR
LS
CA
GI
OL
GE
36
MINERAL RESOURCES
In terms of value of mineral production in the
country with a share of 4.77% (IBM, Mineral Year book
2009), State of Gujarat positioned at thiredsixth rank in
whole country. The existing mines which reported the
mineral production (excluding atomic minerals,
petroleum-crude, natural gas and minor minerals) are
4330 in number. The State is the sole holder of country's
perlite resources and is said to possess 69% of fluorite,
28% of diatomite, 18% of bentonite and 10% of
wollastonite. (op.cit.). Gujarat wais the sole producer of
agate, chalk and fluorite (conc.),; leading producer of
clay (others) ( 39%), kaolin (49%), (others 39%) and marl
( 80(80%);, second largest producer lignite (31%),
petroleum (crude) ( 1818%), bauxite(bauxite (19%) and
Y
silica sand ( 17(17%) and it is also third largest producer
of natural gas (ut.) (5%) and quartz (17%) in the country
VE
(IBM, Mineral Year book, 2010). Other Iimportant
minerals commercially exploited in the State of Gujarat
are bauxite, bentonite, base metals, fireclay, fluorite,
UR
fuller’s earth, kaolin and ball clay, lignite, limestone,
chalk and calcareous sandstone, petroleum and natural
gas, quartz and silica sand. Besides, several rocks are
LS
being used for building purposes and as dimension
stone.
The important mineral occurrences in the State are:
agate found in Deccan Trap flows in Bharuch district;
CA
bauxite in Amreli, Bhavnagar, Jamnagar, Junagadh,
Kheda, Kachchh, Porbandar, Sabarkantha and Valsad
districts; ball clay in Banaskantha, Bharuch, Kachchh
GI
and Patan districts; bentonite in Amreli, Bhavnagar,
Jamnagar, Kachchh and Sabarkantha districts; china
clay in Amreli, Banaskantha, Bhavnagar, Jamnagar,
OL
Junagadh, Kachchh, Mehsana and Sabarkantha
districts; chalk in Porbandar district; diatomite in
Bhavnagar district; dolomite in Bhavnagar and
Vadodara districts; fireclay in Bharuch, Kachchh,
GE
Mehsana, Rajkot, Sabarkantha, Surat and
Surendranagar districts; fluorite in Vadodara and
Bharuch districts; fuller's earth in Bhavnagar and
Kachchh districts; gypsum in Bhavnagar, Jamnagar,
Junagadh, Kachchh and Surendranagar districts;
lignite in Bharuch, Bhavnagar, Kachchh and Surat
districts; limestone in Amreli, Banaskantha, Bharuch,
Bhavnagar, Jamnagar, Junagadh, Kheda, Kachchh,
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
Panchmahals, Porbandar, Rajkot, Sabarkantha, Surat,
A
Vadodara and Valsad districts; ochre in Banaskantha,
Bhavnagar and Kachchh districts; perlite in Rajkot
DI
district; petroleum and natural gas in oil fields of
Ankleshwar, Kalol, Navgam, Balol and Cambay in
Cambay onshore and offshore basins; quartz/silica
IN
sand in Bharuch, Bhavnagar, Dahod, Kheda, Kachchh,
Panchmahals, Rajkot, Sabarkantha, Surat,
Surendranagar, Vadodara and Valsad districts; and
OF
talc/steatite/soapstone in Sabarkantha district.
Other minerals that occur in the State are apatite
and rock phosphate in Panchmahals district; calcite in
Amreli and Bharuch districts; copper ore in
Banaskantha district; granite in Banaskantha,
Mehesana and Sabarkantha districts; graphite in
Panchamahals district; lead zinc and marble in
Banaskantha and Vadodara districts; manganese ore in
Panchamahals and Vadodara districts; vermiculite in
Vadodara district; and wollastonite in Banaskantha
district. Reserves of important economic minerals are
given in Table – 15A.
The lignite resources of Gujarat are placed at
2662.75 million tonnes (Coal Directory of India, 2008-09
and the Petroleum and Natural Gas Resources are
placed at 134.97 Mt and 77.22 billion cu m. respectively
(Indian Mineral Year Book-2010 IBM). GSI estimated
lignite reserve of 65 million tonnes in the west coast of
Lignite Field of Gujarat (Indian Mineral Year Book
1998-99). Reserves of 250 million tonnes in Bharuch
district, 67 million tonnes in Bhavnagar district, about
19 million tonnes in Kachchh and 75 million tonnes in
Surat district have also been estimated by various
agencies in Gujarat (Indian Mineral Year Book, op. cit.).
Reserves of Lignite are given in Table 15B.
Besides, estimates reserves for diatomite and
marble are as follows :
Marble - 93.74 Mt.; Diatomite - 0.811 Mt (Indian
Mineral Year Book-2010, IBM).
Statistical profile (Indian Mineral Year Book-2010,
IBM) of selected minerals of Gujarat showing the
position of Gujarat vis-a-vis the entire country is given
in Table - 16.
 Table 15. Reserves/Rsources of important minerals of Gujarat
(as on 1-4-2005)

GE
OL
GI
CA
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu

LS
UR
VE
Y OF
IN
DI
A
37
 38

GE
OL
GI
CA
Figures rounded off
(Source : Indian Mineral Year Book-2010, Indian Bureau of Mines)
LS
Table 15B : Reserves/Resources of Lignite as on 1.4.2009 : Gujarat
UR
VE
Y OF
(Source : Coal Directory of India, 2008-09/ Indian Mineral Year Book-2010, IBM). IN
DI
A
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu 39

Table - 16. Statistical profiles of selecled minerals: India versus Gujarat (2008-09)

A
DI
IN
OF
(Source : Indian Mineral Year Book-2010, IBM)

Y
AGATE
VE Antarjal, Bhuvad, Dagala, Khera and Khegarpur.
Agate is a banded variety of chalcedony, the JAMNAGAR DISTRICT
cryptocrystalline form of silica. It is commonly banded
Occurrence of chalcedony, agate and jasper
UR

with delicate parallel bands or is irregularly clouded.

conglomerate, both in situ and as well as transported
Agate occurs in various shades of yellow, grey, brown,
pebbles of varying sizes, has been reported from
blue and hence, is mainly used as a semi-precious stone
Veratiya and between Pardadhari and Latipur. Geodes
for decorative purposes and for making jewellery. It is
containing Moss-agate and chalcedony are reported to
LS

also used for grinding chemicals and as pebbles in ball

mills. occur near Badanpur, Bori, Jiwapur, Thoriali and
Vijarkhi.
Gujarat occupies a leading position in agate
industry in India. Major economically significant JUNAGADH DISTRICT
CA

deposits are located in Bharuch and Kachchh districts. Milky-white chalcedony and agate as geodes have
Khambhat is an important centre for cutting and been reported along the southeastern border of Gir
polishing the mineral. Forest near Khambha. Occurrence of pebbles of agate
GI

BHARUCH DISTRICT and chalcedony has also been noted in a nala between
Hemal and Sokhra.
The conglomerate beds within the Babaguru
OL

Formation are agate bearing. The conglomerate beds OTHER AREAS

are exposed at Ambalihar, Bareja, Damlai, Dhola Kuva, Moss agate-bearing conglomerate has been noticed
Madhavpura, Rajpipla and Ratanpur. Agate pebbles near Khijaria in Rajkot district. Agate pebbles have also
loosened from the beds occur along the nalas and in
GE

