C-GELIT02 – Prelims

LITERATURE 7. Novel – It has considerable length, typically having a

- "An acquaintance with letters"
- Latin term - littera (Letter)
- an art of self-expression
- “Performance of words.” – Robert Frost
- Literature is life which presents human experience –
Arsenia Tan
- is an Art
Importance of Studying Literature
• To develop a critical appreciation and discrimination of
what life is.
• To acquire mental maturity. (commonly through reading)
• To get out from daily routine in life and entertained.
• To develop a taste for the true, the good and the beautiful.
• Literature molds man as a total human being, sympathetic,
aware and sensitive. It educates and entertains. When we
read literature, we are informed of events that beset our
environment and the fictitious characters and colorful
events amuse us.
• Literature shapes man not only as nurses, engineers,
accountants, teachers, doctors, computer specialists,
information technologists, etc. but as man, his personality,
his views and ideas count.
plot that is unfolded by the actions, speech, and
thought of numerous characters.
8. Novella – it is a fictional prose narrative that is longer
that a short story. But shorter than a novel. It is a form
in its own right.
2. Poetry
The art of rhytmical composition, written or spoken, for
exciting pleasure by beautiful, imaginative, or elevated
thoughts.
1. Lyric Poetry - is a comparatively short, non-narrative
poem in which a single speaker presents a state of
mind or an emotional state.
a) Song – a short poem or other set of words set to
music or meant to be sung.
b) Sonnet – a poem of fourteen lines using any of a
number of formal rhyme schemes, in English
typically having ten syllables per line.
c) Elegy – a poem of serious reflection, typically a
lament for the dead.
d) Ode - which poets praise people, natural
scenes, and abstract ideas.

Literary Types 2. Narrative Poetry - using a range of poetic techniques

such as rhyme and meter, the narrative poet presents
Two General Types of Literature a series of events, often including action and
dialogue.
1. Fiction a) Ballad - a poem or a (slow popular) song
- literature that is made-up - comes from a writer’s narrating a story (typically about love) in short
imagination. stanzas. It is typically of unknown authorship,
- product of one's imaginative mind having been passed on orally from one
- can be a drama, short story, novel, myth, folktale and generation to the next as part of the folk culture.
poetry b) Metrical Romance - is a kind of poetry dealing
- unreal situation with the emotions or phase of life and the story is
told in a simple, straightforward and realistic
2. Non-Fiction manner.
- comes out of one's personal experiences, a true and c) Epic - a long poem, typically one derived from
factual account of varying information ancient oral tradition, narrating the deeds and
- comprises the interesting facts with analysis and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the
illustrations history of a nation.
- iincludes autobiography, biography, essay, literary
criticism, journal, newspaper, diary, magazine, etc. 3. Dramatic Poetry - this is an emotional piece of
- real situation literature which includes a story which is recited or
sung. It refers to the dramatic genre of poetry.
LITERARY TYPES & FORMS a) Dramatic Monologue - usually verse composition
in which a speaker reveals his or her character,
1. Prose Fiction often in relation to a critical situation or event, in
- presented in prose form and it is an imaginative art. a monologue addressed to the reader or to a
- a product of the writer’s imagination presumed listener.
- the writer tells a fictitious story to his readers b) Soliloquy - the act of talking to oneself/ spoken
to educate or entertain or to do both. reflection.
- Istoryang tuluyan
3. Drama
1. Myth – often a story of origins, how the world and Comes from the Greek word “dran” which means “to do”
everything in it came to be. or “to act” it is story acted out.
2. Legend – It refers to unverified story handed down
from earlier times. 1. Tragedy - Tragedy is a type of drama that presents a
3. Parable – Is a simple story illustrating a moral or religious serious subject matter about human suffering and
lessons. corresponding terrible events in a dignified manner.
4. Fable – Employing as characters animals that speak a) Tragicomedy - a play or novel containing
and act like human. elements of both comedy and tragedy.
5. Fairy Tale- it is a kind of folktale. In this story, we meet b) Melodrama -a play interspersed with songs and
witches and queens, giants and elves, princes, orchestral music accompanying the action.
dragons and etc.
6. Short Story - Piece of prose fiction marked by relative 2. Comedy - professional entertainment consisting of
shortness and density, organized into a plot and with jokes and satirical sketches, intended to make an
some kind of denouement at the end. audience laugh.

