AC Circuits

EE1 2223s2
AC Generation
If a wire with the proper orientation moves through a
magnetic field, a voltage is induced in it.

Right Hand Rule:

Palm direction -> Direction of B, Finger Direciton ->
Direction of velocity, Thumb direction -> Higher
potential of eind
AC Generation
AC Generation
Waveform Parameters
A waveform is a plot of values (i.e.
voltage (v) or current (i)) of quantities
which vary with time (t).
Waveform Parameters
Signal parameters:
Peak value
Peak-to-peak value
Time parameters (for periodic
waveforms):
Frequency
Period
Cycle
Waveform Parameters
Measurement of Signals:

Average value

Root-Mean-Square (RMS) value

Sinusoidal Waveform
Sinusoidal Waveform
Measurement of Signal:

Average Value: Xave = 0

RMS Value: Xrms =

Sinusoidal Waveform
Take note that:

Angles in Radians is not equal to Angle in

Degrees!

Pi radians = 180 degrees

Sinusoidal Waveform
Phase shift:

Positive Phase shift (shifted to the left)

Green leads Blue or Blue lags Green

Sinusoidal Waveform
Phase shift:

Negative phase shift (shifted to the right)

Green lags Blue or Blue leads Green

Waveforms and Phasors
Consider waveform A as the voltage
and B as the current.

● RMS Value of each

● Phasor Diagram
● Phase difference
Impedance, Z
● just like Resistance, but for AC Circuits.
● Due to:
○ Resistance
○ Capacitance
○ Inductance
● Has two components: resistance, R, and reactance,
X, (operating on two different axes: real and
imaginary)
● UNIT: Ohms
Complex Numbers

C = A + iB → C = A + jB

Rectangular form: C = A+jB

Polar Form: C = |C|∠𝛳C

Complex numbers will be used to represent vectors.

Complex Numbers
Conjugate:

Considering a vector C = |C|∠𝛳C

The conjugate of C is C* = |C|∠-𝛳C
Impedance, Z
● Z = R + jX or Z = |Z|∠𝛳Z
● R is due to resistance
● X is due to inductance (positive reactance) and
capacitance (negative reactance)
○ XL is inductive reactance (2πfL or ωL)
○ XC is capacitive reactance (1/2πfC or 1/ωC)
Impedance, Z
● NOTE: You cannot do “arithmetic”
addition/subtraction on vectors of different axes.
● Use vector operations on vectors
Ohm’s Law

V = IR → V = IZ
Ohm’s Law
Power
Power

S = VI*
Power

S = VI*
Using Ohm’s Law: V = IZ, I = V/Z
S = VI* → (IZ)I* → |I|2Z
S = VI* → V(V/Z)* → V(V*/Z*) → |V|2/Z*