been noticed near Lakhanka (Bhavnagar district),

surrounding areas.
KACHCHH DISTRICT
Agate-bearing conglomerate occupies a high
ground (10-25 m above msl) in the northwestern corner
of the Little Rann of Kachchh. The conglomerate also
contains chert, chalcedony and jasper. Although the
deposit is fairly rich, exploitation is difficult due to
inaccessibility of the area during major part of the year.
The other reported occurrences are at Adesar,
Gunesia (Panchmahals district) and Ghala in (Surat
district).
BARITE
Barite (BaSO4) or heavy spar, characterised by a
high specific gravity is an important industrial mineal.
It finds wide usage in various industries such as rubber,
glass, paper, plastic, paint, etc. It is also used as weight
filler in drilling muds and in the manufacture of various
barium chemicals.
40
In Gujarat there is no important barite deposit;
however, local occurrences of transported nodules of
barite have been reported from the Kachchh and
Panchniahals districts.
KACHCHH DISTRICT
Barite nodules of varying shape and size occur
scattered over the gypseous shales of Kakdinadi
Formation at Lifri and Naun. These nodules are
considered to be transported or rolled their probable
source being barite-bearing limestone segregations in
the Intertrappean beds. However, the occurrence is
very small and sporadic.
PANCHMAHALS DISTRICT
Barite associated with quartz-sericite schist has
been reported from Nani Raski and Sadra. These
occurrences are considered to be uneconomic.
BASE METALS
The reported occurrences of lead, zinc and copper
Y
mineralisation in Gujarat can be broadly classified into
two categories, viz. (i) the mineralisation associated
VE
with the Precambrian metasediments, and (ii) minor
occurrence or shows among the Deccan Traps.
UR
BANASKANTHA DISTRICT
Amba Mata (Ambaji) Deposit : This is the largest
known base metal deposit in Gujarat. The host rocks for
the mineralisation are talc schist, biotite-quartz schist
LS
and quartzite of the Kumbhalgarh Group.
The main prospect is 2000 m long and 600-800 m
wide. Rich mineralisation has been intersected in
CA
boreholes in three parallel lodes in the central part of the
area. The base metal mineralisation is along five sub-
parallel zones having a cumulative length of 3500 m,
distributed over 800 m long and 200 m wide area.
GI
The mineralisation is mainly of lead and zinc with
subordinate copper. Calena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite
OL
and pyrite are the primary sulphides occurring in talc
schist and biotite-quartz schist. The talc schist is derived
from basic to ultrabasic rocks emplaced during the
Aravalli-Delhi orogeny.
GE
The main folds in the region trend NNE-SSW;
whereas the Amba Mata structure is a synclinal cross-
fold plunging due N60°W. The main deposit is located
on the SW limb of the cross-fold where the strata and
mineralised zones dip steeply towards NE.
The controlling structures for mineralisation are
steeply dipping strike faults related to the cross folding.
The faults dip steeply to the NE, or are near vertical, and
have a tendency to transgress the strata at gentle angle
towards the axial plane in the direction of the plunge of
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
axis. The relative displacements are dextral or right -
lateral (forward) conforming to the adjustments related
to the cross folding. Though the lodes have moderate
dimensions, the structural and lithological setup has
given rise to relatively rich lead-zinc mineralisation.
The proved reserves are 5.8 million tonnes with an
average metal content of 13.5% (lead 5.5%, zinc 6% and
A
copper 2%) ( as on 1.4.2005, IBM, http//ibm.nic.in).
Amlimal area: In the Ambaji extension area, further
DI
northwest, the dominant lithology comprises
metasediments and metavolcanics of the Kumbhalgarh
IN
Group. These rocks are intruded by variants of the
Sendra-Ambaji and the Erinpura Granites and quartz
syenite.
Four prominent shear zones with base metal
OF
mineralisation have been identified in Amlimal area.
Out of these, three shear zones show various stages of
limonitisation, boxwork and encrustation of malachite
and marcasite. Disseminations and stringers of pyrite
are also observed at places. Geochemical samples from
these shear zones have analysed <50 ppm to 0.52% Cu,
<50 ppm to 0.30% Pb and <50 ppm to 0.75% Zn. Samples
from old working, located about 700 m north of ? 540
hill, have yielded 1.93% Cu. In this area, the geophysical
(IP and SP) anomaly zones are quite compatible with
the geochemical results.
Kui-Chitrasani Belt : The NE-SW trending Kui
Chitrasani fault extending over 45 km from west of
Chitrasani in Banaskantha district to Kui (near Abu
Road Railway Station) in Rajasthan, separates through
most of its length, the Erinpura Granite in the NW, and
metasediments and metabasites of the Kumbhalgarh
Group on the SE. The Kui-Chitrasanj fault has truncated
NW-SE to NNW-SSE trending cross-folds of the
Ajabgarhs (Kumbhalgarh Group) in the section
between Chandravati and lqbalgadh. The axis of the
major synclinal cross-fold plunging NW in this area
passes close to Dungarpura. The fault zone is
extensively silicified with development of chert and
quartz veins with several intervening observed along
this fault zone. The cherts and adjoining metabasites
contain limonite and limonite boxworks and primary
sulfide mineralisation in the form of galena,
chalcopyrite, sphalerite and pyrite at several places. At
Dungarpura, shear fractures, related to the fault, have
an en-echelon pattern with right-lateral (forward) shift
and have steep dips towards SE.
Preliminary investigation carried out along the
fault zone has indicated the presence of base metals at a
number of localities. Out of these, the indications at
Chitrasani and Dungarpura in Banaskantha district and
(Chandravati and Kui in Sirohi district of Rajasthan) are
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
considered significant. In Dungarpura, dissernina tions
and stringers of galena and pyrite are found in sheared
and brecciated quartzite. This mineralised zone extends
over a strike length of about 150 m with 2-4 m width.
Analytical results indicate metal values ranging from
<50 to 400 ppm Cu, <50 ppm to 0.30% Pb and <50 to 250
ppm Zn.
VADODARA DISTRICT
Ambadongar : Minor amount of galena are
recorded from outcrops and excavations in the
Ambadongar fluorspar deposit. Cellular boxwork and
leached out cavities, presumably after pyrite, galena or
other suiphides, have been observed. Beneficiation of
the fluorspar rock may possibly yield some lead (and
zinc) suiphides, as by products.
Kadwal-Chowki Area : Some old workings
situated at Kadwal, Khatas, Jamba and Chowki towards
north and northwest of the Pani Mines show the
occurrence of lead confined to quartz veins traversing
Y
phyllite. Though maximum thickness of the quartz
veins is 75 cm, these veins are impersistent along strike
VE
and dip and the mineralisation is insignificant.
Khandia : The largest known base metal
occurrence from the Champaner Group of rocks is at
UR
Khandia, situated at the southern fringe of the
Champaner fold belt.
The lead-zinc mineralisation, associated with
LS
calcareous phyllite and dolomite, occurs along steeply
dipping northern limb of a major WNW plunging
anticlinal fold. Primary ore minerals are pyrrhotite,
pyrite, galena, sphalerite and chalcopyrite. The
CA
controlling structures are WNW - ESE to E-W trending
shear zones with 65°-75° northerly dips. Different
disconnected zones of mineralisation have broad en-
echelon pattern with right-lateral (forward) shift. The
GI
nose of the anticline, in the area further west, is
dislocated by a shear zone.
OL
A small zone of 250 m strike length in the western
part of the mineralised zone explored by drilling, is
interpreted to consist of four ore shoots, each having 60-
75 m strike length and 1-2.16 m thickness. The inferred
GE
resources are 0.22 Mt with an average metal content of
4.5% Pb and Zn (Gopinath & Prasadarao, 1970).
Masabar : In the extension areas of Khandia in
Masabar area mineralised zone has been indicated. The
mineralisation is seen in the form of specks and
dissemination of pyrite over 200 m x 50 m and 100 m x 20
m areas in two small isolated hillocks exposing
brecciated cherty quartzite. Analytical results show
metal content of <50 ppm - 0.45% Cu, upto 50 ppm Pb
and <50 - 100 ppm Zn.
41
Pani Mines-Jhari area : Quartz veins traversing the
east-west trending dolomitic limestone between Pani
Mines and Ghanta railway station, carry small
quantities of copper ore. The rocks are stained with
malachite. The old working, near Jhari, exposes a quartz
vein, 5 to 10 cm in thickness, showing poor
mineralisation. Further east of the old working, few
geochemical anomalies have been shown. At Itwada,
A
malachite stains have been noticed in quartz veins
traversing quartz-mica schist/phyllite, in the hills
DI
south of Pani Mines.
PANCHMAHALS DISTRICT
IN
Gandhra-Ranjitpura area : Malachite stains,
limonitisation and gossan structures have been noticed,
at several places, in dolomitic limestone which extends
OF
from south of Bhadar to Ranjitpura via Gandhra,
Chalwad and Vav.
Jher : Minor copper mineralisation is noticed, in the
vicinity of Jher. lmpersistent quartz veins traversing
feldspathic mica schist show malachite stains and
contain sparsely disseminated specks of pyrite,
chalcopyrite. The quartz veins whose length reaches up
to 40 m have a maximum width of 2.5 m.
Narukot area : At Vadek, ENE of Narukot, surface
indications of lead mineralisation associated with
quartz veins traversing mica schist have been reported
extending over a 400-500m long zone. In this zone,
minor primary lead mineralisation over 80 m long and
0.7 to 1 m wide area has been delineated. Limonitised
zones have been found to extend further 330 m in ENE,
bringing the total length of the mineralised zone to 410
m. The analytical results show poor metal values.
In an old working at Jaban, west of Narukot, a galena-
bearing quartz vein has been located. The mineralised
vein, 15-30 cm in width, traversing a conglomerate
horizon was found to extend over 150 m in length.
Palla : At Palla, about 18 km NE of Pavagad railway
station, occurrence of disseminated chalcopyrite in
lenticular quartzite bands, has been recorded.
SABARKANTHA DISTRICT
Dadhalia : Copper-magnetite mineralisation
associated with ultrabasic rocks is noticed in the area 4-5
km south of Dadhalia at two localities, 1.5 km apart.
The mineralised zone in Borkampa area has a strike
length of 200 m. attaining a maximum width of seven m
at the centre; it pinches to 1 - 1.5 m at the ends. A 75 m
long and 0.5-4.0 in wide mineralised zone has been
reported from Vartha.
Brahmpuri : Two thin lenses of galena occur along
joint planes of phyllite, exposed in two pits, at
Brahrnpuri in Bhiloda taluka.
42
JAMNAGAR DISTRICT
A six m thick basalt flow exposed in a well at Beh
shows the presence of disseminated native copper.
Specks of native copper are also reported from other
nearby wells.
JUNAGADH DISTRICT
Banej Nes : The occurrence of lead-copper
mineralisation associated with quartz veins traversing
Deccan Traps is known since 1884. Hydrothermal
galena and chalcopyritemineralisation, in narrow
quartz veins is noticed over a length of 340 m, within a
fault breccia zone along a N-S trending fault.
Mineralisation is, however, sporadic in nature.
RAJKOT DISTRICT
Bhayavadar : Presence of native copper has been
recorded in Deccan Traps, three km SE of Bhayavadar.
Dissemanations and thin plates of native copper are
noticed, in abundance, in lava flow along joints, calcite
veins and in zeolite fillings.
BAUXITE
VE
Bauxite, a mixture of gibbsite (Al (OH)3 ),
boehmite (γ-AlOH(OH)) and Diaspore (α-AlO(OH)) is
the chief source of aluminium. Besides aluminium
UR
metal, bauxite finds used in the manufacture of high
alumina refractory bricks; chemicals like alum and
ammonium alum; abrasive and cement; in ceramic
industry and in petroleum refining. It is also used as a
LS
flux material in steal melting and in ferro-alloy
industries. The country is self-sufficient in all grades
of bauxite. Resources of bauxite in the country as on
1.4.2005, as per UNFC system, are placed at 3,290
CA
million tonnes. These resources include 899 million
tonnes reserves and 2,390 million tonnes remaining
resources. By grades, about 86% resources are of
GI
metallurgical grade. The resources of refractory and
chemical grades are limited and together account for
about 3%. (Indian Mineral Year Book,2010, IBM).
OL
Table-17 gives the proved and probable reserves of
Gujarat Vis-a Vis the country.
Table- 17 : Reserves of Bauxite (as on 1.4.2005) in
million tonnes
GE
Proved Probable
STD111 STD121 STD122
All India 538.945 225.424 135.015
Gujarat 43.952 2.400 21.861
(Source : Indian Mineral Year Book-2010, IBM)
Bauxite deposits in the State are associated with
laterite overlying the Deccan Traps or Tertiary
sediments.
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
The laterite generally confined to the 200 - 250 m
contour levels forms narrow linear belts overlying the
Deccan Traps. It also occurs as inliers and/or outliers in
the area covered by Tertiary rocks and the Deccan
Traps. Bauxite occurs as segregated pockets within the
lateritic formations. Bauxite occurs as cappings or as the
youngest member of the laterite profile, and crops out
extensively along the Tertiary sediments-Llaterite
A
contact.
DI
Commonly, two types of bauxite are noticed, viz,
the massive blanket-type and the bouldery or nodular-
type. The blanket-type being reddish to pinkish in
IN
colour, mottled, and brecciated in nature is more akin to
the laterite. It forms the top of long ridges or hillocks
and is hard, compact and massive. In the nodular-type
of deposit the bauxite boulders or nodules are found
OF
embedded in a clayey matrix. Majority of the high grade
bauxite deposits belong to the nodular type.
KACHCHH DISTRICT
Y
The district hosts the major bauxite deposits of the
State. Bauxite occurs as segregated pockets in a linear
belt of ferrugirious laterite overlying the Deccan Traps.
The length of this is laterite belt is over 200 km while the
width varies from one to two km. Individual bauxite
pockets cover 1-1.3 sq km of area and have a thickness
between a few centimetres to eight m. The
boulders/nodules of bauxite vary in size from a few
centimetres to as much as one m, with a smooth,
rounded, glossy surface. Exposed profiles, as observed
in the open cast mines, reveal a gradual decrease in size
and concentration of the nodules, with increasing depth
upto a certain level whereafter the bauxite grades into a
clay-bauxite zone or lithomarge with small sparsely
distributed bauxite grains. Near Hamla, Ratadia, etc.
bauxite has developed in the laterite, capping in the
Kakdinadi Formation.
Important occurrences are reported from Asambia,
Balachar (N), Baranda, Bhunjal, Boha, Chiyasar,
Dabhan, FuIra, Gandgapura, Ganisar, Hamla, Jalrai,
Jarjok, Julari, Khanai, Khanpa, Kotada, Kotadi, Kukma,
Lakhod, Maniuara, Marnuara, Matanomadh, Miani,
Nagrecha, Nandra, Naredi, Netra, Nundhatar,
Panandhro, Punadi, Rasalia, Ratadia, Ratanal,
Ratozalar, Samjiaro, Satapar,Wamoti, Wandh and
Tumadi.
The average coniposition of bauxite is A12O3-
49.92%, SiO2- 5.96%, Fe2O3- 11.63%, TiO2- 4.40%, CaO-
1.53%. The reserves are 4.389 Mt. and remaining
resources of 40.552 Mt. (http//ibm.nic.in).
JAMNAGAR DISTRICT
Segregated pockets of bauxite are reported
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
from 90 km long laterite belt, generally 20-40 km from
the coast. The laterite rests over the Deccan Trap
hillocks with an intervening layer of lithomarge or
ferruginous clay.
Major occurrences are located at Bankodi, Bhatia,
Bhopalka, Gandhri, Havardi, Hadmatia, Lamba, Lol,
Mewasa, Asota, Mahadevia, Nandana, Navadra, Ran,
and Virpur.
The average composition is A12O3- 53.43%, SiO2
3.02-4.70%, Fe2O3 6.7-7.5%, TiO2- 2.7-3.3%, CaO- 1.0-2.1
%. Out of the total estimated reserves/resources of
96.731 Mt, the reserves are of the order of 59.759 Mt
(http//ibm.nic.in).
JUNAGADH DISTRICT
Pockets of bauxite associated with laterite are
located at Aditiyana, Babda, Bakharala, Baradiya,
Beran, Chotilibili, Gosa, Palakhada, Matadi, Simani and
Una.
Y
The average composition is A12O3- 45-54%, SiO2- 6-
20%, Fe2O3- 1-15%, TiO2- 1-4%, CaO- 1.0-45 %. The total
VE
estimated remaining resources are 18.785 Mt
(http//ibm.nic.in).
AMRELI DISTRICT
UR
Bauxite occurrences associated with laterite are
reported from Balanivav, Chelna, Hemal and
Kagvadar. The bauxite contains on an average 44.83%
A12O3. Out of the total estimated reserves/resources of
LS
0.020 Mt, the reserves are of the order of 0.012 Mt
(http//ibm.nic.in).
BHAVNACAR DISTRICT
CA
Major bauxite occurrences are located near Longdi,
Otha and Talagajarda. The average composition of
bauxite is A12O3- 44.83%, Fe2O3- 3.04%, SiO2- 4.41%,
GI
TiO2- 7.33% and CaO- 4.25%. The total estimated
remaining resources are 0.638 Mt (http//ibm.nic.in).
KHEDA DISTRICT
OL
The bauxite deposits overlie a concretionary
limestone and occur as isolated outcrops in the
extensive alluvial cover. Important occurrences are at
GE
Dakor, Dhanakpur, Kapadvanj, Sait, Saveli, Sinkandra,
Sorna and Taiyabpura. The average composition of the
bauxite shows A12O3- 50.10%, Fe2O3- 0.10%, SiO2- 6.10%,
TiO2- 4.74% and CaO-5.38%. The reserves are 0.327 Mt.
and remaining resources of 1.836 Mt
(http//ibm.nic.in).
VALSAD DISTRICT
Small isolated patches of laterite occurring along
the western margin of the Deccan Traps and in areas
covered by thick spread of alluvium are noticed at Ajrai,
43
Gandevi and Tarkeswar, the laterite is ferruginous and
contains sand grains perhaps indicating the laterisation
of sandstone. Pockets of grey bauxite analyse A12O3-
51.57%, Fe2O3- 2.11%, SiO2- 0.74%, TiO2- 7.45% and CaO
1.49% and LOl 29.96%. Reserves of Ajrai bauxite are
assessed at 0.384 Mt (http//ibm.nic.in).
OTHER AREAS
A
Bauxite occurrences are also recorded from Pingali
in Panchmahals district, and Harsol and Sultanpura in
DI
Sabarkantha district.
BENTONITE
IN
Bentonite is a mineral of the montmorillonite group
formed as a result of in situ weathering of igneous rocks.
Bentonite has remarkable colloidal, bonding, water
OF
proofing and swelling properties and these are
advantageously utilised in a number of industries. It
possesses absorbing property and assumes a darker
shade on absorption of moisture. The sodium-based
bentonite, on addition of water, is capable of swelling
up to 15 times the original volume, while the calcium-
based bentonite is of non-swelling nature. Bentonite is
widely utilised as grouting material in construction; in
drilling operations for making the bentonite muds; as a
carrier in insecticides; in paint and pharmaceutical
industries; and as bleaching agent. Commercial
importance of the mineral depends on its
physiochemical properties such as the swelling index,
pH value, settling time, thixotropy and Base Exchange
capacity. The bentonite deposits of Gujarat, supposed
to be the product of alteration of basaltic flows of
Deccan Traps, belong to Late Cretaceous to Eocene age.
The lensoid or oval-shaped bentonite bodies are
generally found directly overlying the Deccan Traps
and are underlain by laterite layers or a thin soil cover.
The major deposits are confined to Kachchh and parts of
the Saurashtra region.
BHAVNAGAR DISTRICT
Khadsaliya: A 10 in thick bentonite horizon in the
Drod river section is observed near Khadsaliya. This is
the thickest bentonite horizon recorded in the state.
Bentonite is bluish to yellow in colour.
TagadiBudhel Area: A five m thick bentonite
sequence is exposed in quarries in the area. The upper
two m shows massive bentonite while the lower three m
section has bentonite with original igneous texture
retained in the form of altered shards, remnants of
crystals, glass, etc. indicating in situ weathering of
igneous rocks.
Other bentonite occurrences include thin and
narrow, coastal fringe deposits near Adhewada,
Akwada, Alapar, Badi, Bhuteswar, Chitra, Devaliya,
Juna Ratanpur, Lakhanka, Malanka, Malpur,
44
Morchand, Padri, Padva, Rajpara, Sakhavadar and
Thoradi.
The total reserves are 2.99 million tonnes with
remaining resources of Bentonite in Bhavnagar district
is 33.936 tonnes. (as on 1.4.2005, IBM, http//ibm.nic.in).
JAMNAGAR DISIRICT
Deposits of bentonite associated with lateritic rocks
overlie the Deccan Traps. Important occurrences are
reported From Bhopalka, Jodiya, Mahadevia, Mewasa,
Nandana and Ran. The total remaining resources of
Bentonite in Jamnagar district is 0.420 tonnes. (as on
1.4.2005, IBM, http//ibm.nic.in).
KACHCHH DISTRICT
Several occurrences of bentonite are reported to be
associated with leterite overlying the Deccan Traps. The
amygdaloidal basalts are apparently most suitable for
bentonite formation by weathering. At many places the
benitonite occurs under a 1.5-2 m soil cover, the top of
Y
which has a cracked-up appearance. Individual
deposits are in the form of lenses or pockets having
VE
thickness up to five to six m. Notable occurrences are
near Bhachau, Baroya, Bhadai, Chiyasar, Chubdak,
Gelada, Goniasar, Hamirpur, Hamla, Kalitalaori,
UR
Khera, Kidiyanagar, Kotuda, Kotadi, Makhel, Methal,
Miyani, Nagrecha, Nandra, Naredi, Netra, Nundhatar,
Patri, Punadi, Nana, Raidhanjar, Ramania, Ratadia,
Sanosra, Sherdi, Tumadi, Wamoti and Wandh. Most of
LS
these deposits yield sodium-based bentonite with high-
swelling index. Some of the pockets have been
examined in detail. The total remaining resources of
Bentonite in Kuchchh district is 49.119 tonnes. (as on
CA
1.4.2005, IBM, http//ibm.nic.in).
OTHER AREAS
GI
Other localities with small bentonite occurrences
are Kadiali in Amreli district, Dhokvada, Fangli and
Piperala in Banaskantha district; Damlai, Padvania,
OL
Vagadkot and Vasna in Bharuch district; Mahmadpura
in Kheda district; Fudeda, Kot, Pedhamli and Ransipur
in Mahesana district; and Dedhrota, Harsol, Kadoli,
Meherpura and Tajpuri in Sabarkantha district.
GE
BERYL
Beryl, a silicate of beryllium and aluminium is the
principal source of beryllium metal. The use of
beryllium as moderator in nuclear reactors in recent
years has made beryl a very important mineral. It is also
used in the manufacture of beryllium salt, in ceramic
industry and as a semi-precious Stone.
In Gujarat, occurrences of beryl in pegmetite veins
are reported from Panchmahals and Vadodara districts.
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
PANCH MAHALS DISTRICT
Beryl is found at Ranganpatia associated with
pegmatite veins extending over 200m in length. At
Kalaria, it is associated with a quartz vein covering an
area of 2 sq km. the occurrences is in the form of
dissiminated crystals.
Small crystals of beryl are also reported from
A
Challa-Baria, Kidia, Singeli, Wardhari, Dhanela,
Donlapodia, and Dobechpia.
DI
VADODARA DISTRICT
Beryl is known to occur as small crystals, near
IN
Dungerwant.
BRINE
Brine is a general term applied to saline water
OF
containing various salts such as NaCl, KCl, MgCl2,
CaSO4, K2SO4 etc. in dissolved state. It may be sea brine,
sub-soil brine, or lake brine.
Importance of brine is for extraction of various salts
by evaporation. Potassium salts and bromine are the
major valuable extracts from brines. Absence of
potential source of potassium in the country has
rendered brine as the only source of this element.
KACHCHH DISTRICT
The Rann of Kachchh, a former sea basin filled up
by recent sediments, is the source of sub-soil brine. The
brine is being pumped out at a number of localities in
both Little and Great Ranns for producing common salt.
Gujarat is the only State where potash is produced
as a by- products in the manufactures of salt from sea
brine. Around Khavda in the Great Rann of Kachchh,
the brine is utilised for extracting potash. The average
KCl content in the mixed salt fraction is 19.42%. Thus,
17.48% KCl can be recovered on the basis of 90%
recovery.
BUILDING/DIMIENSION STONE
The term building stone/dimension stone includes
any naturally occurring rock suitable for construction
and decorative purpose. Physical properties like
hardness, compactness, resistance to chemical or
mechanical action, general appearance and local
availability are the important factors deciding the
suitability of the rock type for building purposes. In
Gujarat various rock types of different stratigraphic
horizons are used for construction work, as road metal
and dimension stone. The important rock types are
gneiss, schist, (Aravalli and Delhi Supergroups),
granite, quartzite and marble (Delhi Supergroup)
sandstone (mainly Mesozoic), limestone (Cretaceous
and Pleistocene), laterite and basalt (Cretaceous to
Eocene).
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
BASALT
The places from where basalt is mined for building
purposes from different districts in Gujarat are given
below:
Dhanduka, Shekhpur, Tatanpur and Umrala in the
Dhandhuka taluka (Ahmedabad district); Amrapur,
Amreli, Babrala, Bhura Khiya, Dhari, Kherali,
Kotdapitha, Kunkavav, Lathi, Mota Mujassar, Rajula,
Rampur and Wadia (Amreli district); Bhavnagar,
Phulsar. Ramdhari, Savarkundla and Sihor (Bhavnagar
district); Garudeshwar and Mori (Bharuch district);
Beh, Hadiana, Jamnagar, Jasapur, Juvanpur,
Khakharda, Khambhaliya, Kharva and Vachhu
(Jamnagar district); Adwana, Junagadh, Keshod and
Ranavav (Junagadh district), Angadi, Sarna, and
Sevalia (Kheda district); Anjar, Bhuj, Dahisara,
Juimkha, Kukma, Moti Nagalpur and Sherdi (Kachchh
district); Baska, Chhalali, Godhra and Halol
(Panchmahals district); Bordi Samdhiara, Daldi,
Y
Dharampur, Gondal, Jetpur, Kotda/Sangani,
Lakhdhirgarh, Mahindranagar, Navagan, Nyara,
VE
Panchvada, Rajkot, Vasavad, Vegadi, Virpur and
Wankaner (Rajkot district); Amrapur, Bhukhel,
Jodhpur, Kheroj, Lalpur, Rajpur and Vadagam
UR
(Sabarkantha district); Areth and Vyara (Surat district);
Dhavand, Gautamagadh, HaIvad, Kerala and Thoriali
(Surendranagar district); Dabhoi and Jambughoda
(Vadodara district); and Atul, Dehgam, Khadi and Vapi
LS
(Valsad district).
GRANITE
BANASKANTHA DISTRICT
CA
Within the Precambrians several areas have been
demarcated by Geological Survey ol India where
massive granites of different hues and grain size are
GI
found. These granites take good polish after cutting and
where the joint spacing is more, the utility of these
granites, as dimension stone becomes more important.
OL
The granite bearing areas vary in dimension from 0.01-
1.25 sq km and are found in Ajapur Banka, Balaram,
Aderan, Chhapra -Hathidara, Danta, Dhori, Godh,
Kaleda, Kothasana, Vasai-Chelna, Vaghor and Vir
GE
Maharaj in Banaskantha district. All the areas except
Kaleda fall in Reserve Forest.
SANDSTONE
The places from where the sandstone is mined for
building purposes from different districts in Gujarat
are: Barya, Bhuj, Madhapar, Mundhra, Nakhtrana,
Netra and Sedat (in Kachchh district); Garia, Lunsar,
Makansar, Malia, Morvi, Paneli, Ratidevli, Sajanpur,
Sawadi, Sullanpur and Wankaner (in Rajkot district);
Phudeda (in Mahesana district); Himatnagar and Halol
45
(in Sabarkantha district); Chotila, Chuli, Dharangdhra,
Halvad, Jasapur, Jijuda, Khamisana, Kondh, Limbdi,
Muli, Ramparda, Ratanpur, Samatpur, Sayala,
Songadh, Thangadh, Umarda, Wadhwan and Waghela
(in Surendranagar district).
LIMESTONE
Limestone from several places in Gujarat is widely
A
used is building material and decorative stone (for
details please see page No, 55).
DI
MARBLE
Marble is prized for its decorative value and is
IN
widely used for construction of monuments, statues
and for flooring slabs, etc. In Gujarat well-known
marble occurrences are located in Banaskantha and
OF
Vadodara districts.
BANASKANTHA DISTRICT
Large deposits of white marble are reported from
Ambaji, Jariba and Kumbhariya. The total remaining
resources of Marble in Banaskantha district is 90.650
tonnes. (as on 1.4.2005, IBM, http//ibm.nic.in).
VADODARA DISTRICT
Green marble is reported from Bhulvan and
Chhuchapura area for which total remaining resources
estimated are of 9.030 Mt (http//ibm.nic.in).