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C-GELIT02 – Prelims
a) Satirical Comedy – generally ridicules human
folly and associated political, social or moral
problems.
b) The Comedy of Manners - a comedy that
satirizes behavior in a particular social group,
especially the upper classes.
c) Romantic Comedy - a movie or play that
deals with love in a light, humorous way:
d) Black Comedy - a film, play, or other work
that deals with tragic or distressing subject
matter in a humorous way:
e) Farce - a comic dramatic work using
buffoonery (foolish or playful behavior or
practice) and horseplay (clownery) and
typically including crude characterization
and ludicrously improbable situations.
4. Nonfiction Prose
Nonfictional prose forming an independent part of a
publication.
1. Autobiography - an account of a person's life written
by that person:
2. Biography - an account of someone's life written by
someone else.
3. Character Sketch - a brief written description of a
person's qualities.
4. Diary or Journal - a daily record of news and events of
a personal nature
5. Editorial - a newspaper article written by or on behalf
of an editor that gives an opinion on a topical issue.
6. Essay - a short piece of writing on a particular subject.
SEVEN LITERARY STANDARDS OF LITERATURE
1. Artistry
- has an aesthetic appeal and thus possesses a sense of
beauty
- quality that appeals to the readers’ standard of
beauty.
- In terms of painting or literature, its elements work
together to express its intended meaning;
2. Intellectual Value
- stimulate critical thinking that enriches mental
processes of abstract and reasoning, making man
realize the fundamental of truths of life and its nature.
- appeals to our intellect
- artwork inflames critical thinking
- helps to uncover indispensable truths about life and
human nature
3. Suggestiveness
- unravels man’s emotional power to define symbolism,
nuances, implied meanings, images and messages,
giving and evoking visions above and beyond the
plane of ordinary life and experience
- appeals to our emotion
- makes us sympathize or empathize with the people
involved in an artwork
4. Spiritual Value
- elevates the spirit and the soul and thus has the power
to motivate and to inspire
- appeals to our sense of morality by making us undergo
self-realization that makes us better persons
- subsumes the capacity to inspire; ordinary people
who do things extraordinarily well
5. Permanence
- endures across time and draws out the time factor:
- Timeliness – occurring at a particular time
- Timelessness – remaining invariable
throughout time
- an excellent artwork lasts
- stands the test of time
- can be read on several occasions with the feeling that
reading it for the first time for each reading provides
new insights about the world we live in
6. Universality
- appeals to everyone, regardless of culture, race, sex,
and time which are all considered significant
- superb artwork is timeless and timely; forever relevant
- it appeals to all regardless of one’s race, educational
attainment, gender, religious affiliation, and social
status because it deals with elemental feelings,
fundamental truths, and universal conditions.
7. Style
- presents peculiar ways on how man sees life as
evidence by the formation of his ideas, form,
structures, and expressions which are marked by their
memorable substance
- artwork manifests the artists’ ingenuity and originality
- deviates from the usual convention, but he is able to
showcase his talent beyond mediocrity
ELEMENTS OF POETRY
Stanzas
- the poetic equivalent of a prose paragraph
- series of lines that are grouped together and
separated from other groups of lines or stanzas by a
skipped line.
- come in a variety of lengths, dependent either on the
whim of the poet or the conventions of particular
poetic form
- often used to refer to stanzas of specific lengths:
- Couplet – 2 lines
- Tercet – 3 lines
- Quatrain – 4 lines
- Cinquain – 5 lines
- Sestet/ sexain – 6 lines
- Septet – 7 lines
- Octave – 8 lines
Poem Structures
Types of Poetry and Their Characteristics
1. Lyric poetry
- concerns itself largely with the emotional life of the
poet, written in their voice and expresses strong
thoughts and emotions.
- only one voice in a lyric poem and we see the world
from that single perspective.
- most modern poetry is lyric poetry - it is personal and
introspective.
2. Narrative Poetry
- concerned with storytelling
- as in a prose story
- will most likely follow the conventions of plot
including elements such as conflict, rising
action, climax, resolution etc.
- will most likely be peopled with characters to
perform the actions of the tale
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C-GELIT02 – Prelims
3. Descriptive Poetry
- usually employs lots of rich imagery to describe the
world around the poet
- most often has a single poetic voice and a strong
emotional content
- descriptive poetry differs from lyric poetry in that its
focus is more on the externalities of the world, rather
than the interior life of the poet
Subtypes of Poetry
1. Sonnets
- predominantly concerned with matters of the heart -
theme will be always love.
- 2 common forms of sonnet: Shakespearean and
Petrarchan. They differ slightly in their internal structure,
but both have 14 lines.
