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Review MODULE – BASIC AND HIGHER SURVEYING

EFFECT OF EARTH’S CURVATURE AND REFRACTION SITUATION: Given the latitude and departure of the closed traverse:
LINE DISTANCE BEARING LATITUDE DEPARTURE
Curvature Effect (for correction, the effect must be subtracted):
HC = 0.0785 k2 1-2 59.82 m N 53°27’ E 35.62 48.06
Refraction Correction (for correction, the effect must be added): 2-3 70.38 m S 66°54’ E -27.61 64.74
HR = 0.0112 k2 3-4 76.62 m S 29°08’ W -66.93 -37.30
Combined Correction (for correction, the effect must be subtracted): 4-1 95.75 m N 52°00’ W 58.95 -75.45
HCR = 0.067 k2 1. Determine the corrected latitude of line 1-2 using compass rule.
where: HC , HR , & HCR are in meters, 2. Determine the corrected departure of line 3-4 using compass rule.
k is in kilometers 3. Determine the corrected latitude of line 4-1 using transit rule.
4. Determine the corrected departure of line 4-1 using transit rule.
Problem 1. Yi Sun Shin’s eyes, 1.75m above sea level, can barely see
the top of the tower 20km away from him. What is the elevation of the AREA COMPUTATION
top of the lighthouse above sea level?
Double Meridian Distance (DMD) Method:
Problem 2. The top of a tower at B 2000 m away from A where the
Rule 1: The DMD of the first course is equal to the departure of the
transit is set, has a vertical angle of 3º30’. The height of the mast is 12
course.
m and the height of the instrument at A is 1.10 m. If the elevation of
Rule 2: The DMD of any course is equal to the DMD of the preceding
the base of the instrument is 120 m, determine the elevation of the
course, plus the departure of the preceding course, plus the departure
base of the tower.
of the course itself.
COMPASS SURVEYING Rule 3: The DMD of the last course is numerically equal to the
departure of that course, but with the opposite sign.
It is the branch of surveying in which the position of an object is located using
angular measurements determined by a compass and linear measurements DOUBLE AREA = DMD x Latitude
using a chain or tape.
Angle Measurement: Double Parallel Distance (DPD) Method:
▪ Bearing – an angle less than 90° within a quadrant defined by the cardinal Rule 1: The DPD of the first course is equal to the latitude of the
directions.
course.
▪ Azimuth – an angle between 0° and 360° measured clockwise from Rule 2: The DPD of any course is equal to the DPD of the preceding
South. course, plus the latitude of the preceding course, plus the latitude of
SITUATION. The magnetic bearing of a line was N 48°18’ E in 1910 the course itself.
when the magnetic declination in the locality was 1°10’ W. In 1989, the Rule 3: The DPD of the last course is numerically equal to the latitude
magnetic declination in the same locality is 2°45’E. of that course, but with the opposite sign.

1. Compute the true bearing of the line. DOUBLE AREA = DPD x Departure
2. Compute the magnetic azimuth of the line in 1989.
Problem 1. Given the traverse, determine the area of the lot using
TRAVERSE SURVEYING: ERROR OF CLOSURE DMD.
It is a method in the field of surveying to establish control networks. LINE LATITUDE DEPARTURE
1-2 3.473 m 19.696 m
Latitude – projection of north and south line.
2-3 14.095 m 5.130 m
Departure – projection of the east and west line. 3-1 -17.568 m -24.826 m
For a closed traverse, the sum of the latitudes and departures should be equal
to zero. TACHEOMETRY
2
Error of Closure = √∑ ErrorL + ∑ ErrorD 2 It is a system of rapid surveying, by which the horizontal and vertical
positions of points on the earth's surface relative to one another are
Error of closure determined without using a chain or tape, or a separate levelling
Relative Error=
Perimeter of all courses instrument.
Horizontal Distance:
SITUATION. From the data below:
H = KS cos2θ + C cosθ
LINE DISTANCE BEARING
1-2 59.82 m N 53°27’ E Problem 1. A dumpy level with an internal focusing telescope was set
2-3 70.38 m S 66°54’ E up on the left bank of a river and the rod readings tabulated below were
3-4 76.62 m S 29°08’ W taken on a stadia rod held successively at the left and right water
4-1 95.75 m N 52°00’ W edges. If the stadia interval factor of the instrument is 100 and stadia
1. Determine the linear error of closure constant C=0.30m. Determine the width of the river.
2. Determine the relative error.
ROD HAIR READINGS
TRAVERSE SURVEYING: BALANCING A SURVEY POSITION UPPER MIDDLE LOWER
Compass Rule – the correction to be applied to the latitude or Rod held at A 1.830 m 1.660 m 1.490 m
departure of any course is to the total correction in latitude or departure Rod held at B 1.985 m 1.743 m 1.501 m
as the length of the course to the length of traverse.
Problem 2. A subtense bar was set up near A and subsequently at B,
Transit Rule – the correction to be applied to the latitude or departure and the subtended angles to the bar, as read from theodolite
of any course is to the total correction in latitude or departure as the positioned somewhere along the middle of line AB, were recorded as
latitude or departure of that course is to the arithmetical sum of all the 44’30’’ and 52’10’’, respectively. Determine the length of line AB.
latitudes or departures in the traverse without regards to sign.