CALCITE
Calcite is the stable form of calcium carbonate and
is a common constituent of sedimentary rocks. Pure
limestone is almost wholly composed of calcite. Beside,
the mineral also occurs as veins in different rocks. It is
widely used in the paint, rubber, paper, textile, sugar,
fertilizer, chemicals, cosmetics and leather industries.
Iceland spar, the pure crystalline transparent variety, is
used for making optical instruments.
The calcite produced from Gujarat is sorted into
three qualities, viz. superfix (best quality), calco (white)
and Jemco (greyish-white). It occurs as veins of various
dimensions in different rock types. The Saurashtra
region has major deposits in the form of sizeable calcite
veins persisting over considerable distances in the
Deccan Traps. The best vein deposits of the country are
confined to the Jamnagar, Bhavnagar and Amreli
districts. Veins of calcite are also reported from
limestone, dolomite and mica schist from many
localities.
AMRELI DISTRICT
Near Ingorala, lenticular calcite veins are found to
intrude the porphyritic basalts. Other important
deposits are located near Babra, Bhurakhiya,
Dhareswar, Jhikhiali, Kotda, Khakhabhai, Mota Agasia,
46
Muljer, Nanudi and Sukhpar. Remaining resources of
0.011 Mt have been estimated for the important
occurrences in the district. (http//ibm.nic.in/
reserves.htm).
VADODARA DISTRICT
Calcite veins deposits have been reported from
Chhota Udepur, Mithibore, Nani Naroli, Pandervant,
Sankheda and Tenalia.
BHAVNAGAR DISTRICT
Presence of calcite veins traversing basalt has been
reported from several localities. The veins vary in
length from a few centimeters to several hundred
metres. Coalescing of different veins into a composite
one or branching out of a single vein is common in many
occurrences. The maximum depth persistence of the
veins is 15 m. Important occurrences are at
Abhrampura, Anida, Bhuteswar, Chorvadala,
Gadhkada, Goradaka, Gundala, Jabal, Jharia, Karla,
Karjala, Limbda, Moda, Modhra, Piprala, Rajasthali,
Y
Ramgadh, Sarlva, Tanitaniya, Vadal, Vaghvadarada,
Vijaynagar and Vijaygadh.
VE
BHARUCH DISTRICT
Calcite veins within basalt occur at several
UR
localities. At some places, quartz is associated with
calcite veins. The length of individual veins varies from
30 - 60 m and the width ranges from one to nine m. Most
important occurrence is near Navraphalia, where a six
LS
m wide calcite vein runs along a strike length of 100 m.
Other occurrences are located at Ambakhdi, Anjaljhar,
Bhilwada, Dholi, Hamanphatia, Jespur, Jher,
Khadagada, Mota Sarva, Rupania, Sajanvav and Shir.
CA
Remaining resources of 0.001 Mt have been estimated
for the important occurrences in the district.
(http//ibm.nic.in/reserves.htm).
GI
JAMNAGAR DISTRICT
Calcite deposits of the district are considered to be
OL
the best in India. There are many occurrences of calcite-
filled fissures and veins in the vesicular basalt. The
veins commonly strike along NE-SW and NW-SE with
steep dips. Major veins run over a distance of few
GE
hundred metres to more than 3.5 km. The width of the
veins reaches up to 1.5 in. Calcite is white, red, pinkish-
grey and yellow in colour. At some places well-
developed crystal aggregates occur within the veins.
Major vein deposits are located at Chandranga,
Kalwad, Kalyanpur, Kenedy, Lalpur, Marpur,
Navadra, Patelka, Pithadia, Sapar, Vanthli, and Virpur.
OTHER AREAS
Occurrence of calcite vein deposits up to six m
depth within the Deccan Traps have been reported from
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
Adwana, Bhakharla, Bhatkari, Gadhagra, Maria and
Ramgadh (Junagadh district). Minor occurrences of
calcite associated with Deccan Traps are noticed near
Moraiya, Morvi, Padadhari and Pithadia (Rajkot
district); Sporadic occurrences of calcite veins are also
reported from Ghantodi, Jitpur and Pith (in
Banaskantha district); Beraju, Bhuj and Ghadsisa (in
Kachchh district); Devgad, Jetpur, Sajora, Udharla and
A
Umaria (in Panchmahals district); and Himatnagar (in
Sabarkantha district).
DI
CHALK
The term chalk is applied to a soft, very fine-
IN
grained, pure white limestone. Chalk, white to dull
white, occasionally yellowish or grayish-white in
colour, is porous in nature. The composition of chalk is
OF
calcium carbonate with silica, iron and magnesia as
impurities.
Gujarat is the only State in the country producing
chalk. Good quality chalk is confined to the Junagadh
district (Porbandar taluka), where it is mined and
refined at the mine head.
JUNAGADH DISTRICT
The chalk deposit is associated with the Miliolitic
limestone of Quaternary age. The chalk, overlain by a
pisolitic limestone, laterally grades, at places, to pink or
creamish miliolitic limestone, and is underlain by hard
miliolitic limestone or earthy to greyish-green
weathered trap. The chalk contains pebbles of
limestone and foraminifers like Rotalids,
Quinquiloculina, Globigerina, etc. There are four main
chalk deposits in the area.
Aditiyana deposit has an average thickness of 1.95
m with chalk-overburden ratio as 1:1.3 to 1:1.8. Open
cast mining is carried out by manual removal of the
hard compact limestone overburden.
Bareli-Sultanpur deposit covers an area of 0.8 sq
km. The average thickness of the chalk is 0.9 m with
chalk-overburden ratio up to 1:1.
Ranavav deposit consists of 1.45 m thick chalk with
chalk-overburden ratio of 1:1.8.
Wadvala deposit covers an area of 2.26 sq km. The
average thickness of chalk is 1.56 m with chalk-
overburden ratio of 1:11.
Chalk occurrences are also reported from Bhand,
Boricha, Dharampur, and Pipelia. The total estimated
remaining resources in the district are 13.67
(http//ibm.nic.in).
OTHER AREAS
Small pockets of chalk are also reported from
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
Lundharu, Malanka, Panvi and Patna in Bhavnagar
district; Fulra, Khanot and Latri in Kachchh district;
Lamba and Nandana in Jamnagar district.
CHINA CLAY
China clay (Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O) falls under Kaolinite
group of clays produced by hydrothermal
decomposition of alkali feldspars in granites. Its
important properties are that it has good plasticity, does
not swell in water, stands high temperature (upto
1300°C and even above) and is a non-conductor of
electricity and heat. White colour and brightness are
desirable. It is largely used in the manufacture of
porcelain, chinaware, crockery, electrical insulators, as
filler in paper and textile, as a filler and reinforcing
agent in rubber goods, paints, cosmetics and
pharmaceutical preparations:
China clay is marketed as super-textile, textile,
paper, pottery and rubber grades. The grading is
primarily done on the basis of whiteness and grit
content. Grit (free silica and unaltered feldspar) is the
Y
most undesirable impurity in china clay.
VE
In Gujarat major china clay deposits are located in
Sabarkantha and Mahesana districts associated with
the Idar Granite
UR
SABARKANTHA DISTRICT
Extensive bands of china clay with good plasticity,
different shades and variable physicochemical
properties are exposed in several quarries between
LS
Arsodia and Eklara on the eastern bank of the Sabarmati
river and in the Waghvehla nala section, east of
Arsodia. Clay bands are also exposed in well sections at
Arsodia, Dawad and Pethapur. The thickness of the clay
CA
horizons varies from 1-10 m. The china clay occurrences
are confined to the top horizon of the Idar Granite,
underlying the Himmatnagar Formation. Feldspar (of
GI
granite) is completely decomposed. The intensity of
kaolinisation decreases with depth. At Eklara calcite
veins traverse upper clay layers.
OL
Reserves of 60 Mt have been estimated by Kathiara
& Shukla, 1970) for the deposits of the district.
MAHESANA DISTRICT
GE
The main china clay-bearing zone of Sabarkantha
district extends westwards across the Sabarmati River
and continues in the adjoining Mahesana district. The
clay bands are exposed in numerous quarries and
cuttings between Techawa and Kot. During summers
when water flow in the Saharmati river recedes to
narrow channels, extraction of clay is carried out by
sinking pits in the river section where clay beds occur
under two to three m thick sand cover. Occurrence of
china clay is also reported from Pedhamli and
Ransipur.
47
The reserves of 0.944 and remaining resources of
1.359 Mt have been estimated. (http//ibm.nic.in).
JUNAGADH DISTRICT
Deposits of china clay associated with altered alkali
feldspar rocks have been located near Babia Dungar,
Jardera Dura and Kalri Dhar.
OTHER AREAS
A
Small deposits of china clay are reported from the
DI
banks of the Mahi river, near Sevalia (in Kheda district);
China clay bands between sandstones of the Bhuj
Formation are exposed near Asambia, Degala, Hirapur,
IN
Kalitalaodi, Mamuara, Mandvi, Sankranadi, Satapur
and Sukhpur (in Kachchh district); Occurrence of small
china clay pockets is also reported from Balanivav in
Amreli district Bapotia and Pangli in Panchmahals
OF
district; and Mandvi in Surat district.
COAL
Coal is the most important fuel and has wide-
ranging uses from domestic consumption to
application in several industries. Although the State of
Gujarat is situated away from the main coal producing
belts of the country, attempts to search coal deposits in
this part have been made since the last century proved
the existence of coal deposits in the Surendranagar
district, which are of Upper Gondwana age.
SURENDRANAGAR DISTRICT
Coal seems of Upper Gondwana age have been
reported from the Than Formation of the Dhrangadhra
Group (Lower Cretaceous). The Than Formation
consists of grey shale, carbonaceous clay with bands
and lenses of coal.
Khakhrathal area : South of Khakhrathal about 21
sq km area has been demarcated where 0.11-0.71 m
thick one coal seam exists below 5-15 in thick
overburden of sandstone and grey shale. Considering
only this seam, about 1.26 Mt of reserves have been
estimated in this area by CGM, Gujarat (2001).
Than area : Near Than, about 2.61 sq km area has
been delineated where a coal seam varying in thickness
from 0.11-0.73 m occurs below a 7.25 m thick
overburden of sandstone, grey shale and carbonaceous
shale. The reserves estimated for this seam, in the area,
are 1.34 Mt by CGM, Gujarat (2001).
The average proximate analysis shows the coal to
contain fixed carbon- 40.9%, moisture- 2.66%, ash-
47.07% and volatile matter- 11.66%. The calorific value
is worked out to be 5420 kcal/kg.
KACHCHH DISTRICT
Thin coal seams have been reported to occur near
Guneri. These are less than one m in thickness. Inferred
48
reserves of 1.5 Mt have been estimated from this area.
The Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC)
reported deep-seated coal occurrences in Ahmedabad-
Mahesana-Kalol area. The coal seams occur between
depths of 2000 to 3000 m along with oil-bearing shale
sequence. This coal is of bituminous variety and a
tentative reserve of 16,000 Mt has been estimated by
CGM, Gujarat (2001).
DIATOMACEOUS EARTH
Diatomaceous earth is a siliceous, very Fine-
grained sediment composed of remains of the
microscopic plants - Diatoms. It is used as an absorbent.
It is required for making filters and also used as an ultra-
Y OF
VE
The soft, friable, earthy, chalk-white diatomite-
Like earth with crude stratification occurs in discrete
patches. Its chemical composition is as follows:
UR
SiO2 - 82.22%, Al2O3- 3.80%, Fe2O3- 1.85%, CaO- 1.40%,
MgO- traces, Na2O- 0.40%, TiO2-5.82%, K2O- 0.02% and
LOI- 4.9%. The high-titanium value may be due to
contamination with ilmenite whose occurrence was
LS
recorded from this coastal area. The specific gravity of
the material is 2.03. It is highly alkaline (pH-8.80) and
has a filterability of 7.5 ml/ minute.
DOLOMITE
CA
Dolomite is a carbonate of calcium and magnesium
CaMg(CO3)2 Ordinary dolomite contains 45-50%
MgCO3. It is used mainly as a refractory for furnace
GI
lining and as a flux in steel industry, which alone
accounts for about 91% of total consumption in the
OL
country. It is also used for extraction of magnesium
metal; in the manufacture of glass, mineral wool, ferro
alloys, ceramics,, fertilizers, chemicals, electrodes,
paints and agriculture and coal mining industries.
GE
Table-18 : Dolomite reserves of Gujarat vis-a-vis
India as on 1-4-2005 (in million tonnes)
Proved Probable Possible Total
STD 111 STD 121 STD 122
Gujarat 28.096 0.119 26.085 54.300
India 407.779 187.077 390.286 985.156
(Source: Indian Mineral Year Book-2010, IBM)
In Vadodara district dolomite bands of
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
Fine abrasive.
In Gujarat no true diatomaceous earth (diatomite
containing siliceous diatom tests) is known. However, a
white, soft, siliceous earth of low specific gravity is
mined and marketed as diatomaceous earth
BHAVNACAR DISTRICT
In Gogha taluka a diatomite-like bed of about one
A
m thickness rests unconformably over lateritic material
and is overlain by clay beds. The diatomaceous bed
DI
appears to be discontinuous and is exposed at Padral,
Morchand and Khadsaliya. The geological section at
IN
Padra is as follows.
considerable thickness occur associated with the
dolomitic limestone and phyllite belonging to the
Champaner Group of the Aravalli Supergroup. Other
significant occurrences are confined to the Bhavnagar
district. District-wise distribution and reserves of
dolomite deposits are detailed below:
VADODARA DISTRICT
Dolomite deposits occur at several places in the
district. In the Chhota Udepur taluka, two main bands
of dolomite, trending WNW-ESE, are exposed at a
number of places. Some of the important occurrences
are within a radius of 35 km around Chhota Udepur at
Kanayawant, Vanar Ghatwadi, Zerwanar, Koliathar,
Padalia, MotiSadle, Dandigam, Dhamodi, Jair Raipur
Kachhal, Lawant, Ambala, Surkheda, Sursi, Bedvi,
Jambugam, Vasant and Zer. The thickness varies from a
few metres to as much as 400 m. The dolomite deposits
between Zer and Raipur generally occur in association
with thin bands of limestone and these are found
suitable for use in glass industry and are also suitable as
dimension stone for building purposes. The dolomite is
in general, massive, hard and compact, fine-to coarse-
grained, crystalline and white to grey in colour. At
many places, it has been metamorphosed to fine-
grained, crystalline, siliceous dolomite. It contains 39 -
54% CaCO3 and 41 - 46% MgCO3. The dolomites in
general contain less than 2% SiO2 but at places, it is even
up to 6%. Reserves of 720 Mt have been estimated by
CGM, Gujarat-2001 (www.vibrantgujarat.com/
images/pdf/vadodara-district-profile.pdf ).
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
BHAVNAGAR DISTRICT
A dolomite deposit occurs around Patan village.
The reserves are of mixed grade and are placed at 6000
tonnes by CGM, Gujarat -2001.
OTHER AREAS
Dolomite deposits are also reported from Jafrabad
area (in Amreli district); from Ambaji, Diwania and
Hadad (in Banaskantha district), from Panchala and
Shir (in Bharuch district) and from Bhiloda (in
Sabarkantha district).
FELDSPAR
Feldspars constitute an important family of rock-
forming minerals; orthoclase and plagioclase being the
most common varieties. From the commercial point of
view, orthoclase feldspars are in demand for use in
ceramic, glass, refractory, abrasive and electrode
industries. Ceramic industry and glass industry
accounts for about 58% and 35% of the total
Y
consumption, respectively. The remaining 7% is
consumed by other industries such as refractory,
VE
abrasive and electrode. Feldspar is widely used for
ware and glaze in ceramic and glass industries, and also
in manufacture of insulators.
UR
In Gujarat, feldspar is found associated with
pegmatites intrusive in the Idar Granite and other
Precambrian rocks. During 1986, production of nine
tonnes was reported from Panchmahals district. Some
LS
production was also reported from Vadodara,
Sabarkantha and Mahesana districts.
BANASKANTHA DISTRICT
CA
Feldspar is found extensively associated with
pegmatite dykes near Bedi, Bund and Deobara in
Palanpur taluka.
GI
VADODARA DISTRICT
Feldspar is reported from Dungervant,
OL
Pandervant, Piplej and Sar in Chhota Udepur taluka.
PANCHMAHALS DISTRICT
Major feldspar deposits are reported to be
GE
associated with pegmatite veins intruding Precambrian
rocks. Important occurrences are reported from Aral,
Aeroda, Bariyana, Chilliawant, Kalidungri, Katharwat,
Movada, Nadatod, Pali and Sahada.
SABARKANTHA DISTRICT
The coarse-grained pegmatite intruding the Idar
Granite shows graphic texture and consists of
orthoclase, microcline, besides quartz, biotite,
tourmaline and fluorite. Major occurrences of feldspar
are reported from Bodi, Dobhara and Libhoi.
49
Small occurrences of feldspar are also reported
from Dhanela, and Pandra in Kheda district in the
North Cambay basin, feldspar has been reported by the
ONGC at a depth of 1540 m underlying the Tertiary
sediments.
FIRECLAY
Fireclay is a general term for clays having capacity
A
to withstand high temperature (1515°C and above)
without any change other than dehydration. It is
DI
composed of hydrous alumina rich silicates (like
hydromica, kaolin, dickite and halloysite) in varying
proportions. It has a low content of alkalies, iron and
IN
magnesia and thus becomes refractory. The average
chemical composition shows 30-40% alumina, 40-80%
silica and 1-5% iron oxide. The higher the alumina
OF
content the more is the refractoriness. The good quality
fireclay contains less than 3% of alkalies and 2% of iron
oxide and has good plasticity and high fusion points.
Most important use of fireclay is in manufacture of
refractory bricks, utilising about 70-75% of the bulk
produced. The fireclay bricks are the most common and
extensively used bricks in boiler furnaces, glass melting
furnaces, chimney linings, pottery kilns, and largely in
blast furnace and reheating furnaces. Besides, fireclay is
used in the manufacture of electrical porcelain tiles,
insulation products, stoneware, linoleum oil, cloth,
insecticides, fungicides and paper. It is also used as filler
in rubber, paint and textile industry. Fireclay is also
required for binding sands to prepare casts for metals in
foundry industry.
The important fireclay deposits of Gujarat are
associated with Upper Gondwana sediments, inter-
trappean beds and Tertiary sediments.
BHARUCH DISTRICT
Fireclays are reported from Damlai, Jhagadia and
Valia. The clay pocket near Damlai is two to three m
thick and contains the best variety of fire clay. The
remaining resources of 1,000 tonnes have been
estimated. (http//ibm.nic.in).
MAHESANA DISTRICT
Several occurrences of clay with variegated shale
partings have been reported from the right bank of the
Sabarmati River, near Pedhamali and Fudeda. The
shale partings, three to six m in thickness, occur in the
Himmatnagar Formation, over a length of about 2450
m. The remaining resources suitable for use as fireclay
of 75,000 tonnes have been estimated.
(http//ibm.nic.in).
PANCHMAHALS DISTRICT
A clay bed near Rajpara is found associated with
50
Infra-trappean sandstone. This 1.2 m thick clay bed
extends intermittently over a length of 400 m. Reserves
of 49,800 tonnes have been estimated. Reserves of
60,000 tonnes have been estimated for the clay bed
occurring near Balatia by CGM- Gujarat, 2001).
RAJKOT DISTRICT
Fireclay found associated with the Than Formation
of the Dhrangadhra Group is of very good quality and is
locally used for ceramics.
A five to six m thick carbonaceous dark clay bed,
underlying a four m thick bed of reddish clay, occurs
near Hasanpur. It is used for making refractory bricks.
In Refaleswar quarries, a 1.2-1.5 m thick dark grey,
carbonaceous clay bed is exposed below a 3.6 m thick
bed of impure reddish clay. This fireclay is horizontally
bedded and extends over an area of 1.2 sq km.
In Ratidevli, a three to five m thick clay bed is
reported below a three m thick sandstone bed. In
Y
Udepur, a black, plastic, carbonaceous clay bed, 0.9-2.5
m in thickness, occurs below a two m thick sandstone
VE
horizon. This clay bed containing carbonised leaf and
stem impressions covers an area of about 5 sq km and
occurs intermittently, as lenses.
UR
Occurrences of fireclay beds are also reported from
Adepar, Jambudia, Jodhpur, Lakhdirnagari,
Makansari, Matel, Panchasya, Sultanpur, Vinaygadh
and Wankaner.
LS
SABARKANTHA DISTRICT
Thin beds of shale suitable for use as fireclays have
been reported in the Himmatnagar Formation at several
CA
localities along the Sabarmati and Hathmati rivers.
In the Sabarmati river section, clay beds up to six m
in thickness occur below three to ten m thick alluvial
GI
overburden near Arsodia, Derol, Eklara, Ilol, and
Kadoli.
OL
Along the Hathmati River and a few nalas near
Himatnagar and Kundol, more or less horizontally-
disposed clay beds, five cm to three m in thickness, are
exposed under an overburden of soil and grit.
GE
SURENDRANAGAR DISTRICT
Occurrences of several clay beds associated with
the rocks of the Dhrangadhra Group are known. The
localities of important fireclay occurrences are
Amarapur, Bagaleda, Dhrangadhra,Godhda,
lshwariya, Khakhrathal, Palsa, Rampar, Ramparda,
Sarla, Songadh, Talrvi, Than, Vagadia and Wadhwan.
The clay beds vary in thickness from 0.511 m, and are
covered with a soil overburden. The fireclay, grey or
black in colour, has good plasticity and is widely used
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
for manufacture of pottery, tiles and stone ware pipes.
The reserves of 2.533 and remaining resources of 21,593
tonnes have been estimated. (http//ibm.nic.in).
Small pockets of fireclay are also reported from
Hamal and Mandardi in Amreli district. Several lenses
of white and grey, carbonaceous clay of the Bhuj
Formation are reported from Moda and Kali Talwadi in
A
the Kachchh district
FLUORITE
DI
Fluorite, calcium fluoride (CaF2), is generally
colourless to white or with shades of purple, yellow,
IN
green etc. The utilisation of fluorite in various
industries depends on its grade and variety. The finest
grade of fluorite is used for enameling iron; for
OF
manufacture of opaque and opalescent glass; and for
production of hydrofluoric acid. The inferior grade
mineral is used as a flux in steel industry. Transparent
variety of fluorite is being used for manufacture of
lenses. The mineral has gained importance for its use in
steel metallurgy and for manufacture of artificial
cryolite.
Gujarat is the largest producer of fluorite in India.
World's largest deposit of fluorite was located at
Ambadongar in Vadodara district. The total reserves of
fluorite in the State are of the order of 13.90 Mt, having
average 30% CaF2 content. (http//ibm.nic.in).
VADODARA DISTRICT
Ambadongar deposit: The fluorite deposit falls in
the reseve Forest area around Ambadongar in Chhota
Udepur taluka. The main fluorite deposit occurs at 400-
600 m above msl and has an aerial extent of 16 sq km.
The rock types exposed in the area include Precambrian
metamorphites and granites, Upper Cretaceous Bagh
sediments and Deccan Traps. The main source of the
fluorite mineralisation is confined to four carbonatite
plugs intruding the domed up Bagh sediments and the
Deccan Traps. The host rocks within the metasomatic
aureole also show rich fluorite mineralisation.
The Ambadongar carbonatites also contain
apatite and pyrochlore. Minor minerals present include
galena, pyrite, chalcopyrite, magnetite, sphalerite,
siderite and barite.
Fluorite mineralisalion occurs as widespread
dissemination, replacements or cavity fillings confined
to nearly 58 sheared/ brecciated zones. Mineralisation
is richer in more intensely sheared zones. The vugs and
fissures vary in width from one cm to few meters.
Individual fluorite cubes vary in size from a few
millimeters to as much as 14 cm. Overgrowth of small
crystals over larger ones and coating of fine-grained
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
quartz on the crystal faces are common. Alternation and
overlapping of fluorite cubes with quartz, crystals
suggest several stages of mineralization.
The Ambadongar fluorite displays different shades
of colours like yellow, white, violet, blue and green in
addition to colourless variety. Among these the yellow,
lemon yellow, and colourless varieties are most
abundant and have well-developed large cubes. The
blue, green and violet varieties commonly occur either
in tiny veins and cavities or as thin bands/layers
associated with larger yellow or colourless types.
Almost all the varieties show a colour banding
suggesting a rhythmic variation in the concentration of
the mineralising solution and physicochemical
conditions of the system. Such colour banding is most
pronounced in the violet variety. Three sets of colour
associations, commonly noticed, in the area, are green
and yellow, blue and violet/yellow, and green and
colourless. Gradation, noticed among the coloured
layers and with the host rock carbonatite, indicates
Y
continuous process of crystal formation.
VE
In general, the Ambadongar deposit shows rich to
very rich mineralisation with CaF2 content occasionally,
as high as 97%. The reserves of 7.864 and remaining
UR
resources of 6.059 tonnes have been estimated.
(http//ibm.nic.in).
BHARUCH DISTRICT
LS
Occurrences of fluorite along fractures in the
Deccan Traps, has been reported from Hingoria in
Jhagadia taluka. Veins of fluorite with an average
thickness of 20 m occur discontinuously over a length of
CA
75 m. The mineralisation is associated with carbonate
and siliceous solution filling fissures in basalts and
agglomerates. The remaining resource of about 1,920
tonnes of fluorite have been estimated.
GI
(http//ibm.nic.in).
OTHER AREAS
OL
Fluorite veins along joints in the Godhra Granite
have been reported from Chelarada, Gunesia and
Kahanpur (in Panchmahals district); Fluorite vein (20 m
GE
x 2 m) occurs within the Idar Granite near Borvav (in
Sabarkantha district).
FULLER'S EARTH
Fuller's earth or 'Multani Mitti' is aluminum-
deficient, naturally occurring clay, composed
essentially of atapulgite, montmorillonite and kaolinite.
By virtue of its bleaching and absorbent properties it has
been used in refining petroleum, vegetable oils and
animal fats. It is also used for the manufacture of
insecticides and fungicides, cosmetics, for neutralising
51
and bleaching acid - treated wax, etc. It has greatly been
substituted by activated bauxite and magnesium
silicate thereby reducing its consumption.
In Gujarat, Fuller's earth deposits are associated
with Lower Tertiary rocks and are located in Saurashtra
region and Kachchh district
KACHCHH DISTRICT
A
Fuller's earth deposits have been reported from
DI
Anjar, Jhulrai, Lakhpat, Pasavadia and Virpur. The
deposit near Jhulrai has remaining resource of about
4,800 tonnes. (http//ibm.nic.in).
IN
OTHER AREAS
Occurrence of Fuller's earth deposits have been
reported from Habardi, Mewasa, Ran and Virpur (in
OF
Jamnagar district) and at Lakhanka (in Bhavnagar
district).
GLASS SAND
Glass sand of good quality is generally used in the
manufacture of glass.
In Gujarat, glass sand deposits occur within
Cretaceous sandstone in Vadodara, Kachchh,
Mahesana, Sabarkantha and Surendranagar districts.
VADODARA DISTRICT
Near Ghantoli in Sankheda tatuka, some selected
bands of white sandstone of Bagh Formation yield glass
sand. This sandstone contains 99.93% silica.
KACHCHH DISTRICT
White, friable, medium- to coarse-grained
sandstone of Bhuj Formation extends over a large area.
The sand stone is suitable for manufacture of ordinary
glass.
MAHESANA DISTRICT
Occurrence of White, friable Himmatnagar
Sandstone associated with fireclay, reported from
Pedhamli, is found suitable for glass.
SABARKANTHA DISTRICT
Occurrence of friable Himmatnagar Sandstone is
reported from a number of places along the Hathmati
River. This sandstone is of glass-sand variety and is
being mined extensively at Himatnagar, Parababa and
Vaktapur.
SURENDRANAGAR DISTRICT
Major glass sand deposits of the State are located in
this district. The sand is available from the white, friable
Dhrangadhra Sandstone which occasionally contains
specks of kaolinised feldspar. Important deposits occur