- Petrarchan
▪ 2 stanzas
▪ first 8 lines pose a question
▪ 2nd stanza answers the question
posed
▪ rhyme scheme is: ABBA, ABBA,
CDECDE
- Shakespearean
▪ 3 quatrains of 4 lines each
▪ ends with a rhyming couplet which
forms a conclusion
▪ rhyme scheme is: ABAB, CDCD,
EFEF, GG
2. Haiku
- a disciplined form of poetry that has its origins in 17th
century Japanese poetry
- concerned with nature and natural phenomenon
such as the seasons, weather etc.
- often quite meditative in tone
- there are no real rules regarding themes, the only real
demands here relate to structure:
- written in three-line stanzas
- 1st line contains 5 syllables
- 2nd line contains 7 syllables
- 3rd line contains 5 syllables
3. Elegy
- type of poem that don’t really come with specific
structural requirements, but still constitute a
recognizable form of poetry.
- what makes an elegy is its subject, that is, death.
- poems of lamentation - the word elegy itself comes
from the Greek word elegeia which means to
‘lament’.
- a poem of reflection on death, or on someone who
has died
- Usually comes in three parts expressing loss:
- grief
- praise for the deceased
- and, finally, consolation
4. Limerick
- favorites of school children everywhere, the most
defining characteristic of limericks are their renowned
humor.
- given their well-deserved reputation for being funny
and, on occasion, crude, it’s easy to overlook the fact
that beneath the laughs lie quite a tightly structured
verse form.
- 5 lines in total
- distinct verbal rhythm
- 2 longer lines of usually between 7 to 10
syllables
- 2 shorter lines of usually between 5 to 7
syllables
- 1 closing line containing the ‘punchline’
- rhyme scheme is AABBA
5. Ballad
- type of narrative poetry that has close ties to musical
forms.
- written as poetry can often easily be adapted as song
lyrics.
- don’t have tight formal constrictions like some other
forms of poetry, there are enough in the way of
distinguishable features to identify it as a form.
- tells a story, often using simple language
- often romantic, adventurous, or humorous
- arranged in groups of 4 lines or quatrains
- often uses alternating 4 and 3 beat lines
- rhyme scheme is usually ABAB or ABCB
6. Ode
- traces its origins to Ancient Greece, originally intended
to be sung.
- nowadays, though no longer sung, the term ode still
refers to a type of lyrical poem that addresses and
often praises a certain person, thing, or event.
- the author addresses a person, thing, or
event
- usually has a solemn, serious tone
- explores universal elements of the theme
- powerful emotional element, often involving
catharsis
- written in the classical vein can follow very strict
metrical patterns and rhyme schemes, however,
many modern odes are written in free verse involving
irregular rhythm and without adherence to a rhyme
scheme
7. Epic
- long narrative poems that recount heroic tales
- focused on a legendary or mythical figure.
- Think of works of literature on a grand scale such as
The Odyssey, The Cattle Raid of Cooley, or Beowulf.
- employs an objective and omniscient narrator
- written in an elevated style
- recounts heroic events
- grand in scale
Poetic Devices
Two Sections
1. First Section: Sound Devices
- deals with the following devices: alliteration,
assonance, consonance, onomatopoeia, rhyme,
and rhythm.
2. Second Section: Figurative Language
- deals with metaphor, personification, and simile.
1. Sound Devices
▪ Alliteration
- involves the repetition of the initial consonant
sound of a series of words, often consecutively.
Alliteration is most easily explained to students
through looking at a few simple tongue twisters,
such as Peter Piper or She Sells Seashells.
- example:
Betty Botter bought a bit of butter
But, the bit of butter Betty Botter bought was bitter
So Betty Botter bought a better bit of butter
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▪ Assonance
- similarly to alliteration, assonance involves the
repetition of sounds in a series of words, often
consecutive words. However, rather than
repeating the initial sounds, assonance focuses
on the internal vowel sounds that are repeated.
- example: We can find many examples of
assonance in poetry and song. Here’s an
example from the poetry of Edgar Allen Poe:
Hear the mellow wedding bells
▪ Consonance
- the consonant-focused counterpart to
assonance. It involves the repetition of consonant
sounds in the middle or at the end of words, as
distinguished from alliteration where the initial
sound is repeated.
- example:
The crow struck through the thick cloud like a
rocket
▪ Onomatopoeia
- refers to the process of creating words that sound
like the very thing they refer to. For many students,
the first introduction to onomatopoeia goes back
to learning animal sounds as an infant. Words
such as Oink! Chirp! Woof! and Meow! can all be
thought of as onomatopoeic.
- example: Aside from animal noises, the names of
sounds themselves are often onomatopoeic, for
example:
Bang!
Thud!
Crash!
▪ Rhyme
- refers to the repetition of sounds in a poem.