52
near Dhrangadhra, Godavati, Gugaliana, Ramparda,
Surajdeval and Vavdi. The resource estimated for these
deposits are more than 98 Mt (http//ibm.nic.in).
GOLD
JAMNAGAR DISTRICT
Adye (1914) reported gold-bearing quartz veins
from the Alech Hills. To exploit this gold occurrence
Alech Gold Syndicate was formed in 1950 and the
efforts, after establishing the strike length of 200 feet
(60.96 m) with an average of 10dwts/ton, were
abandoned.
Alech Hill is occupied by basaltic differentiates
Such as gabbro, granophyre, rhyolite and trachyte.
These are intruded by basic and acid dykes. Miliolite
limestone forms the cover to all these formations.
Investigation for gold by GSI (1992-93) in the area
indicated gold up to 0.1 ppm in bedrock samples and
10- 50 ppb in stream sediments.
Y
OTHER AREAS
Investigations by GSI in Picrite basalts of Jamnagar
VE
district, in alkaline plugs of Kachchh district and in the
Precambrian rocks have indicated the presence of gold
in ppb in the bedrock.
UR
GRAPHITE
Graphite is an allotropic form of naturally
occurring carbon. It is also known as plumbago or black
LS
lead. It is broadly classified into two types, namely flaky
and amorphous graphite. Its uses fill a wide spectrum
owing to its broad range of chemical and physical
characteristics. The flaky graphite is generally used in
CA
making crucibles, as a refractory, in brake linings,
brushes and in lubricant industries, while both flaky
and amorphous graphite are used in foundries and in
GI
battery, paint and pencil industries. Graphite is
commonly used in the manufacture of explosives, dry
cell, polish, pencils, thermocouples, foundry facings,
OL
electrodes and generator brushes, etc. Grit-free graphite
is preferred for lubricants, whereas crystalline variety is
required for manufacture of dynamo and motor
commutators. Ground graphite is used in the
GE
compound for prevention of scaling of boilers.
In Gujarat, graphite deposits are associated with
the rocks of the Champaner Group, mainly with the
graphitic phyllite, in the form of bands. Graphite, in
general, is of low-grade, amorphous type, requiring
beneficiation for industrial use.
The total remaining resources of graphite in the
state are placed at 3355805 tonnes. Out of which
2520805 is of indicated category and 835000 tonnes is of
inferred category (Indian Mineral Year 2010, IBM).
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
Commercially important graphite deposits occur along
a strike length of 100 km in the Vadodara and
Panchmahals districts. The thickness of graphite layers
varies from a few centimeters to as much as 18 m.
VADODARA DISTRICT
Graphite occurrences are recorded from Kundal,
Muthai, Lunaja, and Bheina in Pavi-Jetpur taluka. The
A
fixed carbon content of graphite near Kundal and
Muthai is 15.92% and 18.72% respectively. In Chhota
DI
Udepur graphite is located around Chichod, Jaloda,
Khas, Khanjuria, Khodvania, Umarva and Virpur.
IN
PANCHMAHALS DISTRICT
Graphite deposits are located at Ankli, Sevania,
Jhab, Redhana, Fulpari and in Nadatod area. The total
OF
remaining resources of Graphite in Panchmahala
district is 3355805 tonnes (as on 1.4.2005, IBM,
http//ibm.nic.in).
Around Narukot graphite having 9.3% fixed
carbon content has been reported. In the Jhab-Redhana
graphite deposit, having around 9% fixed carbon
content has been reported.
Beneficiation tests on graphite samples of
Panchmahals district conducted by the Bhabha Atomic
Research Centre and National Metallurgical
Laboratory reveal that the fixed carbon content in the
graphite samples ranges from 4.3-8.5% and the
concentrates obtained after beneficiation contain 47.65-
73% fixed carbon.
OTHER AREAS
Occurrence of graphite is also noted in
Banaskantha and Sabarkantha districts. There are
several leasehold areas in the State and the material
mined is mostly used in the manufacture of lubricants.
GYPSUM
Gypsum, a hydrated calcium sulphate
(CaSO4.2H2O) is an important evaporite mineral,
generally associated with clays and limestone.
Pure gypsum is white and the crystalline form is
transparent to translucent, whereas the commercial
varieties are grey, flesh-red, yellowish to pale blue. It
occurs as regular beds or lenses in association with rock
salt shale, limestone; as platy crystals in marine silt in
coastal areas; as massive lake deposits and as fibrous
lumps. The crystalline variety is known as selenite; the
fibrous, silky variety as satinspar; fine-grained, massive
and compact variety as alabaster; and porous gypsum
of inferior quality mixed with sand and dirt as gypsite.
Marine gypsum is recovered from seawater as a
byproduct while producing common salt. Gypsum is
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
also obtained as by-product from different chemical
plants.
Cement is the major end-use consumer of gypsum
followed by fertilisers, plaster of Paris, etc. Substantial
quantities of marine gypsum as well as by-product
gypsum are used for conditioning of alkaline soils.
Gypsum is used in the manufacture of gypsum
wallboards, panels, tile etc., which are developing fast.
Gypsum is found in Bhavnagar, Jamnagar,
Junagadh, Kachchh and Surendranagar districts. Out of
the total reserves and remaining resources of 15.18 Mt in
the State; the share of fertilizer/ pottery, soil
reclamation/cement/paint and unclassified grades is
20%, 7% and 73%, respectively. Out of this 10.86 Mt are
in freehold areas (CGM, Gujarat 2001).
BHAVNAGAR DISTRICT
Gypsum occurrences are reported from several
localities within a radius of 16 km around Bhavnagar
city. Gypsum occurs under, a thin soil cover as platy
crystals embedded sporadically in Gaj clays, seldom
Y sporadic plates and needles in yellowish calcareous
exceeding 2-3% of the entire bulk of clays. Gypseous
VE
clays are also reported from Chitra. There are two
deposits, viz. Balanivav and Lunsapur in the district.
Both are in free hold areas.
UR
In the Maheswari River section gypsum
occurrences, under three to six m thick overburden, are
reported from Adhewada, Akwada, Budhel,
LS
Bhuteshwar, Malanka and Tagadi.
The total remaining resources of Gypsum in
Bhavnagar district is 64000 tonnes. (as on 1.4.2005, IBM,
http//ibm.nic.in).
CA
JAMNAGAR DISTRICT
Four deposits are located in this district. Bhatia,
GI
Bhopalka and Satapur deposits occur in leasehold areas
and the quality of gypsum found here is of mixed type.
The Virpur deposit is of soil reclamation grade whereas
OL
Ran deposit contains gypsum of various grades, viz.
fertiliser/pottery, cement/paint/soil reclamation and
unclassified type. The total remaining resources of
Gypsum in Jamnagar district is 8.774 Million tonnes (0.7
GE
Mt in leasehold areas and 8.07 Mt in freehold areas) (as
on 1.4.2005, IBM, http//ibm.nic.in).
The most important gypsum deposit is located at
Ran where selenite occurs as streaks and veins in bluish
clay, at the contact of Gaj Formation and laterite. This
clay bed, over six m in thickness, occurs below 1.2 m
thick overburden along a 5.5 km long and 1.5 km wide
strip. Selenite in the clay bed occurs as streaks, Veins
(up to seven cm thick) or as segregation (up to 45 cm
long and 10cm thick). Reserves of 3.776 Mt have been
53
estimated up to a depth of 10 m.
At Virpur, selenite veins are found associated with
a three m thick marl bed, covering an area of four sq km,
below 1.2 m thick soil cover. The veins, up to 7.5 cm in
thickness also contain fibrous or platy gypsum.
Reserves of 0.490 Mt have been estimated for this
deposit. Near Bhatia, 3.5 m thick selenite-bearing many
A
clay beds covers a three km long and 200 - 1,500 m wide
area lying under a 3.5 - 90 cm thick soil cover. This many
DI
clay occurs in the neighbourhood of Gaj Formation and
laterite. Reserves of 0.175 Mt of gypsum have been
estimated from this deposit.
IN
Occurrences of selenite in clay beds of the Gaj
Formation have also been reported from Mota Asota
and Nandana. Reserves of 0.654 Mt have been
OF
estimated for these deposits.
JUNAGADH DISTRICT
Deposits of selenite have been reported from Meda
Creek northeast of Bharwada. Gypsum occurs as
clay underlain by 0.75-1.0 m thick soil.
A 0.45 in thick bed of gypseous clay is reported to
occur along a 1.2 km long and 15 m wide area near
Pachala. Small, but workable, occurrences of gypsum
have also been reported at Balanivav, Kadiali and
Lussapur.
The deposits found in the district are in freehold
areas. The total remaining resources of Gypsum in
Junagarh district is 3.626 million tonnes. (as on 1.4.2005,
IBM, http//ibm.nic.in).
KACHCHH DISTRICT
Selenite variety of gypsum occurs in association
with green or blue gypseous clay of the Gaj Formation.
There are 12 deposits located in the district. The
deposits found in leasehold areas are Adesar, Baranda,
Fategarh, Karanpur, Kherwali, Mamnimore, Vishram
and Umarsar. Cherai, Matanomadh, Palandeva and
Umarsar, Chitrod, Naredi, Karanpur deposits are
located in freehold areas. Umarsar is an important
deposit containing fertiliser/ pottery grade. The total
reserves are 0.042 miilion tones with total remaining
resources of Gypsum in Kachchh district is 2.5671
million tonnes. (as on 1.4.2005, IBM, http//ibm.nic.in). .
OTHER AREAS
Presence of small quantities of gypsum are also
recorded from Jafrabad (in Amreli district), and Limet
(in Bharuch district), which are not considered to be of
much economic importance. The total remaining
resources of Gypsum in Surendranagar district is 0.113
million tonnes in freehold areas. (as on 1.4.2005, IBM,
54
http//ibm.nic.in).
Gypsum is extracted from the brine as a by-product
while producing salt from the Rann areas in Saurashtra
and Kachchh.
LIGNITE
Lignite, in general, is soft, loose, dark brown to
brownish-black in colour, mostly a fragmental
aggregate of vegetable matter. It contains substantial
amount of moisture. On drying it crumbles into a
powder. Lignite is a low-grade fuel being increasingly
used in thermal power generation.
There are two major lignite-bearing areas in
Gujarat, viz, the Panandhro Lignite Field and adjoining
areas in Kachchh district and the Bhuri area in Bharuch
district. Lignite is associated with the rocks of Early
Tertiary age.
KACHCHH DISTRICT
The lignite deposits are mainly associated with the
Y
argillaceous Kakdinadi Formation (Lower Eocene).
VE
Akri Mota: Lignite field covers an area of 3.14 sq
km. Presence of 18 lignite seams has been reported from
the area. The cumulative thickness of all the seams
UR
ranges from 0.77-20.12 m, the average being 12.43 m.
Reserves of 33 Mt have been estimated for the seams
above one m in thickness.
Jhulrai-Waghapadar: Lignite field extends over an
LS
area of 11.14 sq km. Only thin lignite seams with thick
overburden, have been encountered in this area. Proved
reserves of 3 Mt have been estimated for these seams.
CA
Lakhpat: Five seams ranging in thickness from
0.13-3.28 m have been met with in the area. The seams
are generally thin, irregular and highly contaminated.
The proved reserves of lignite in the area are nearly 12
GI
Mt.
Matanomadh: Presence of eight to nine lignite
OL
seams having thickness between 0.15 and 4.88m has
been established in the area. The seams are
impersistent, contaminated and show splitting
tendency. The lignite-overburden ratio is about 1:18.5.
GE
Reserves of 33.88 Mt have been estimated; out of which
16.75 Mt is for the seams above one m in thickness.
Nana Ratadia: A 2.20 m thick lignite seam,
a shaly horizon has been reported to occur about 1.5 km
north of Nana Ratadia in Mandvi taluka. The area
however, does not appear to be promising.
Panandhro: It is the most important lignite field in
the State covering 11.3 sq km. The Panandhro basin is
elliptical in shape having a NW-SE elongation. The
width along the southern fringe is about three km,
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
which tapers down to 600m near the northern end. The
basin borders are well marked by steep escarpments of
the surrounding trap ridges. The beds, practically
undisturbed, are sub-horizontal with rolling dips from
2-5°. The basin shows maximum sediment thickness in
the northeastern sector.
Although about 13 seams are known to exist, only
A
seven seams show fairly regular lateral extension.
Pinching-and-swelling of the individual seam is
DI
common throughout the area. The thickness of the
seams varies between 0.10 and 10.5 m, the average
being 7.5 m. Maximum thickness of a seam so far
IN
recorded in borehole, is 18.69 m. The seams occur
within a depth range of 3.6 -100 m, the lignite-
overburden ratio ranges from 1:2 to 1:12.
OF
Lignite of the Panandhro area generally shows little
variation in physical and chemical characters. It is non-
fibrous, consolidated type (without banding) with a
uniform texture. The resin content is up to 10% and
average specific gravity is 1.16. Proximate analysis of
the lignite on an average is: fixed carbon- 31.15%,
moisture- 13.05%, ash- 12.05% and volatile matter-
42.4%. The calorific value is 5044 kcal/kg.
Total lignite reserves of the area, inclusive of all
seams, have been estimated to be 94 Mt. About 85% of
the reserve has a lignite- overburden ratio below 1:8.
Umarsar: The lignite occurrences are confined to
the area covered by the rocks of Early Tertiary age
overlying the Deccan Traps of the Bhuj Formation. The
lignite seams generally occur within the Fulra
Formation of Middle to Upper Eocene age. A number of
seams are reported to occur of which only the
uppermost two seams having 3.05 m and 6.0 m
thickness, are important. The lignite generally occurs as
discontinuous lensoid bodies. Thickness of the seams
varies from 0.7-4.9 m. Drilling in Umarsar blocks
indicated reserves of 7.7 Mt.of lignite. The proximate
analysis of lignite indicates fixed carbon 17.6-32.4%;
volatile matter 30.7-38.9%, and ash 12.0-37.4%. The
calorific value ranges from 3580 to 4975 kcal/kg.
Sulphur varies from 2.4-4.6%.
BHARUCH DISTRICT
Bhuri: Near Bhuri, in Jhagadia taluka, lignite
occurs in the Tarkeshwar Formation having a thickness
of 152 m and divisible into a lower argillaceous and an
upper arenaceous member. The lower argillaceous part
consists of grey clay, carbonaceous clay and lignite
bands and lenses.
The main lignite seam is four to five m thick and
occurs within thick carbonaceous clay. It shows fairly
uniform thickness and persistence.The entire sequence
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
of the area is folded into broad NNE-SSW trending
folds and the bands show 5-15° dip towards WNW and
ESE.
Lignite is dark brown, soft, friable with a uniform
quality and texture, occasionally showing unaltered
woody granules or yellow resinous material. At places
clay bands are also present. Proximate analysis of the
lignite shows on an average moisture- 32.5%, ash-
12.5%, volatile matter- 33.1% and fixed carbon- 21.8%.
The calorific value is 3700 kcal/kg. Besides Bhuri,
similar occurrences are also reported from nearby
Amod and Malijipura. Total reserves of lignite for the
area have been estimated to be 19.9 Mt with an
overburden ratio of 1:9, out of which 8.3 Mt with an
overburden ratio of 1:8 falls under the proved category.
In southern extension of Bhuri mines, between
Rajpardi and Vastan, the GSI has established the
continuity of the main lignite seam, 5.55-9.10 m in
thickness, over a strike length of more than 3.5 km. This
Y
lignite is also of superior quality with ash content of 8-
25% the calorific value being 5000 kcal/kg.
VE
BHAVNAGAR DISTRICT
Lignite is predominantly associated with grey to
greenish-grey carbonaceous clay (Eocene) overlying
UR
the Deccan Traps, at Khadsalia.
Total reserves of lignite in this area are 273.25 Mt,
out of which 121.91 Mt is of proved category whereas
LS
151.34 Mt is of probable category.
LIMESTONE
Limestone is generally used as raw material for
CA
manufacture of lime, cement, fertilisers and chemicals
like soda-ash, caustic soda, bleaching powder, calcium
carbide etc. Limestone is also used as flux in iron and
steel, ferro-alloy and other metallurgical industries.
GI
The State of Gujarat is richly endowed with various
types of limestone deposits, which are located in
OL
Amreli, Junagadh and Sabarkantha districts.
AMRELI DISTRICT
Balanivav : Pale yellow to deep ocherous coloured
GE
marly limestone (Gaj Formation) occurs at several
places in stream sections. It contains abundant forams,
besides some corals and molluscs. The thickness of the
Gaj Formation ranges from 10-150 m near the coast.
Una : Limestone of the Miliolite Formation
(Pleistocene) is exposed, north of Una, in the
Machhundri River and in some well sections. It contains
alternate bands of micrite and calc-arenite. The
thickness of limestone in the area is less than eight m.
Limestone of the Miliolite Formation
55
unconfomably overlying the Tertiary sediments is
distributed over a large area. Important areas having
sizeable deposits are around Chanch bet, Dantardi,
Jafrabad, Kodinar, Mitiala, Vandha and Vavarup.
The total reserves is 287.153 miilion tones with total
remaining resources of Limestone in Amreli district is
397.110 million tonnes. (as on 1.4.2005, IBM,
A
http//ibm.nic.in). The total reserves in the district are
estimated to be 684 Mt having average chemical
DI
composition of CaO- 43-54%, MgO- 0.18-0.99%, and
SiO2 - 0.9-15%.
IN
BANASKANTHA DISTRICT
Limestone belonging to the Kumbhalgarh Group of
the Delhi Supergroup occurs at several localities in the
district. Major occurrences are near Ambamata,
OF
Bhanpur, Chhapi, Diwania, Ganguvada, Padalia,
Ranpur and Shri Amirgadh. The total reserves are 0.309
million tones with total remaining resources of
Limestone in Banaskantha district is 716.066 million
tonnes. (as on 1.4.2005, IBM, http//ibm.nic.in) with
average CaO content of 51%.
BHAVNAGAR DISTRICT
Limestone deposits occur around Gopnath,
Mahuva, Methala, and Talaja in Miliolite Formation
(Pleistocene). The total reserves are 0.309 million tones
with total remaining resources of Limestone in
Bhavnagar district is 297.023 million tonnes. (as on
1.4.2005, IBM, http//ibm.nic.in) with 41-51% CaO, 0.7-
3.0% MgO and 5-15% SiO2 content have been estimated.
BHARUCH DISTRICT
Occurrence of limestone belonging to the Kand
Formation (Miocene) is reported from Konda near
Ankleshwar. Besides, Nummulitic Limestone of Eocene
age also occurs on the western fringe of the Deccan
Traps in the district. Important localities with sizeable
deposits are Dungri, Choda and Valia. The total
remaining resources of Limestone in Bhavnagar district
is 15.850 million tonnes. (as on 1.4.2005, IBM,
http//ibm.nic.in) with average 49% of CaO have been
estimated.
JAMNAGAR DISTRICT
Highly arenaceous limestone containing abundant
shell fragments belonging to the Dwarka Formation
(Pliocene) occurs at Okhamandal area. Notable
limestone occurrences are reported from Mithapur,
Ranpur, Sikka, Dhrasanvel, Kalyanpur, Lalpur and
Kuranga. Gaj Limestone is also found to occur around
Gorinja, Bhimpura, Meripur and Ashapura Mata
temple. Besides, miliolite of Pliestocene age, occurs
along the main coast and in the Okha-Rann area.
56
The total reserves are 91.793 million tones with total
remaining resources of Limestone in Jamnagar district
is 96.785 million tonnes. (as on 1.4.2005, IBM,
http//ibm.nic.in)
The probable reserves of cement and higher grade
limestone belonging to Miliolite, Dwarka and Gaj
formations are of the order of 20.7, 81.6 and 81.25 Mt.
respectively with an average of 1.7 m thickness, for
Kalyanpur-Gorinja and Gaga-Kuranga areas.
JUNAGADH DISTRICT
Extensive deposits of limestone belonging to the
Dwarka Formation (Pliocene) and Miliolite and Chaya
Formations (Pleistocene) occur in the district.
Remarkably good deposits are found around
Aditiyana, Bakharla, Bharavada, Bokira, Bolas, Boricha,
Degam, Gosa, lshwariya, Kajawadri, Kentela, Kharsa,
Khera, Lati, Maraj, Palakhada, Pandavdar, Parachi,
Rakhej, Rampura, Ranavav, Samadhiala, Saroswa,
Sliantipura, Simar, Supasi, Sutrapara, Umba, Vavdi and
Y
Veraval.
The total reserves are 161.460 million tones with
VE
total remaining resources of Limestone in Bhavnagar
district is 930.356 million tonnes. (as on 1.4.2005, IBM,
http//ibm.nic.in) with 44-52% CaO, 0.6- 4.5% MgO and
UR
0.7- 6.7% SiO2.
KACHCHH DISTRICT
Extensive deposits of Nummulitic limestone
LS
(Eocene) varying in thickness from two m to over 14 m
are found in the western part of the district Important
occurrences are near Ramania, Waghapadar, Sanosra,
CA
Khari, Fulra, Kuriyani, Lakhpat, Ratipur , Kharoda and
Harudi.
The total remaining resources of Limestone in
Kachchh district is 15525.509 million tonnes. (as on
GI
1.4.2005, IBM, http//ibm.nic.in).
GSI has demarcated four limestone blocks in
OL
Pachchham Island, namely Pachhmai-Pir block, Paya
block, Khari juna-Sadhara block and Dedhiya block.
The exposed average thicknesses of limestone in these
blocks are 5, 4, 4, and 1.5 m, respectively. The average
GE
composition of the limestone in all these blocks is CaO-
48.05%, MgO- 0.74%, R2O3- 1.84%, LOI- 38.47% and Al-
9.82% and the reserves of cement grade limestone are
estimated to be 421 Mt.
SABARKANTHA DISTRICT
Posina: The limestone belt, 25 km long and 15 km
wide, is located close to the State border-with Rajasthan.
This limestone is a part of the Delhi Supergroup and
contains siliceous intercalations. There are several
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
bands of marble within this limestone. The total
remaining resources of Limestone in Sabarkantha
district is 482.222 million tonnes. (as on 1.4.2005, IBM,
http//ibm.nic.in), containing over 80% of CaCO3, exist
within a depth of 50 m from the surface.
Other important occurrences are reported from
Abhapur, Bhetali, Delwada, Dharmadi, Gabat, Ganva,
A
Jesinghpur, Kheradi and Sanali. Resources of 71 Mt
having 46-51% CaO have been estimated.
DI
SURAT DISTRICT
Occurrences of Nummulitic limestone (Eocene)
IN
bordering the Deccan Traps are reported from the
district. Notable occurrences are at Kim, Mandvi,
Navagam and Tarkeshwar. The total remaining
resources of Limestone in Surat district is 2.7 Mt (as on
OF
1.4.2005, IBM, http//ibm.nic.in).
MANGANESE
Manganese is the fourth widely consumed metal
after iron, aluminium and copper. Manganese is
indispensable for the production of iron and steel and
also used in metallurgical and chemical industries.
Besides, it is commonly used in the manufacture of dry
battery cells and various alloys.
India has been a traditional producer and exporter
of manganese ore. It is estimated that the total resources
are of the order of 378 Mt with proved reserves of about
138 Mt Indian Mineral Year Book-2010, Indian Bureau
of Mines.
In Gujarat important manganese deposits occur in
the Panchmahals and Vadodara districts. Manganese
Ores are associated with metasedimentary rocks of the
Champaner and Lunavada groups (Aravalli
Supergroup) of the Proterozoic age. Exploitation of
manganese ore in the State commenced in 1905. The
ores are mainly pyrolusite (MnO2), psilomelane
(hydrated oxide of Mn, Ba and K) and braunite (Mn2O3).
PANCHMAHALS DISTRICT
Shivrajpur-Pani Belt: The 22 km long belt finds
place in the manganese map of India in terms of the
production of high-grade manganese ore. This
manganiferous belt extends from Bapotia (towards
east) to Shivrajpur, in an east- west alignment. From
Shivrajpur the zone takes a turn towards NE up to
Talaodi and then again swings towards east up to Pani
Area.
The manganese ore bodies are interbedded with
quartzite and phyllite regionally metamorphosed to
greenschist facies. The sequence is folded into WNW-
ESE trending folds with 15-25° plunge towards WNW.
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
Concentration and enrichment of manganese ore is
confined to the crests and troughs of the folds.
Out of its total length of 22 km, the belt over a length
of about 11.5 km is rich in manganese. The maximum
width of the belt is 500 m near Shivrajpur. The thickness
varies from a few centimeters to five m. The analytical
results of the ore indicate 31-55.5% Mn, 2.08-7.5% Fe,
2.12-19.10% SiO2 and 0.14-0.35% P.
Anas area: Old mine Workings in Salapara, located
five km north of Anas Rly. Station, show the presence of
a manganiferous zone associated with phyllite and
dolomite, intruded by a series of quartz veins. The ore
zone developed over dolomite and underlying phyllite
confirms to the regional strike of foliation of the rocks.
The old workings cover a strike length of one km. As a
whole, the ore is low-grade with maximum 30% Mn
with high - silica (up to 20%). Resources of 0.012 tonnes
with 31-38% Mn have been estimated in Salapara area.
Discontinuous manganese bands underlain by
Y
dolomite have been delineated by Saha et al., (1989) up
to Undar village and these bands are considered to be
VE
the south-southeast extension of the Salapara band.
Undar manganese band is found to contain 54 % Mn.
The width of the zone varies from two to five m (Saha,
UR
op. cit.).
Jotwad area: Occurrence of manganese ore has
been reported from the N-S trending hillock near
Jotwad. The ore is associated with highly folded
LS
pyroxene-spessartite-quartz rocks and mainly
comprises braunite with subordinate pyrolusite and
psilomelane. The folds have a NW-SE trend and a 30-40°
plunge towards NW. The ore bodies are associated with
CA
hematite bands. The rocks have been thermally
metamorphosed to pyroxene hornfels facies. The
mineral assemblage is braunite, hollandite, spessartite-
GI
andradite garnet, blan fordite, rhodonite, brown
manganiferous pyroxene, winchite etc.
The Jotwad deposit shows an average of 40-46%
OL
Mn, 15-20% SiO2, and 0.3-0.4% P2O5 content. The
resource estimated for the ore of all grades are 0.108 Mt.
Minor occurrences of manganese ore have also
GE
been reported from Chandwana, Gandhra, Intra,
Nagrala, Vav and Vena. These areas are of little
economic importance.
The total remaining resources of manganese in
Panchmahals district is 2.18 million tonnes. (as on
1.4.2005, IBM, http//ibm.nic.in/reserves.htm).
VADODARA DISTRICT
Ambala area: In Chhota Udepur taluka, near
Ambala a small outcrop of manganese ore associated
57
with quartz-pyroxene rock has been reported. The
rocks are intruded by biotite granite. The ore consists
of braunite, pyrolusite and psilomelane, with
pyroxene, quartz and magnetite as the gangue
minerals.
Similar type of occurrences of manganese ores has
also been located near Ambari, Chalwant, Ghanta, Jalvi,
A
Kadwal, Kalikui, and Vandoth. The total remaining
resource estimated for important occurrences in the
DI
district, as per the District wise Reserves/Resources of
Manganese is 774000 tonnes (as on 1.4.2005, IBM,
http//ibm.nic.in).
IN
SABARKANTHA DISTRICT
Minor occurrences of manganese have been located
OF
near Bhilonadudha, Bhimapur, Dhanivada, Megharaj
and Padla.
MICA
Mica is one of the important and indispensable
minerals for the electrical and electronic industry by
virtue of its dielectric and insulating properties.
In Gujarat, small occurrence of mica in the form of
flakes have been noticed in pegmatite bodies. Such
occurrences are reported from Apodra, Bodi, Dobhara
and Limbhoi, Kahanpur, Valniahudi in Panchmahals
district and Sonipur in Kheda district.
NICKEL AND PLATINUM GROUP
OF ELEMENTS
PANCHMAHALS DISTRICT
Drilling for nickel in the serpentine-talc rock from
Dadhaliya has been carried out in the seventies and the
nickel values varying from 0.04-1.12% were recorded
from borehole samples. Ni content up to 0.3% is
reported in silicified ultramafic rocks. Tremolite-
actinolite schist has analyzed Au value of 0.35 g/t
whereas total PGE content in the ultramafics varies
from 190 to 312 ppb.
KACHCHH DISTRICT
Stream sediment and bed rock samples collected
from the area covered by alkaline plugs of Kuran and
Nirwandh show PGE ranging from 61-527 ppb and Au
from 37-180 ppb in Nirwandh, and 37-180 ppb PGE and
151-274 ppb Au in Kuran.
BANASKANTHA DISTRICT
A few samples from Pindoli-Kengora area have
analysed between 65 and 180 ppb of Au. Panned
concentrates of three stream sediment samples
analysed 20 to 45 ppb Pd.
58 Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu

OCHRE have been reported are Bakrol in Ahmedabad district,

Padra in Vadodara district, Gogha in Bhavnagar
Ochres are natural mineral pigments, generally,
district, Indroda and Vavol in Gandhinagar district;
composed of hydrated iron oxides and can be used
Kathana, Lunej, Navagam and Udel in Kheda district;
either directly as paint or for imparting colour to
Chhatral, Kadi, Kherwa, Linich, Pansor, Sapthal, Suraj
cement, petrooleum, rubber, glass, enamel, plastic etc.
and Wavel in Mahesana district and Kosamba and
In Gujarat ochre is obtained from laterite associated Olpad in Surat district.
with bauxite or from Mesozoic and Tertiary sediments.

A
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC)
Major deposits are located in Saurashtra and Kachchh and many other state owned companies (e.g. Gujarat

DI
regions. The total reserves of Ocher in Banaskantha State Petroleum Company - GSPC) with other private
district is 112641 tonnes with remaining resources of entities has been engaged in carrying out detailed
124839 tonnes and total remaining resources in exploration for oil and gas in Gujarat after onset of New

IN
Bhavnagar district is 2771470 tonnes (as on 1.4.2005, Exploration License Policy (NELP), by Ministry of
IBM, http//ibm.nic.in). Petroleum, Govt. of India in 2000.
JAMNAGAR DISTRICT The reserves of crude oil and natural gas in

Deposits of clay suitable for pigments have been
reported from west of Ran village on west- sloping bank
of Ramuka Vokala, 400 m SSW of Tungi, at the base of
Tundi Dhar, 37 km SW of Jamnagar, NE of Kathola, 7
OF
different parts of India are given in Table-19. The
reserves figure for Gujarat clearly brings out the
significant position the State holds in the country in
regards to the oil and gas resources.

Y
km N of Wansjalia railway station, SW of Hariswad and Table - 19. Reserves of Crude Oil and Natural Gas in
from laterite-bauxite areas of Virpur and Mewasa. India
VE
Ochre has also been reported from Palakhada.
State/Area Reserve as on 1-4-1993
JUNAGADH DISTRICT
Crude Oil Natural Gas
UR

Occurrence of ochre has been reported from (in Mt) (billion cu m)

Bharwara, Chorwad, Danderi, Palashi, Photilibid, India 757.44 1240.03
Savni and Shrimerwas.
A. On-shore
RAJKOT DISTRICT
LS

Assam 176.50 127.93

Large deposits of ochre associated with red clays of
the Surajdeval Formation are located around Adapur, Gujarat 137.42 78.97
Gandiwada, Jambudia, Jodhpur, Lakhadhar, Andra Pradesh 5.23 40.58
CA

Panchasia, Ratidevli, Sajanpur and Wankaner.

Tamil Nadu 8.49 36.88
KACHCHH DISTRICT
B. Off-shore
Red mid yellow ochre deposits associated with the
GI

Western Offshore 403.60 420.91

laterite-bauxite belt are available at Bhadu, Fulra, Garia
Hill, Julrai, Letri, Madh, Umarsar and Wandh. Eastern Offshore 26.19 535.66
OL

Ochre associated with Mesozoic clays is also
available at Bhachau and Boha. The total remaining
resources of Ochre in kachchh district is 5000 tonnes (as
on 1.4.2005, IBM, http//ibm.nic.in).
GE
Source: Indian Petroleum and Natural Gas Statistics, 1993-
94.
Both oil and natural gas in Gujarat occur in the

Tertiary rocks of Cambay Basin. Studies carried out by

OIL AND NATURAL GAS
Gujarat is one of the largest oil producing States in
the country. The bulk of the on-shore resources occur in
the Cambay Basin. The Ankleshwar oil field (Bharuch
district), Cambay oil field (Kheda district) Sanand oil
field (Ahmedabad district) and Kalol oil field
(Mahesana district), are among the major oil producing
fields in the country.
Some other areas where oil and gas occurrences
ONGC have established that the Lower Eocene Cambay
Black Shale Formation is the main source of oil and gas
though pay- horizons occur in formations extending
from Lower Eocene to Lower Miocene.
Details about oil and natural gas resources have not
been discussed in this volume as these subjects comes
under the purview of Directorate of Hydrocarbon,
Ministry of Petroleum, Govt. of India, the organization
which has brought out several publications in this
regard from time to time.
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
PHOSPHORITE
Phosphorite is generally associated with marine
sediments especially limestone and dolomite.
Phosphorite is used as an essential raw material in the
fertiliser industry.
Phosphorite occurrences are known from Kachchh
and Panchmahals districts of Gujarat.
KACHCHH DISTRICT
Phosphorite occurrences are reported from the
Chari Formation (Mesozoic) in Wandhyaya, Ler and in
the Habo hill, about 20 km north of Bhuj. It is a 30 km
long belt composed of gypseous shale and highly
fossiliferous cherty limestone. There are four limestone
bands. The uppermost two hands of limestone having a
total thickness of 1.5 m show the presence of P205
ranging from 1-8%. The reserves of phosphorite are
estimated to be nine Mt but are not being exploited due
to poor P2O5 content.
Y
PANCH MAHALS DISTRICT
In Gandhra area phosphatic material, mainly
VE
collophane (a massive, fine-grained, crypto-crystalline
apatite, consisting largely or wholly of one of the
carbonate apatites) occurs in association with
UR
stromatolitic structure, in a dolomitic limestone horizon
of the Champaner Group of Aravalli Supergroup
(Precambrian).
The phosphatic mineral is dark bluish-grey in
LS
colour and occurs, as pellets, nodules, laminae and
intraclasts within columnar stromatoltic structures. The
luxuriant growth of stromatolitic algae, during
CA
precipitation of phosphorus, suggests a very shallow-
depositional environment. The phosphatic horizon
occurs as discontinuous lenses and bands. Main
phosphatic zones occur in the following blocks:
GI
Ambapani block : The phosphatic zone is 400 m
long and has low P2O5 values.
OL
Chalwad block : The main phosphate-rich body
extends for a length of 700 in. However, the P2O5 content
is low.
GE
Gandhra block : This block shows good
concentration of stromatolitic algal structures. The
phosphate-rich zone is 700 m in length.
Ranjitpura block : The phosphorite body extends
for 1.2 km with surface-width ranging from 10-30 m.
The P2O5content varies from 10- 24% with an average
value of 12%.
The total remaining resources of Phosphorite in
Panchmahals district is 314820 tonnes (as on 1.4.2005,
IBM, http//ibm.nic.in).
59
QUARTZ
Quartz is used in the glass industry and for making
refractory bricks and abrasives. It is also used as a flux
and as a cleaning and polishing agent.
In Gujarat, bulk production of quartz comes from
Panchmahals and Vadodara districts, where it occurs as
veins intruding the Champaner Group of rocks.
A
PANCHMAHALS DISTRICT
DI
A large number of quartz veins associated with
decomposed feldspars intrude the magnetite- chlorite
schist (metabasics), phyllite and greywackes of the
IN
Champaner Group. The veins generally show NNE-
SSW, ENE-WSW to E-W trends with 10-25° northerly
dips. The occurrences are reported from Aarel, Aroda,
OF
Asardi, Babrol, Bhanpur, Bhuval, Chalwad, Cheripur,
Dalwada, Degvada, Dhabudi, Duma, Dungaria,
Gazipura, Hirapura, Jaban, Jolha, Kasanpur, Keva,
Khabda Kohivav, Kol, Kolva, Lafni, Machelai,
Malanpur, Nathudi, Natpur, Nava Muvada, Padardi,
Piplod, Rasulpur, Ruabari, Rupkhera, Sajora, Sattlav,
Shero, Timba, Uchhavan, Varadia, Vav, Vijia and
Virania. Reserves estimated are of the order of 4 Mt.
OTHER AREAS
Quartz veins of various dimensions are exposed
near Ambala, Chiliawant, Piplej and Tundva
(Vadodara district); Quartz veins are reported to occur
at Kundal and Himala in the rocks of the Delhi
Supergroup (Sabarkantha district); Quartz is mined at
Koydam, Lora, Sarariya and Virpur (Kheda district).
SIDERITE
Siderite is primarily a carbonate of iron (FeCO3);
more often containing streaks of magnesium and
calcium. It occurs in various colours commonly ash-
grey, yellowish-brown, reddish-brown or rarely
greenish. It is used for the production of hydrogen by
the steam iron contact process.
KACHCHH DISTRICT
Stratiform siderite deposits are associated with
lignite-bearing shales (Kakdinadi Formation) of
Panandhro-Matanomadh area. Individual siderite
bands are generally less than one m in thickness. The
reserves estimated are 4.6 Mt. Siderite bands, near
Jhulrai, occur within the shale. Reserves of 0.05 Mt have
been estimated. Small occurrences of siderite are also
reported from Hamla and Ratadia (in Mandvi taluka).
TALC
Talc is a hydrous silicate of magnesium and is the
softest mineral. Massive compact and pure variety is
known as steatite. Both talc and steatite are
60
commercially grouped under the trade name of
soapstone.
Talc/soapstone is an important industrial mineral.
It is used in a wide variety of products because of its
unique combination of properties such as softness,
purity, fragrance retention, whiteness, lustre; oil and
grease absorption, chemical inertness, low- electrical
conductivity and high thermal conductivity. Besides its
common use in cosmetics for talcum powder etc., talc is
also widely used as insulator in electrical industry and
as filler. It is also used in the manufacture of
insecticides, textile, cosmetics, rubber, cera mics, paints
and fertiliser.
India was the second largest producer of
talc/steatite/soapstone in the world in 2009-10 with a
production of 835119 tonnes. Gujarat produced 2291
tonnes (2009-10) from Sabarkantha district (Indian
Mineral Year Book-2010, IBM).
In Gujarat, at other places, only minor lenses and
Y
pockets of steatite are known to occur in ultrabasic
rocks and calc-silicate rocks of the Aravalli supergroup.
VE
However, these occurrences are economically not very
promising.
SABARKANTHA DISTRICT
UR
Steatite mineralisation is found in Bhiloda, Meghraj
and Modasa talukas along the minor shear zones in
ultrabasic rocks, mostly peridotite, intruding the
LS
Aravalli metasediments. Steatite deposits of good
quality are located between Dev Mori and Kundal
Valley.
The total reserves are 16000 tonnes and total
CA
remaining resources are 29000 tonnes (as on 1.4.2005,
IBM, http//ibm.nic.in).
Dev Mori : The outcrop extends for more than 1600
GI
m with a width of over 65 m and shows near-vertical
dip. The steatite is finely schistose in texture; pale blue,
OL
grey or pinkish-grey in colour and moderately hard. It
is free from foreign material and can be easily cut into
slabs and pencils. A softer, cream coloured variety also
occurs along with harder bands that could be carved
GE
into durable ornaments. Beds of similar steatite, about
3-3.5 m in thickness, were also found to the NW of
Ghanta. The outcrop; along the bed of a stream, extends
for about 30 m. Steatite also covers an extensive six to
eight km long tract between Kokapur and Vartha. A
fairly thick bed of steatite is found near Thuravas and
east of Fatehpur. The quality of the material is fair, but
being somewhat flaky it does not readily grind to an
impalpable powder. Occurrences of steatite have also
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
been reported from Bhanmer, Lokhan and Mora.
Kundal Valley : The ultrabasic body, located one
km west of Kundal, is about 1.5 km in length and ranges
in width from 20- 200 m. Steatite veins - developed
along the fractures, and isolated outcrops of steatite
various grades can be seen, at several places, in the
valley. Very small and isolated pockets of steatite,
A
ranging in width from 0.5 -1 m and in length from 1-2 m,
were located near Bhanmer, Dadhalia, Ghanta and
DI
Tetisar villages.
OTHER AREAS
IN
Small lenses of steatite are reported from the calc-
silicate and dolomitic rocks of Ambala, Bedvi,
Chiliawant, Damawa, Tundva and Vanor (in Vadodara
district.); and from Chalwad, Duma, Gandhra,
OF
Narukot, Ranipura and Vav (in Panchmahals district).
THERMAL SPRINGS / WELLS
Thermal springs are the surface manifestations of
the subsurface geothermal reservoirs of varying
dimensions containing geothermal fluids which can be
put to various uses. Geothermal fluids are used for
electrical power production, space heating, greenhouse
cultivation, refrigeration, hatching and drying of fish,
washing and drying wool, etc. Thermal spring sites are
also developed as tourist and health resorts.
There are 19 localities in Gujarat where thermal
springs/wells are known to occur. These thermal
springs/wells are associated either with Deccan
Volcanics or folding and faulting of Aravalli rocks.
Cambay graben (belonging to the first category)
represents an actively subsiding basin in which the
Tertiary sedimentary sequences containing
hydrocarbon and coal were deposited. This area is
thermally anomalous. While drilling for oil, hot water
and steam under pressure was encountered in two bore
holes, viz. Kathana-4 and Cambay-15. In Kathana-4
steam was struck at the depth of 1958 m whereas in
Cambay -15 it was struck at the depth of 750 m. The
steam discharge was estimated at 3000 cu m/day with
high temperature gradient and bottom hole
temperature (up to 160°C). On the flanks of the Cambay
graben, large areas contain ground water at elevated
temperature as encountered in a large number of tube
wells. Tuwa and Khedapad are the important thermal
spring localities in Aravalli fold belt.
Chemical composition of waters from thermal
springs/wells in most of the localities, as determined at
different times during the period 1960:1986 is given in
Table-20.
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu 61

TIN - TUNGSTEN
BANASKANTHA DISTRICT
The area exposes the Sirohi and the
(Concentration in mg/litre, Temperature in °C, TH= Total hardness CaCO3, Sp.C = Specific conductance in micromhos/cm at 25° C)

Kumbhalgarh Groups of rocks

comprising metasediments and calc-
silicates intruded by granites. Search
for strategic minerals initiated during

A
1990 brought to light a few skarn zones
developed along the contact of calc-

DI
silicate rocks and granite. One such
skarn zone near Atal Hill, about 200 m

IN
downstream of the proposed Sipu dam
site (in Dantiwada taluka) analyse
about 1.6% W. Further search in the
Table No-20: Chemical composition of thermal springs of Gujarat.

area did not yield any workable

OF
deposit of these metals.
Sporadic occurrences of
disseminated type scheelite
mineralisation in the skarn rocks south

Y
of Kapasiya, south of Sakra Veri and
north of Vavdhara have been recorded.
VE
Scheelite, in the skarn zones, occurs
over two to 15 m stretch.
UR

SABARKANTHA AND
MAHESANA
DISTRICTS
(Source: GEOTHERMAL ATLAS OF INDIA, 1991. Geol. Surv. Ind. Spl. Pub. 19)

Extension area of Sn-W-bearing

LS

Delhi Supergroup of the Mahesana and

adjoining Banaskantha district hold
some promise. Occurrence of tin-
tungsten is reported from Nadri and
CA

Kuba Dharol areas of Sabarkantha

district. Pegmatites of the Nadri
granite massif intruding the calc-
GI

silicate rocks show presence of

cassiterite and wolframoxiolite (a tin-
tungsten-niobium-tantalum mineral).
OL

Analytical results show 5% Sn in

the stream sediments of the area and
700 ppm Sn in the granite (Saha, 1986;
GE

Sahu & Ranganath, 1991).

VERMICULITE
Vermiculite, an alteration product
of mica, is finding increasing
application in industries due to its
extreme lightness, refractory
properties and very low-conductivity
of heat and sound. The mineral is used
as an insulating medium, as a
refrigerating and air-conditioning
62
agent, for lining furnaces and as a soil conditioner in
agriculture.
In Gujarat, vermiculite occurs within camptonite
dykes, which have undergone extensive weathering. As
a restult of the weathering processes, the mineral has
developed from the glassy ground mass of the basic
rock.
Small patchy occurrences within weathered dyke
rock are reported from Vadodara district near Amsota
of Chhota Udepur taluka and Valpari of Pavi Jetpur
taluka where occasional mining has been carried out in
the past. The occurrences are not very promising.
Vermiculite is also reported from carbonatite-fluid-
impregnated sandstone, at the contact with the
overlying basalt, near Phuljhar in Ambadongar area.
The total remaining resources of vermiculite in
Vododara district is 1960 tonnes (as on 1.4.2005, IBM,
http//ibm.nic.in).
Y
WOLLASTONITE
VE
Wollastonite, a calcium metasilicate, is becoming
increasingly valuable with fast growing industrial
applications. It is widely used in ceramic, paint, enamel,
UR
glass, match, paper, plastic and plywood industries. It is
also used for making artware, ceiling and floor tiles and
for insulators as a substitute for asbestos.
Occurrences of wollastonite are confined to the
LS
skarn zones recorded in calc-gneiss in Banaskantha and
Panchmahals districts. These skarn zones consist of
wollastonite, marble, feldspar, garnet, vesuvianite,
hornblende, tremolite, apatite and minor scheelite.
CA
BANASKANTHA DISTRICT
A small band of wollastonite, located near Ghoda,
GI
occurs at the contact between the calc gneiss and
intrusive granite. The band extends over a length of 250
m with a cumulative thickness of 5 m. The total
OL
remaining resources of Wollastonite in Banaskantha
district is 1.99 million tonnes (as on 1.4.2005, IBM,
http//ibm.nic.in).
GE
Three wollastonite-bearing veins/bands are
located in Ghoda-Dhanpura area in addition to the
already described occurrence in Ghoda.
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
Deposit lying 1.5 km WNW of Ghoda is 35 m x 4 m
in dimension. Wollastonite blades vary in length from
2-50 cm within skarn bands ranging in thickness from
0.5-2 m. Wollastonite concentration in this deposit is
80%. The accessory minerals are hornblende, feldspar,
garnet, calcite, quartz, apatite etc. (Saha, 1992).
The other two deposits, located 1.5 km NE of
A
Dhanpura, are 100 m x 2 m and 300 m x 2 m in
dimension. Wollastonite blades range in length from 1-
DI
10 cm. They occur as lenses and thin bands where
pinching-and-swelling structures are often noticed
along the strike. Concentration of wolastonite, in these
IN
deposits, is 60%. Besides, there are other small areas
where wollastonite is found to constitute 20 - 30% of the
skarn rock. Several types of zoning in wollastonite-
OF
bearing skarn rocks have been noticed. Quartz core
surrounded by wollastonite (either within the calc-
silicate rocks or at its contact with wollastonite) is
rimmed by hornblende crystals. In wollastonite-quartz-
feldspar-calcite-apatite rocks, clusters of coarser
wollastonite are confined to the central part which
gradually becomes finer towards the contact with calc-
silicate rock.
The samples from Ghoda and Dhanpura areas
containing an average of 70% wollastonite in the rock
analyse 47.10% SiO2 and 45.45:% CaO, which fall short
of 2.90% and 0.65%, respectively for SiO2 and CaO
compared to the export-grade wollastonite from Belka
Pahar (Sirohi district), Rajasthan. This is because of the
presence of FeO, A12O3, MnO, etc. (Saha, op. cit.)
Long blades of wollastonite are restricted in
occurrence. It commonly occurs in the form of needles
and requires beneficiation to remove the accessory
minerals to upgrade recovery of wollastonite minerals.
PANCHMAHALS DISTRICT
Wollastonite is reported two km south of Dhanpur.
A 3.5 km long and two to three m wide, E-W trending
wollastonite-bearing band has developed at the contact
of calc-silicate rock and granite and extends from NE of
Garbadi to near Chari. A small pocket of wollastonite
has also been reported from Jamali (Sahu & Dinesh,
1997).
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu 63

GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF GUJARAT*

A
The diverse physiographic, climatic and geologic of the State rises to as high as 45°C while the winter
conditions have given rise to diversified ground water temperature of 4°C is recorded at a few locations.

DI
situation in different parts of Gujarat State. From the
The rock formations, ranging in age from
ground water point of view, five physiographic
Precambrian to Recent, controlling the occurrence and
divisions of Gujarat have been made:

a) Eastern hilly tract ranging in elevation between 300
and 1400 m above mean sea level (msl)
IN
movement of ground water are varied in composition
and structure. Similarly, of equal importance are the
variations in the nature of landforms occurring in
different physiographic regions.

b) The Central Kachchh and Saurashtra plateau
regions ranging in elevation between 150 and 500 m
above msl. The Mount Girnar is the highest peak
(1117 m above msl) in Gujarat and is an isolated
mountain in Saurashtra
OF
The behaviour of ground water systems in different
geological set-up, varies considerably. In the hard rock
areas the availability of ground water, in a particular
year, is the direct response to the intensity of monsoon.

c) Alluvial plains ranging in elevation between 25 and

Y In the hard rock aquifers a quick response is seen. In the
VE years of normal and above normal rainfall the water
150 m above msl extending from Banaskantha in
level decline, caused by last few years of low rainfall
the north to the delta region of Narmada-Tapi in the
and lean monsoon, is compensated. The seasonal
south
availability of ground water also varied widely.
UR

d) The low lying saline tract ranging in elevation
between three and 25 m above msl, surrounding
Saurashtra and Kachchh and along the coast
LS
Ground water is available at shallow depths during
monsoon and post-monsoon period in the normal and
good rainfall years, but in the summer season
appreciable decline is noticed in the well yields and

e) The marshy and saline area along the coast and the
even acute drinking water supply problems are being
Rann ranging in elevation from below mean seal
faced. The high relief areas in the eastern and
level to four meter above msl. This is a vast expanse
northeastern part of the State occupied by the Deccan
of salt mixed with sand and clay, devoid of any
CA

Traps and the Precambrian rocks, respectively, have

vegetation and habitation.
The drainage characteristics of these areas are
intimately related to the rocks on which the drainage
GI
steep topographic gradients resulting in high run-off
and consequently little scope for ground water
recharge. The ground water potential in the terrain is

has developed. The important rivers of the State are the limited. In the area underlain by the Mesozoics namely
Sabarmati and the Mahi in north Gujarat, the Narmada in parts of Kachchh, Surendranagar, Sabarkantha and
OL

and the Tapi in the south Gujarat and the Shetrunji and
the Bhadar in the Saurashtra region.
The droughts are frequent in north Gujarat,
GE
Vadodara districts, the response to rainfall is
moderately fast but a progressive declining trend of
water levels has set in because of the increased drawals
from the ground water system during the last two

Saurashtra and Kachchh regions due to poor and erratic

decades. In the area underlain by the Tertiaries, water
rainfall. The climate varies from humid in the south,
levels are in general shallow. There is not much
through sub-humid in the central part to semi-arid and
development due to inferior quality of ground water.
arid in the northern and western parts. The State receives
However, small quantities of fresh water are available
rainfall mainly during southwest monsoon period. The
in this aquifer, during the post monsoon period. No
rainfall shows steep reduction from 2000 mm in the
significant variation in the water levels is observed.
extreme south (Dangs and Valsad districts) to 300 mm in
Kachchh district. The summer temperature in many parts The area underlain by alluvium possesses most

* Extracted from 'Status Report on Availability, Development and Management of Ground Water Resources in Gujarat State and the Union
Territory of Daman and Diu' compiled by R. C. Jain and P. K. Jain, Central Ground Water Board, West Central Region, Ahmedabad, March 2000.
64 Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu

potential and prolific multi-aquifer system. The Provision for maintenance : 803 MCM/Yr
response to rainfall is rather slow due to the existence of of Ecology
finer material in the aquifers. This aquifer is highly
Provision for Domestic : 2409 MCM/Yr
exploited aquifer and in large areas progressive and Industrial use
declines in water level are observed. The Formation-
wise groundwater resource potential in the state of Utilisable ground water : 12,848 MCM/Yr
Gujarat is broadly summarized in Table -21. recharge

A
Out of 170 talukas in the state, 31 talukas fall under Gross. Ground water draft : 9,709 MCM/Yr
the category of overexploited (greater than 100% Ground Water Balance : 3,139 MCM/Yr

DI
ground water draft), 8 under dark category (between 90
to 100% ground water drafts) and 42 under grey Level of ground water : 75.57%
development
category (between 70 to 90% ground water draft).

IN
The ultimate irrigation potential from ground
Ground water resources and irrigation potential of
water has been estimated to be 29.09 lakh ha; out of
Gujarat State has been computed recently by Ground
which 21.50 lakh ha has already been created, leaving a
Water Estimation Committee as per the Ground Water

OF
balance of 7.59 lakh ha for future development. The
Reserve Estimation Methodology, 1997. The salient
level of ground water development varies widely, from
features are as follows:
about 1% in the Dangs district to more than 164% in
Total annual : 16,060 MCM/Yr Mahesana district.

Y
Replenishable recharge VE
Table -21. Distribution of hydrogeological formations in Gujarat and their potential
UR
LS
CA
GI
OL
GE
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu 65

A
DI
IN
OF
Y
VE
UR
LS
CA
GI
OL
GE
66 Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu

GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCE OF DAMAN

A
Daman, situated 170 km north of Mumbai, lies 10 basalt with (rare) amygdules or zeolite and calcite. The
km west of Vapi Railway station, on Bombay-Delhi top of the flow shows spheroidal weathering.

DI
Railway line. Daman occupies an area of 72 sq km. It is
Flow III : A major portion of Daman, lying north of
bounded by Kolak River in the north and Kalu nadi in
the river Damanganga is covered by this unit.
the south. On the west, it is bounded by the Arabian Sea.
Essentially this flow unit is greenish-grey, fine-grained

IN
The area is characterized by peneplain topography basalt with vesicles filled with zeolite, calcite, quartz
with a few mounds and knolls dotting the terrain. and agate. This flow can be subdivided into three zones
Damanganga river drains the central part of the area. - amygdaloidal basalt; greenish, fine-grained basalt

Badland topography is recorded along the rivers, more
so at their mouths near the Arabian Sea.
GEOLOGY
Geologically, the area is occupied by basaltic flows
OF
with vesicles; massive greenish-grey, fine-grained
basalt with rare vesicles.
Sills and plugs intruding the flow units have been
recorded. Part of the area is covered by black alluvial

Y
soil. White sand occurs all along the shore. However,
of Deccan Traps, Recent alluvial deposits in the
south of Moti Daman black sand is noticed.
southwestern segment and beach sands all along the
VE
coastline. MINERAL RESOURCES
Three flows have been identified in the territory BASALT
UR

and their general lithological and petrographic

Basalt is quarried and used as building material
characters are described below:
and ballast. It is extensively quarried near Machwad,
Flow I : This basal unit is exposed in the Kalai and Dabhel, Dundheta from mounds and knolls.
Damanganga river sections, in the mounds and knolls
LS

north of Dundtela. It comprises massive, dark grey,
fine-grained basalt showing prominent jointing and
spheroidal weathering.
CA
CLAY
Clay is used in the manufacture of bricks. It is
quarried from irregular pits in the fields near Jampur,
Dabhel, Nani Wonkad.