Various types of rhyme are possible, however in
English we usually use the term rhyme to refer to
the repetition of the final sounds in a line, or end
rhyme. Letters are often used to denote a rhyme
scheme. A new letter is ascribed to each of the
different sounds. For example, in the following
example the rhyme scheme is described as ABAB.
- example:
The people along the sand
All turn and look one way.
They turn their back on the land.
They look at the sea all day.
[From Neither Out Far Nor In Deep by Robert Frost]
▪ Rhythm
- involves sound patterning. A lot of classical poetry
conforms to a systematic regularity of rhythm
which is referred to as the poem’s meter. This
involves the combining of stressed and unstressed
syllables to create a constant beat pattern that
runs throughout the poem. Each pattern of beats
is called a foot. There are various possible
combinations of stressed and unstressed syllables,
or feet, and these patterns have their own names
to describe them. While it is impossible to explore
all of these in this article, we take a look at one of
the more common ones below.
- example:
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day
[Iambic pentameter i.e. five metrical feet of
alternating unstressed and stressed syllables]
2. Figurative / Connotative Language
▪ Metaphor
- make comparisons between things by stating
that one thing literally is something else.
Metaphors are used to bring clarity to ideas by
forming connections. Often, metaphors reveal
implicit similarities between two things or
concepts.
- example: We can find lots of examples of
metaphors in our everyday speech, for example:
She’s an old flame
Time is money
Life is a rollercoaster
▪ Simile
- unlike metaphors that make comparisons by
saying one thing is something else, similes work by
saying something is similar to something else. They
commonly come in two forms. Those that make a
comparison using ‘as’ and those that make a
comparison using ‘like’.
- example:
She is as strong as an ox
She sings like a nightingale
▪ Personification
- a particular type of metaphor where a non-
human thing or idea is ascribed human qualities
or abilities. This can be in the form of a single
phrase or line, or extended in the form of a stanza
or the whole poem.
- example:
The moon was shining sulkily,
Because she thought the sun
Had got no business to be there
After the day was done –
“It’s very rude of him,” she said,
“To come and spoil the fun.”
[From the Walrus and the Carpenter by Lewis
Carroll]
ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY
• Setting – time and location in which a story takes place
✓ Place – Where is the story taking place?
✓ Time – When is the story taking place?
✓ Weather conditions – Is it rainy, sunny…?
✓ Social conditions – What is the daily life of the
characters like? Does the story contain local colour?
✓ Mood or atmosphere – What feeling is created at the
beginning of the story?
• Plot
- how the author arranges events to develop his basic
idea; it is the sequence of events
- planned, logical series of events having a beginning,
middle and end
- short story usually has one plot so it can be read in one
sitting.
- Five essential parts of plot
1. Introduction – the beginning of the story where
the characters and the setting is revealed
2. Rising Action – where the events in the story
become complicated and the conflict in the
story is revealed
3. Climax – highest point of interest and the turning
point of the story
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C-GELIT02 – Prelims
4. Falling Action – events and complications begin emphasize his theme, such as: symbol, allusion, simile,
to resolve themselves. The reader knows what has metaphor, hyperbole or irony
happened next and if the conflict was resolved or
not ELEMENTS OF DRAMA
5. Denouement – final outcome or untangling of
events in the story Dramatic works can be analyzed and evaluated, can be
categorized into three major areas:
• Conflict
1. LITERARY ELEMENTS
- the opposition of forces which ties one incident to another
2. TECHNICAL ELEMENTS
and makes the plot move
3. PERFORMANCE ELEMENTS
- any form of opposition that faces the main character.
- within a short story there may be only one central struggle, Aristotle's Six Elements of Drama -Literary Elements-
or one dominant struggle with many minor ones.