Flow II : It forms mounds near Devka, Dalwada

and Kachigaon. It is bluish-grey, medium-grained
GI
OL
GE
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCE OF DIU
Diu is a Union Territory since 1987.
Administratively, Diu and Daman form a single Union
Territory. Diu is a tiny islet occupying an area of 40 sq
Km on the southern fringe of Saurashtra Peninsula. It is
separated from the southern extremity of the
Saurashtra Peninsula by a swampy creek of 250 m
width.
Eastern part of this island forms an undulatory
terrain composed of long parallel ridges of miliolite; the
central part is characterised by crescent-shaped
calcareous sand dunes and the western part is a flat
terrain. On the coast wave-cut platforms are the
prominent features. Tidal flats of creek zones are
Y
covered by clay beds.
VE
The main rock type exposed is miliolite, calcarenite,
calcrudite and micrite. These rocks extend from Diu in
the east to Molola in the west and continue further
UR
below sand dunes. Their total thickness, as established
by drilling, is 28 m.
LS
CA
GI
OL
GE
67
A
Micritic clay bands of less than one meter thickness
are noticed in the valleys within the miliolite ridges and
DI
in the interdunal area in calcarenite shell dunes. Below
the sand dunes, in the area adjacent to creek in tidal flat
zone, dark brown calcareous clay, with a thickness of
IN
about two meter on average, is noticed.
In the western half of the Diu island, west of Molola
a long stretch of pale cream to white and buff coloured,
OF
fine- to medium-grained shell- sand is noticed. Dunes
vary in height from three to four meter, and comprise
mainly, shell fragments of coral, foraminifera and
mollusca.
MINERAL RESOURCES
LIMESTONE
Indicated reserves of cement grade limestone to the
tune of 17.24 Mt analysing 40 to 49% CaO have been
estimated by drilling.
68
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ADYE, E.H., 1914. Memoir on the Economic Geology of
Navanagar State in the Province of Kathiawar, India,
Thakur and Co. Ltd. Bombay.
AGRAWAL, G.G., 1966. Detailed geological mapping
in parts of Chhota Udaipur and Devgad Baria taluka of
Baroda and Panchmahals districts in Gujarat State. Rep.
(Unpublished) Geol. Surv. lad. (F.S. 1965-66).
AGRAWAL, G.G., 1968. Geological mapping in parts of
toposheet No.46E/10 Sabarkantha district, Gujarat.
Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. lad. (F.S. 1967-68).
ALEXANDER, 1981. Age and Duration of Deccan
Volcanism K-Ar evidence, Mem. Geol. Soc. lad 3: 244-
Y
258.
VE
AEXELL, E.J., 1956. Jurassic Geology of the World
Oliver and Boyd, London.
AUDEN, J.B., 1948. Dykes in Western India, Rec. Geol.
UR
Surv. Ind. 81(1).
AUDEN, J.B., 1949. Dykes in Western India. A
discussion of their relationship with their Deccan Traps.
LS
Trans. Of the Nat. Inst. of Sci. of India.,.3 :123-157.
BAKLIWAL, P.C., (1982). Lineament of Rajasthan and
Gujarat, India - A study through remote sensing. Rep.
(Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1981-82).
CA
BANDYOPADHYAY, A., (1985). A report on the
environmental geoscientific appraisal of the Surat
Urban complex, Surat district, Gujarat.. Rep.
GI
(Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1982-83).
BANDYOPADHYAY, S., (1976). Systematic mapping
OL
in parts of Banaskantha district. Rep. (Unpublished)
Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1975-76).
BANDYOPADHYAY, S., (1977). Studies on granite in
GE
Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (FS. 1972-
76).
BANERJEE, A.C., 1981. Report on the systematic
geological mapping in parts of toposheets No.46J/4 and
large scale mapping in the Ambadongar fluorite mines.
Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1979 - 80).
BANERJEE, A.C., 1984a. Systematic geological
mapping in parts of Banaskantha district, Gujarat. Rep.
(Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1977-78).
BANERJEE, A.C., 1984b. Systematic geological
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
A
mapping of Deccan Trap Complexes in parts of Amreli
and Junagadh districts. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv.
DI
Ind. (F.S. 1978-79).
BANERJEE, A.C., 1995. Report on the petrochemical
characters of volcanic-subvolcanic acid rocks of Rajula
IN
area, Amreli district, Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol.
Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1993-94).
BANERJEE, A.C. and GHEVAR Z.G., 1999. Geology of
OF
the Deccan Trap of Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol.
Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1990-91).
BANERJEE, B., 1982. Report on the geophysical
investigation carried out in Akri Mota lignite field,
district Kachchh, Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol.
Surv. Ind. FS. 1976-77).
BEDI, N., 1972a. Continuation of search for basemetals
and strategic minerals near Dadhalia, Sabarkantha
district. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1969-
70).
BEDI, N., 1972b. Continuation of search for strategic
minerals near Dadhalia, Sabarkantha district, Gujarat.
Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (FS. 1970-71).
BEDI, N., 1973. Report on geological mapping in parts
of Sabarkantha district, Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished)
Geol . Sury. Ind. (F.S. 1971-72).
BHALERAO, S.D., RADCLIFF, R.P. and SHEKAR,
N.C., 1971. Interim report on search for base metals in
the Ambamata Bedakapani belt, Banaskantha district,
Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol . Sury. Ind. (F.S.
1970-71).
BHALERAO, S.D., 1972. Geological mapping in parts of
Vijaynagar, Mahal and Idar talukas, Sabarkantha
district, Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol . Sury. Ind.
(F,S. 1971-72).
BHAN, S.K., 1971. Report on preliminary geochemical
sampling for base metal mineralisation along Kui-
Chitrasani fault zone, Banaskantha district, Gujarat and
Sirohi district, Rajasthan. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol.
Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1969-70).
BHAN, S.K., 1972. Geological mapping in parts of
Banaskantha district, Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished)
Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1971-72).
BHATTACHARYA, J., GOLANI, P.R. and REDDY,
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
A.B., 1988. Rift related Bimodal Volcanism and
metalogeny in the Delhi Fold Belt, Rajasthan and
Gujarat, Ind. J. Geol. 60(4):191-199.
BHATTACHARYA, S. and ANIL KUMAR, V., 1991.
Geological mapping around Mandvi-Mundra, Kutch
district, Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol . Sury. Ind.
(F.S. 1990-91).
BISWAS, S.K., 1971. A new classification of the Tertiary
rocks of Kutch, Western India, J. Geol Mm. Met. Soc.
Ind. 35.
BISWAS, S.K., 1987. Regional tectonic framework
structure and evolution of the western marginal basins
of India, Tectonophysics, 135 (14).
BISWAL, T.K., 1985. Investigation for assessing the
mineral potentiality of Kui-Chitrasani belt,
Banaskantha district, (Toposheet 45D/11), Gujarat.
Rep. (Unpublished,) Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1983-84).
BLANFORD, W.T. 1869. On the geology of Taptee and
Y
Lower Narmada valleys and some adjoining districts.
Geol. Surv. Ind. Mem., 6 (3) : 189.
VE
BOSE, M.K., 1980. Alkaline magmatism in the Deccan
Volcanic province. J. Geol. Soc. lnd. 21:317-329.
UR
CHATTERJEE, A.K. and MATHUR, U.B., 1965. A
preliminary report on the study of the Tertiary fauna of
Saurashtra, Kutch, Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol.
Surv. Ind. (FS. 1962-64).
LS
CHATTERJEE, S.C., 1964. Petrochemistry of the lavas of
Pavagad Hill: in Advancing Frontiers in Geology and
Geophysics. Ind Geophys. Union (Hyderabad): 385-
CA
397.
CHATTERJEE, S.K., 1932. Petrology of igneous rocks
from the West Gir Forest. J. Geol. 40: 154-170.
GI
CHATTERJEE, S.K., 1969. On the evaluation of the
Petrochemistry and emplacement of the basic dykes
swarms of the West Gir Forest, Kathiawar. Geol. Surv.
OL
Ind. Rec. 97(2) :62-86.
CHATTOPADHYAY, B. and CHATTOPADHYAY, S.,
1997. Rapakivi granites at Balaram-Abu Road, Taranga
GE
Hill area, SE Rajasthan and North Gujarat. Rep.
(Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind.
CHAUDHARY, A.L., GOPALAN, K. and SASTRY,
C.A., 1984. Present status of Geochronology of the
Precambrian rocks of Rajasthan, Tectonophysics, 105 (
1984) 131 -140.
COMMISIONRATE OF GEOLOGY AND MINING
(CGM), GUJARAT, 2001, Geology and Mineral
Resources of Gujarat, Miscelaneous Publication, pp.
197.
69
COULSON, A.L., 1933 Geology of Sirohi State,
Rajputana. Geol. Surv. Ind. Mem. 63 (1).
COX, L.R., 1940. The Jurassic Lamellibranch fauna of
Cutch. Palaeontologia Indica. Ser.IX 3(3).
CRAWFORD, A.R., 1970. The Precambrian
geochronology of Rajasthan and Bundelkhand, North
India, Can. J. Earth Sci. 7:91-110.
A
CRAWFORD, A.R., 1975. Rb-Sr age determinatrions for
DI
the Mount Abu granite and frelated rockss of Gujarat, J
Geol. India, 16:20-28
CZYGAN, W., 1984. Petrography and geochemistry of
IN
Fold systems and related rocks of the Deccan Trap area,
India, Indian Mineralogist (Sukeshwala Volume):20-43.
DAS, S., 1998. Study of the granitic rocks associated in
OF
the Champaner Fold Belt, Panchmahals and Vadodara,
districts of Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind.
(FS. 1995-96).
DAS, S. and GUHA, D., 2000. Detailed mapping,
geochemistry and petrology of volacnic and sub-
volcanic plugs and associated extrusives and intrusives
of Deccan Traps, Kachchh district. Geol. Surv. Ind. Rec
133(7)
DASGUPTA,S, PANDE, P.,GANGULY, D., IQBAL, Z.,
SANYAL, K., VENKATRAMAN, N.V., DASGUPTA,
S., SANYAL, S., SURAL, B., HARENDRANANTH, L.,
MAZUMDAR, K., ROY, A., DAS, L.K., MISHRA, P.S.
AND GUPTA, HARSH (2000) Seismotectonic Atlas of
India and its Environs.
DAS SARMA, D.C., 1982. Quaternary geology and
geomorphology of the lower Tapi valley in the Surat
district, Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind.
(FS. 1978-79 and 1979-80).
DAS SARMA, D.C., 1981. Quaternary
climatostratigraphic studies in Rajasthan and Gujarat.
Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (FS. 1978-79 and
1979-80).
DAS SARMA, D.C., 1984. Climatic stratigraphic
elucidation and preparation of Quaternary
morphostratigraphic map of Gujarat. Rep.
(Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (1980-81, 1981- 82 and
1982-83).
DEANS, T., SUKHESWALA, R.N., SETHNA,S.F and
VILADKAR, S.G., 1972. Metasomatic feldspar rocks
(Potash fenites) associated with the fluorite deposits
and carbonatites of Ambadongar, Gujarat., India.
Trans. Inst. Mm. Met. 82: 33-40.
DE, C., 1988. Quaternary geological mapping of Gujarat
in Mahua-Talaja-Gopnath areas of south Saurashtra
Coast, Gujarat, India. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv.
70
Ind. (FS. 1987-88).
DEB, M., TALWAR, A.K., ANJU and BANERJEE, A.K.,
1995. Bimodal Volcanism in South Delhi Fold Belt 1. A
suite of differentiated Felsic lava at Jharivav, N. Gujarat.
Geol. Soc. lnd Mem.31:259-278.
DESAI, D.B., 1974. Report on detailed exploration by
drilling for chalk deposits in Adityana Boricha areas of
Junagadh district, Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol.
Surv. Ind. (FS. 1972-73).
DESAI, S.J., PATEL, M.P. and MERH, SS., 1978.
Polymetamorphites of Balaram Abu Road area, North
Gujarat and Southeast Rajasthan, J. Geol. Soc. Ind.
19:338-393.
DESIKAN, N., 1984. Systematic geological mapping of
Deccan Trap rocks in parts of Bhavnagar and Amreli
district, Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind.
(FS. 1983-84).
DEY, A., and CHOWDHARY, A.R.V., 1994. Report on
Y
study of volcanics and associated rocks of Alech Hills
for assessment of gold mineralisation in Jamjodhpur
VE
area, Jamnagar district, Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished)
Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1991-93).
DORKA, BS., SATYANARAYANA, B., MISRA, US.
UR
and SAHU, N.K., 1982. Systematic geological mapping
of Deccan Trap rocks in parts of Bhavnagar and Amreli
districts, Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind.
(ES. 1981-82).
LS
DORKA, BS., 1984. Systematic mapping of Deccan
Traps in parts of Amreli and Junagadh districts,
Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (ES. 1982-
CA
83).
DORKA, B.S. and SINGARAM, N., 1985. Report on
systematic geological mapping of Deccan Traps in parts
GI
of Junagadh district, Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol.
Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1983-84).
OL
DURGAMATH, M.B., 1984. Lamprophyre dykes from
Phenaimata area, Baroda district, Gujarat Geol. Surv.
Ind., Spl. Pub. 12:3-6.
DWIVEDI, G.N., 1984. Report on the geological
GE
mapping of the Aravalli Supergroup of rocks in parts of
Sabarkantha district, Gujarat, Rep. (Unpublished) Geol.
Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1982-83).
DWIVEDI, G.N., 1985. Report on the geological
mapping of the Aravalli Supergroup of rocks in parts of
Sabarkantha and Panchmahals districts, Gujarat. Rep.
(Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1983-84).
DWIVEDI, G.N., BANDYOPADHYAY, S and
MOHABEY, D.M., 1982. On the discovery of vertebrate
fossils in intertrappean Lameta beds from Kheda
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
district, Gujarat. Proc. Ind. Geol. Cong. Abstracts.
DWIVEDI, G.N. and MOHABEY, D.M., 1984.
Geological mapping of Aravalli Supergroup in Barocla,
Panchmahals and Sabarkantha districts, Gujarat. Rep.
(Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1981-82).
EVANS, J.W., 1901. Monchiquite from Mount Gimar,
Kathiawar (Junagadh). Quar. J. Geol. Soc., London,
A
57:38-54.
DI
FEDDEN, F. 1884. The geology of the Kathiawar
Peninsula in Gujarat, Geol. Surv. Ind. Mem. 21 (2).
FERMOR, L.L., 1906. Lavas of Pavagadh Hill. Geol.
IN
Surv. Ind. Rec. 34(3): 137-198.
FERMOR, L.L., 1930. The age of the Aravalli Range.
Geol. Surv. Ind. Rec. 62: 391- 409.
OF
FOX, C.S., 1946. The mineral resources of Idar State.
Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1945- 46).
GADHOKE, S.K., 1976. A note on the geological
mapping in parts of Bharuch and Surat district, Gujarat.
Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (FS. 1977-78).
GADHOKE, S.K., 1984. A note on the geological
mapping carried out in parts of Bharuch and Surat
districts, Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind.
(F.S. 1978-79).
GEOTHERMAL ATLAS OF INDIA, 1991. Geol. Surv.
Ind. Spl. Pub. 19.
GHEVARIYA, Z.G., 1984a. Investigation for bentonite
deposits in parts of Lakhpat taluka of Kutch district,
Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1979-
80, 1980-81 and 1981-82).
GHEVARIYA, Z.G., 1986. Report on systematic
geological mapping of ares west and south of Anjar,
Kutch district Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv.
Ind. (F.S. 1984-85).
GHEVARIYA, Z.G., 1987. Report on the geological
mapping of Mesozoic rocks in parts of toposheet Nos.
41 1/13, 41 1/15, 41 M/3, Kachchh (Kutch) district,
Gujarat, Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1985-
86).
GHEVARIYA, Z.G., SABLE, A.B. and RAKSHIT, P.,
1984a. Geological mapping of Mesozoic rocks, Kutch
district, Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind.
(F.S. 1981-82).
GHEVAR1YA, Z.G., SABLE, A.B. and. RAKSHIT, P.,
1984b. Report on the geological mapping of Mesozoic
rocks in parts of Toposheet Nos. 41A/14, 41E/2, 411/9,
411/11. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1982-
83).
GHEVARIYA, Z.G. and SRIKARNI, C., 1988. Report on
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
systematic geological mapping of the area west and
south of Anjar, Kachchh district, Gujarat. Rep.
(Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind.. (FS. 1986-87).
GHEVARIYA, Z.G. and SRIKARNI. C., 1989. Report on
the systematic geological mapping of Mesozoic rocks in
parts of Panchmahals, Kheda and Vadodara districts,
Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1987-
88).
GHEVARIYA, Z.G. and SRIKARNI. C., 1990. Anjar
Formation, its fossils and their bearing on the extinction
of dinosaurs. In “Cretaceous Event Stratigraphy & the
Correlation of the Indian Non-marine Strata” (Ed.)
Sabni, A. & Jolly, A. Contrib. From Seminar-cum-
workshop IGCP 216&245, Chandigarh: 106-109.
GHEVARIYA, Z.G. and SRIKARNI. C., 1991. Report on
the systematic geological mapping of Mesozoic rocks in
parts of Kachchh district, Gujarat (Toposheet Nos.
41E/7,13,14, 411/1,6,7). Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv.
Ind. (F.S. 1989-90).
Y
GOPALAN,K, TRIVEDI, JR, MEHR, SS, PATEL, PP
AND PATEL, SG (1979) Rb-Sr age of Godhra and
VE
related granites, Gujarat, India, Proc, Ind. Acad, Sci.
V88, pp 7-17
UR
GOPINATH, K., 1969. Probable structural and
lithological controls of copper and lead mineralisation
in the Narukot Path Mines area, Baroda and
Panchmahals districts, Gujarat, Mineral Wealth, 5 (2&3)
LS
:33. Dir.Geol. & Min., Govt. of Gujarat.
GOPINATH, K., 1972. Geological mapping in parts of
Baroda and Panchmahals districts, Gujarat. Rep.
(Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S.1969-70).
CA
GOPINATH, K., 1972. Geological mapping in parts of
Baroda and Broach districts, Gujarat. Rep.
(Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1970-71)
GI
GOPINATH, K., PRASAD RAO, A.D., MURTHY,
Y.G.K. and KRISHNANUNNI, K., 1977. Precambrians
OL
of Baroda and Panchmahals districts, Gujarat,
Elucidation of stratigraphy and structure, Geol. Surv.
Ind. Rec. 108 (2) : 60-68.
GROVER, A.K., 1984. Photogeological studies in Kutch
GE
area, Gujarat as part of investigation for tidal power
development in Kutch. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv.
Ind. (F.S. 1982-83).
GUHA, D., 1998. Petrological studies of alkaline plugs
of Kachchh district and gabbro pyroxenite-
homblendite and other differentiates around Kuran
and Nirwandh areas in Pachchham Island, Kachchh
district,Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind.
(F.S. 1994-96).
GUPTA, B.C. and MUKHERJEE, P.N., 1938. The
71
geology of Gujarat and southern Rajputana. Geol. Surv.
Ind. Rec 73(2) :163-202.
GUPTA, S.N., MATHUR, R.K., and ARORA, Y.K., 1992.
Lithostratigraphy of Proterozoic rocks of Rajasthan and
Gujarat -- A review. Geol. Surv. Ind. Rec. 115 (7&8) : 63-
85.
GUPTA, S.N., ARORA, Y.K., MATHUR, R.K.,
A
IQBALUDDIN, BALMIKI PRASAD, SAHAI, T.N. and
SHARMA, S.B., 1997. The Precambrian Geology of
DI
Aravalhi region, Southern Rajasthan and Northeastern
Gujarat, Geol. Surv. Ind. Mem. 123.
IN
HERON, AM (1936) Geology of South Western Mewar,
Rajputana, Mem 68(1)
HERON, AM AND GHOSH, PK (1938) The geology of
OF
Palanpur, Danta and part of Idar States, Rec. Geol. Surv.
Ind., V 72, pp 369-411.
INDIAN MINERALS YEARBOOK-2010, Indian
Bureau of Mines, IBM Press, Nagpur.
(http//ibm.nic.in).
KATHIARA, RS (1973) Geological mapping in parts of
Surendranagar and Rajkot districts, Gujarat,
(Unpublished Report) Geol. Surv. Ind.
KATHIARA, R.S, SHUKLA, K.L (1970) A Report on the
Investigation of China Clay Deposite in Sabarkantha
and Mehsana Districts Gujarat, (Unpublished Report)
Geol. Surv. Ind.
KRISHNAN, M.S., 1982. Geology of India and Burma,
6th Edition. CBS Publishers and Distributors.
KRISHNANUNNI, K., 1967. Geological mapping in
parts of Banaskantha, Sabarkantha and Mahesana
districts, Gujarat, Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind.
(F.S. 1966-67).
KRISHNANUNNI, K., BHAN, S.K. and BHALERAO,
S.D., 1967. Investigation of Posina limestone belt,
Sabarkantha and Banaskantha districts, Gujarat. Rep.
(Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1964-67).
KRISHNANUNNI, K., REDDY, B.S.R. and MUKUL,
SS., 1966. Geological mapping and preliminary
investigation of limestone deposits in Sabarkantha and
Banaskantha districts, Gujarat, Rep. (Unpublished)
Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1965-66).
KULKARNI, G.R. and THOTHATHIRI, G., 1965.
Geology of parts of Abdasa, Nakhatrana and Mandvi
talukas, Kutch district,Gujaxat. Rep. (Unpublished)
Geol. Surv. Ind. (FS. 1963-64 and 1964-65).
KULKARNI, G.R., 1969. Report on investigation of
bentonite in parts of Nakhatrana, Mandvi and Mundra
talukas, Kutch district, Gujarat. Rej,. (Unpublished)
Geol. Surv. Ind. (1966-67 and1968-69).
72
MAITHANI, P.B., GOYAL, N., BANERJEE, R.,
GURJAR, R., RAMCHANDRAN, S and SINGH, R.,
1996. Rhyolites of Osham Hills, Saurashtra, India . A
geochemical study, in Nat. Symp. Deccan Flood Basalts,
India, Gondwana Geol. Mag., SpL VoL 2:213-224.
MATHUR, A.K., 1981. Report on the Intertrappean
microfossil project. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind.
(1980-81).
MATHUR, K.K., DUBEY, V.S. and SHARMA, N.L.,
1926. Magmatic differentiation in the Girnar Hills. J
Geol. V 34, pp 289-307.
MATHUR, L.P., RAO, KL.N. and CHAUBE, N., 1968.
Tectonic frame work of Cambay Basin, India. Paper
submitted to 7th World Petroleum Congress, Mexico,
Bull. ONGC, 5 (1): 7-28.
MATHUR, R.K., IQBALUDDIN, BHATTACHARJEE,
N.B. and JAYARAM, B.N., 1973. Stratigraphy and
classification of Aravalli Supergroup in parts of
Udaipur district, Rajasthan. Sem. Recent advances in
geology of Rajasthan and Gujarat, Jaipur. Abstracts .2.
Y PANDE, K, VENKATESAN, T.R., GOPALAN, K.,
VE
MATHUR, U.B., 1976. Report on the Quaternary
deposits of Porbandar district, Gujarat. Rep.
(Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (FS. 1974-75).
UR
MATHUR, U.B., 1984. Report on the study of
nannofossils from Tertiary of Kachchh, Gujarat. Rep.
(Unpublished) Cool Sum'. Ind (F.S. 1981- 82).
LS
MEDLICOTT, H.B. and BLANFORD, W.T. 1879. A
Manual of the Geology of India, 1: 344.
MERH, S.S., 1995. Geology of Gujarat. Geological
Society of India, Bangalore.
CA
MOHABEY, D.M., 1984. Geological mapping in parts of
Banaskantha district, Gujarat and Sirohi district,
Rajasthan. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (FS.
GI
1979-80).
MOHABEY, D.M., 1986. Report on systematic
OL
geological mapping in parts of toposheet No. 46F/5 in
Kheda and Panchmahals districts, Gujarat. Rep.
(Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (FS. 1984-85).
MOHANEY, J.J. and MACDOUGALL, J.D. 1988.
GE
Deccan Traps - Continental flood basalts, Kluiwer
Academic Publishers. : 151-194.
MOHANTY, B.K., 1977. Systematic geological mapping
in parts of Dangs district, Gujarat (Toposheet Nos.
46H/9,13). Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S.
1974-75 and 1975-76).
MOHANTY, B.K., 1984. Systematic geological mapping
in parts of Bhavnagar district, Gujarat. Rep.
(Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (FS. 1976-77, 1978-79
and 1979-80).
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
MOOKHEY, R.C., 1972. An interim report on
geochemical prospecting for base metals in the
Tharivav Goratanki belt, Banaskantha district, Gujarat.
Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1967-68).
MOOKHEY, R.C., 1972. An interim note on the search
for base metals in the belt between Ambamata and Den
Prospects, Banaskantha and Sirohi districts of Gujarat
A
and Rajasthan. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind.
(F.S. 1969-70).
DI
MUKHERJEE, P.N., 1994. Report on the Economic
Geology of Minerals in Chota Udepur State. Rep.
(Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (FS. 1993-94).
IN
MUKHOPADHYAY, A., 1984. A study of granitic rocks
in parts of Toposheet No. 46A/13, Sabarkantha and
Mehsana districts, Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol.
OF
Surv. Ind. (FS. 1980-81).
MUKUL, S.S., 1968. Geological mapping in parts of
Junagadh and Rajkot districts, Gujarat. Rep.
(Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1967-68).
KRISHNAMURTHY, P. and MACDOUGALL, J.D.,
1988. Ar39/Ar40 ages of alkali basalts of Kutch, Deccan
Volcanic Province, India. Geol. Soc. India. Mem. 10: 145-
150.
PANT, S.C., 1985. Report on the study of fossil dinosaur
eggs of Kheda district, Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished)
Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1983-84 and 1984-85).
PARIMOO, M.L., 1963. Geology of a part of Chhota
Udepur taluka, Baroda district in Toposheet No. 461/2.
Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1961-62).
PASCOE, E.H., 1964. A Manual of the Geology of India
and Burma, III, Govt. of India Publication.
PRASAD RAO, A.D., 1972. Geological mapping in parts
of Devgarh Band an4 Limidieda talukas, Panchmahals
district, Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind.
(F.S. 1969-70).
PAUL, D.K., POTTS, R.J., REX, D.C. and BECHNSALE,
R.D., 1977. Geochemical and petrological study of
Girnar Igneous Complex, Deccan Volcanic Province,
India. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 88:227-234.
RAI, V., 1984. Quaternary geology and geomorphology
of the Tapi basin in Valsad district, Gujarat. Rep.
(Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1982-83).
RAI, V., 1984. Quaternary geology and geomorphology
of the Narmada Tapti basins between Maroli and
Antbada in Valsad district, Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished)
Geol. Surv. Ind. (FS. 1981-82).
RAJNATH., 1932. A contribution to the stratigraphy of
Cutch, Q. J. Geol.,. Min. Metall. Soc. India, 1932, 4,
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
161174. 23.
RAJU, A.T.R, CHOUBE, N and CHOWDHARY, L.R.,
1971. Deccan Trap and the Geologic framework of the
Cambay basin. Bulletin Volcanologique, Volume 35,
Issue 3, pp.521-538
RAJU, K.C.B., 1963. Systematic ground water studies in
Kutch district, Gujarat State. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol.
Surv. Ind. (P.S. 1961-62).
RAJU, K.C.B., 1975. Progress report on construction of
tube wells in Kutch district. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol.
Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1965-66).
RAMIENGAR, A. S, MUKUL, S. S. and
VENKATRAMAIAH T., 1973. A report on geological
mapping in parts of Devgadh Baria and Godhra
talukas, Panchmahals district, Gujarat. Rep.
(Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1971-72).
RAY, S, 1984. Reconnaissance of aero anomalies in
Baroda and Panchmahals district, Gujarat. Rep.
Y
(Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1980-81).
RAY, A.K., 1970. Report on geophysical survey for
VE
suiphide ores in the Ambaji area, Banaskantha
district,Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind.
(P.S. 1967-68 and 1968-69).
UR
RAY, A.K., 1971. A report on geophysical surveys for
basemetals in the Kui and Dungarpur area (Kui-
Chitrasani belt), Sirohi and Banaskantha
LS
districts,Rajasthan and Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished)
Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1968-69)
RAY, A.K., 1983. Systematic geological mapping in
parts of Bhavnagar and Anireli districts, Gujarat. Rep.
CA
(Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1976-77 and 1977-
78).
RAY, A.K., 1984. Geological mapping of Idar granite in
GI
parts of T/s No. 46A/13 and 14, Sabarkantha
district,Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind
OL
(F.S. 1978-79).
RAY, A.K., SOGANI, K.C. and DAS, L.M., 1971. A
report on geophysical surveys for suiphide ores Deri-
Arnbaji Sirohi and Banaskantha district, Rajasthan and
GE
Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind .(F.S. 1969-
70).
REDDY, N.R.S., JAYAPRAKASH, C., SAHA, T.K. and
RAJAKUMAR, T., 1994. Report on elucidation of
structure, stratigraphy and Mineralization potential in
extension areas of Ambamata polymetallic deposits,
Kui Chitrasani fault zone, Banaskantha district, ( TS
45D/7,11 & 15). Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind.
(FS. 1990-93).
ROY, B.C., 1947. A short note on geological
73
investigation in Palanpur state, Rajputana. Rep.
(Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1946-47).
ROY, B.C., 1949. On ground water possibilities in the
Banni area, Kachchh district. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol.
Surv. Ind .(F.S. 1948-49).
SAHA, T.K. and RANGANATH B., 1989. Preliminary
investigation of Manganese deposits of Panchmahals
A
and Baroda districts (T/S No. 46F/16, 46 J/3 and 46
J/15), Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind (FS.
DI
1986-89).
SAHA, T.K., 1986. Investigation for tin-tungsten and
IN
associated mineralization in contact aureoles and other
favorable locales in the granitoids and Sabarkantha and
Panchmahal districts, Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished)
Geol. Surv. Ind (PS. 1984-85).
OF
SAHA, T.K and RANGANATH, B., 1991. Regional
exploation for tin-tungsten and rare element
mineralization in Sabarkantha and Mahesana districts.
Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind (FS. 1988-89 and,
1989-90).
SAHA, T.K., 1992. Investigation for wollastonite in
parts of the T/s No.45D/11, Banaskantha district,
Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1991-
92).
SAHU, B.K. and DINESH, A.C., 1997.
Lithostratigraphy, structure and metallogeny of
Lunawada Group and associated rocks in Dhanpura-
Kanjeta area, Panchmahal district, Gujarat. Rep.
(Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind .(FS. 1993-94).
SAHU, N.K., 1984. Systematic geological mapping in
parts of toposheet No.410/l1 and 15, Bhavnagar
district,Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished Geol. Surv. Ind .
(F.S. 1980-81).
SAHU, N.K., 1985. Report on systematic geological
mapping in parts of Amreli, Bhavnagar, Junagadh and
Rajkot districts, Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol.
Surv. Ind (F.S. 1982-83 and, 1983-84).
SAHU, N.K. and KARIM, M.A., 1993. On the
occurrence of alkali basalt (basanitic) and alkali felsic
rocks around Kanessara, Rajkot district, Gujarat; Indian
Minerals, 47(3): 219-228.
SAREEN, B.K, 1985. Quaternary geology and
geomorphological studies of the coastal tracts of Gulf of
Kachchh, Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind
.(F.S. 1982-83).
SASTRY, C.A., 1982. A report on the Rb-Sr
geochronology of granites from Rajasthan and
northeastern Gujarat and proposals for time
classification and correlation of Precambrian rocks and
events in the region under present study. Rep.
74
(Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (FS. 1978-81).
S A T Y A N A R A Y A N A , B . a n d
ANANTHANARAYANA, R., 1984. Systematic
geological mapping in parts of Bhavnagar, Amreli and
Junagadh districts, Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol.
Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1983-84).
SATYANARAYANA, B., 1985. Systematic geological
mapping around Girnar Hills in parts of Junagadh
district, Gujarat. Rep (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind.
(F.S. 1983-84).
SAXENA, R.K., 1990. Preliminary geothermal
investigation of certain reported/known thermal
springs and wells of Gujarat area. Rep. (Unpublished)
Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1989-90).
SETHNA, S.F. and BORGES, S.M., 1981. Petrology of
the carbonatites and associated alkaline rocks of
Siriwasan, Chhota Udepur. J Geol Soc. Ind. 22:417-425.
SHEKAR, N.C., 1972. Interim report on the Ambamata
Y
basemetal prospect, Banaskantha district, Gujarat. Rep.
(Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (FS. 1968-69 and 1970-
VE
71).
SHEKAR, N.C. and MUKUL, S.S., 1966. Investigation
for basemetal ores near Banej Nes Gir Forest, Junagadh
UR
district, Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind.
(F.S. 1965-66).
SHEKAR, N.C., 1967. Report on the systematic
LS
geological mapping in parts of Junagadh, Rajkot and
Jamnagar district, Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol.
Surv. Ind. (FS. 1966-67).
SHEKHAWAT, L.S. and JOSHI, D.W., 1995. Report on
CA
specialized thematic mapping of Talwara Garhi area,
Banswara district, Rajasthan. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol.
Surv. Ind (F.S. 1993-94).
GI
SHUKLA, L.S, 1974. Report on detailed investigation
for Phosphorite nodules between Mata Kalavad and
OL
Hodpur talukas, Mandvi, District Kachchh. Rep.
(Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1972-73).
SIMONETTI, A., BELL, K. and VILADKAR, S.G., 1995.
Isotopic data for the Ambadongar carbonatite complex,
GE
West-central India. Evidence for enriched mantle
source, Chem. Geol. 122,185-198.
SIMONETTI, A., GOLDSTEIN, S.L., SCHMIDBERGER,
S.S. and VILADKAR, S.C., (1998). Geochemical and Nb,
Pb, and Sr isotope data from Deccan Alkaline
complexes ü Inferences for Mantle Sources and Plume
& Lithosphere Interaction. J. Pet. 39(11 & 12): 1947-1966.
SINGH, P.K. 2010. Lithostratigraphy, structural and
metamorphic history of the rocks in parts of
Panchmahals district, Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished)
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 2007-09).
SINGH, P.K., Sahu, S.K. and Mohapatra, S.R. 2008.
Spetial Thematic Mapping in the area along the
Kachchh Mainland Fault, Kachchh district, Gujarat.
Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 2005-07).
SINGH, P.K., DAS, S. AND MOHAPATRA, S.R. 2011.
Identification of Loriya Fault, its reactivation due to
A
2001 Bhuj earthquake (using remote sensing data) and
its bearing on Kachchh Mainland Fault, Kachchh
DI
district, Gujarat, Ind.J. Rem.Sen., 10.1007/s12524-011-
0127-x.
IN
SINHA, AS., 1971. A preliminary study of the granites
area, Panchmahal district, Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished)
Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1970- 71)
OF
SRIKARNI, C. and DAS, S, 1997. Elucidation of
geological history of Champaner Fold Belt. Rep.
(Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (FS. 1990- 95).
SRIMAL, N and DAS, S., 1998. Tectonic affinity of
Champaner Group, Eastern Gujarat, International
seminar on Precambrian crust in eastern and central
India, Bhabaneshwar. UNESCO-IUGS-IGCP-168: .227-
229.
SRIVASTAVA, S. 1984. Report on the study of Tertiary
vertebrates of Piram Island and Godhra area,
Bhavnagar district, Gujarat. Unpub. Geol. Surv. Ind.
(F.S. 1976-77 and 1978-79).
SRIVASTAVA, R. K. (1994) Petrology, Petrochemistry
and Genesis of the alkali rocks associated with the
Ambadongar Carbonatite Complex, Baroda district,
Gujarat, India. J Geol. Soc. Ind. Volume 61, Numbers 1-
4, 47-66
SUBRAMANIAM, P. 1970. Note on the groundwater
condition in Panandhro Lignite Field, district Kachchh,
Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1968-
69).
SUBRAMANIAM, A.P. and PARIMOO, M.L., 1965. The
fluorspar deposits at Ambadongar, Chhota Udepur,
Baroda district. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind.
(F.S. 1964-65).
SUKHESWALA, R.N. and UDAS, G.R., 1963.
Carbonatite in Ambadongar potentialities: Science and
Culture (Ind.) 29, pp 563-568.
SUKHESWALA, R.N. and UDAS, G.R. 1964.
Carbonatite in Ambadongar, India. Some structural
considerations. Proc. 22nd, Int Geol. Cong. pp.1-13
SUKHESWALA, R.N. and SETHNA, S.F., (1973).
Oversaturated and undersaturated differentiates in
tholeetic complex of Phenai Mata, Baroda district,
Gujarat State, India. Neus. Jharb. Minl. Abh. 118 pp.
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu
159-176.
SUKHESWALA, R.N. and BORGES, SM., 1975. The
Carbonatite injected sandstone of Siriwasan, Chhota
Udepur, Gujarat, India. J Earth Sci. 2:1-10.
TIWARI, B.D.C. 1972. Magmatic differentiation of the
volcanics at Pavagarh, Gujarat, India, Bull.
Volcanogique, 35:1129-1177.
THOTHATHIRI, G., 1969. Geological mapping of parts
of Broach and Baroda districts, Gujarat. Rep.
(Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1967- 68).
TRIVEDI, A.K., 1974. Report on pre detailed mineral
survey in parts of Lunawada taluka of Panchmahal
district and Malpur Meghraj talukas of Sabarkantha
district of Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind
(FS 1973-74).
VEMBAN, N.A., 1966. Report on the geological traverse
mapping in parts of Broach and Dangs districts,
Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (FS. 1965-
Y
66).
VEMBAN, N.A., 1966. Report on the geological traverse
VE
mapping in parts of Jamnagar, Rajkot and Junagadh
districts, Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind.
(FS. 1965-66).
UR
VEMBAN, N.A. and KULKARNI, G.R., 1968.
Geological mapping in parts of Jamnagar, Rajkot and
Junagadh districts, Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol.
LS
Surv. Ind. (FS. 1965-66).
VENKATARAMAIAH, T., 1974. Report on geological
mapping in parts of Dangs district, Gujarat. Rep.
(Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (FS. 1972- 73).
CA
VENKATARAMAIAH, T., 1976. Geological mapping
in parts of Panchmahal district, Gujarat. Rep.
(Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (FS. 1972-73 and 1974-
GI
75).
VENKATARAMAIAH, T. (1977). Geological mapping
OL
in parts of Sabarkantha district, Gujarat. Rep.
(Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (FS 1975-76).
VERMA, K.K., 1975. Report on the reconnaissance of a
GE
part of Saurashtra for the study of Quaternary geology.
Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (FS 1972-73).
VERMA, KK, 1979. Report on the studies on miliolite
limestones and associated Tertiary and Quaternary
deposit of Delvada coast, Junagadh district, Gujarat.
Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (FS. 1973-74 and
1975-76).
VILADKAR, S.G. 1981. The carbonatites of
Ambadongar, Gujarat, India. Bull of Geol. Soc. Finland
53:17-18.
75
WAAGEN, W., GERGORY, J.W. and KITCHIN, P.L.,
1873. Jurassic fauna of Cutch. Palaeontologia Indica. I,
Ser. IX.
WADHAWAN, S.K., 1983. A report on coastal
geomorphology, Quaternary geology and
geoenvironmental potential appraisal around
Narmada - confluence Bharuch district, Gujarat. Rep.
A
(Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1982-83).
DI
WAHEED, A.A., 1963. Report on the limestone deposits
of parts of Kajawadri area, Porbandar taluka, Junagadh
district, Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind.
IN
(FS. 1961-62).
WAKHALOO, S.N., 1967. On the nature of volcanic
eruption and of differentiation of the Girnar Igneous
OF
Complex, Junagadh, Kathiawar Peninsula, India. Proc.
Symposium on Upper Mantle Project, Hyderabad
(India).
WAZEER AHMED, DS. 1984. Report on the
investigation for concealed bauxite in the Mangrol-
Kesod area, Junagadh district, Gujarat. Rep.
(Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (FS. 1975-76).
WEST, W.D., 1958. The petrography and petrognenesis
of 48 flows of Deccan Trap; penetrated by borings in
Western India, Trans. Nat. Inst. Sci. Ind. IV(1) :1-56.
WYNNE, A.B., 1872. Memoir on the Geology of Kutch
to accompany a Map compiled by A.B. Wynne and F.
Fedden. Geol. Surv. Ind. Mem., 19. WYNNE, A.B., 1869.
Preliminary notes on the Geology of Kachchh, Western
India. Geol. Surv. Ind. Rec. 2(3).
YELLUR, D.D., (1964). A report on regional and large
scale mapping on the copper mineralized area at
Ambaji talukas, Banaskantha district, Gujarat. Rep.
(Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (FS. 1963-64).
YELLUR, D.D., 1966a. Report on geological mapping of
parts of toposheet No.46F/10, Panchmahal district and
T/S No.46F/16, Baroda district, Gujarat, Rep.
(Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (FS. 1965-66).
YELLUR, D.D., (1966b). Report on the investigation for
wolframite at Jher; Saria talukas, Panchmahal district,
Gujarat. Rep. (Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (F.S. 1965-
66).
YELLUR, D.D., SHEKAR, N.C. and GOPINATH K.,
(1966). Report on the geological mapping of toposheet
No.46 F/10, Panchmahal district, Gujarat. Rep.
(Unpublished) Geol. Surv. Ind. (FS. 1965-66)
76 Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu

LOCATION INDEX

A
DI
IN
Y OF
VE
UR
LS
CA
GI
OL
GE
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu 77

A
DI
IN
OF
Y
VE
UR
LS
CA
GI
OL
GE
78 Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu

A
DI
IN
Y OF
VE
UR
LS
CA
GI
OL
GE
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu 79

A
DI
IN
OF
Y
VE
UR
LS
CA
GI
OL
GE
80 Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu

A
DI
IN
Y OF
VE
UR
LS
CA
GI
OL
GE
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu 81

A
DI
IN
OF
Y
VE
UR
LS
CA
GI
OL
GE
82 Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu

A
DI
IN
Y OF
VE
UR
LS
CA
GI
OL
GE
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu 83

A
DI
IN
OF
Y
VE
UR
LS
CA
GI
OL
GE
84 Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu

A
DI
IN
Y OF
VE
UR
LS
CA
GI
OL
GE
Geol. and Min. Resources of Gujarat, Daman & Diu 85

A
DI
IN
OF
Y
VE
UR
LS

HOT SPRING LOCATIONS

CA
GI
OL
GE
GE
OL
GI
CA
LS
Notes

UR
VE
Y OF
IN
DI
A
GE
OL
GI
CA
LS
Notes

UR
VE
Y OF
IN
DI
A
GE
OL
GI
CA
LS
Notes

UR
VE
Y OF
IN
DI
A
 This Publication is available for sale from the office of the
Director, Publication and Information Divison,
Geological Survey of India, 27, Jawahar Lal Nehru Road, Kolkata-700 016

A
and also from the following Regional Offices of the Geological Survey of India

DI
Western Region
Khanij Bhawan, 15-16, Jhalana Dungri,

IN
Jaipur-302 004

Northern Region
Vasundhara, GSI Complex, Sector-E, Aliganj,

OF
Lucknow-226 024

Southern Region
P.O. GSI Complex, Bandlaguda, Ranga Reddy District,

Y
Hyderabad-500 068
G.S.I. Kerala Unit, Nettayam, Manikanteswaram P.O.
VE
Thiruvananthapuram -695013

Central Region
UR

Block-A, Ist Floor, New Office Complex, Seminary Hills,

Nagpur-400 006

Northeastern Region
LS

Kumud Villa, Nongrim Hills,

Shillong-793 003

Delhi Office
CA

Pushpa Bhawan, 2nd Floor, Madangir Road,

New Delhi-110 062
GI

The Publication is also available for sale from the

Office of the Controller of Publications
Govt. of India, Civil Lines, New Delhi-110 054
OL
GE

Front Cover : Close up view of Fluorspar Mineralization, Fluorspar Mine, Amba Dongar, Vadodara District, Gujarat.
Back Cover : (A) Dinosaurs Bone and Bone marrow Fossil at Hatchry, Raioli, Kheda District, Gujarat.
(B) Clutches of Dinosaur Eggs at Hatchry, Raioli, Kheda District, Gujarat.
Courtesy : Sh Prashant S Dhote, Senior Geologist
 A

A
DI
IN
YOF
VE
UR

B
LS
CA
GI
OL
GE

View publication stats