- Two types of conflict: 1. Plot
1. External – a struggle with a force outside one’s self - refers to the action; the basic storyline of the play.
2. Internal – a struggle within one’s self; a person must - Six Stages in a Plot Structure
make some decision, overcome pain, quiet their → Initial incident
temper, resist un urge, etc. → Preliminary event
- Four kinds of conflict: → Rising action
1. man vs man (physical) → Climax
2. man vs circumstances (classical) → Falling action
3. man vs society (social) → Denouement
4. man vs him/herself (psychological)
2. Theme
• Character - refers to the meaning of the play
- includes the person in a work of fiction and the - it is the main idea or lesson to be learned from the play
characteristics of a person. - in some cases, the theme of the play is obvious; other times
- fiction - one finds the protagonist and the antagonist. it is quite subtle
→ protagonist - central character with all major - Some general themes
events having some importance to him/her. → conflict between two individuals
→ antagonist - opposer of the main character → conflict between man and a supernatural power
- The Characteristics of a Person → conflict between the man and himself
Characterization
- is the information the author gives the reader about 3. Characters
the characters themselves. - people (sometimes animals or ideas) portrayed by the
- These include: actors in the play
→ His/her physical appearance - who move the action or plot
→ What he/she says, thinks, feels and dreams - Types of Characters
→ What he/she does or does not do → Protagonist - Antagonist
→ What others say about him/her and how → Flat - Round
others react to him/her → Static - Dynamic
→ Foil - Stock Character
Characters are convincing if they are: Consistent → Stereotype – Archetype
Motivated ▪ Dynamic or Developing Character – someone
who changes throughout the story, may be a
Life-like Characters are:
good change or a bad one, but their motivations,
→ Individual (round, many sided and complex) desires, or even their personality changes due to
→ Developing (dynamic, changing) something in the story. This is usually a permanent
→ Static (stereotype, characteristics that never change and shows how the character has
change and are emphasized) learned and developed over time in the story
• Point Of View
- defined as the angle from which the story is told. ▪ Flat or Static Character – opposite of a dynamic
- Types of Point of View character, doesn’t change much or at all
1. Innocent Eye throughout the story. Their personality and/or
2. Stream of Consciousness background isn’t revealed well and we only know
3. First Person a handful of traits about them
4. Omniscient
a) Omniscient Limited ▪ Foil Character – someone who is the opposite of
b) Omniscient Objective another character reflect the opposite traits. Your
main character can be sweet and caring and will
• Theme bring out that side by being nasty. It contrasts two
- the controlling idea or its central insight characters.
- author’s underlying meaning or main idea that he is trying
to convey ▪ Round Character – round character is similar to a
- may be the author’s thoughts about a topic or view of dynamic character. They change throughout the
human nature story gaining new traits, some traits opposite to
- the title of the short story usually points to what the writer is who they used to be.
saying and he may use various figures of speech to

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C-GELIT02 – Prelims
▪ Stock Character – just stock photos you can get -Technical Elements-
off the internet and not a big deal to the story,
they don’t change at all, they’re pretty much • Scenery(set) - theatrical equipment, such as curtains, flats,
cliche characters such as the “dumb jock” or backdrops, or platforms, used in a dramatic production to
“popular cheerleader.” communicate the environment.
• Costumes - clothing and accessories are worn by actors to
▪ Protagonist or Main Character – main characters portray character and period.
are the root of the story. They will develop over • Properties - are any article, except costume or scenery,
time and will ultimately be part of the driving used as part of a dramatic production; any moveable
force of the plot. This is the character your readers object that appears on stage during a performance, from
will care most about. a telephone to a train
• Light elements means that every placement, intensity, and
▪ Antagonist – opposite of your protagonist, will color of lights have to be set as needed to help
oppose your main character. along with the communicate environment, mood, or feelings
main character, be the driving force behind the • Sound - effects an audience hears during performance to
plot. communicate character, context, or environment.
• Makeup - includes costumes, wigs, and body paint used to
▪ Stereotype – familiar type of character whose transform an actor into a character.
label identifies a particular group or segment of
society
--Performance Elements--
▪ Archetype- mentor, daddy
- • Acting - use of face, body, and voice to portray character
4. Dialogue • Character Motivation - reason or reasons for a character’s
- refers to the words written by the playwright and spoken by behavior, an incentive or inducement for further action for
the characters in the play. It helps move the action of the a character in drama.
play along • Character Analysis - in responding to dramatic art, the
- Various Forms of Dialogue process of examining how the elements of drama -literary,
- Soliloquy technical, and performance-are used.
o a character that is typically alone on stage • Empathy - capacity to relate to the feelings of another
delivers a long speech
o emotions and innermost thoughts of the
character are revealed in a soliloquy.
Important Terms
- Aside
o spoken by a character to another character 1. Stage Directions- describe details of the setting and sound
or to the audience but is not heard by the effects as well as directing characters how to speak their
other characters on stage. lines, move, act, and look.
o reveal what a character is thinking or feeling.
Found in brackets [ ] Describe scenery and how
5. Music/Rhythm
- music is often featured in drama, in this case Aristotle was characters speak
referring to the rhythm of the actors voices as they speak.
- C, Center Stage
- L, Stage Left
6. Spectacle
- R, Stage Right
- refers to the visual elements of a play: sets, costumes,
- U, Upstage or Rear
special effects, etc.
- D, Downstage or Front
- everything that the audience sees as they watch the play.
Conclusion
Elements of Drama in The Modern Theater -Literary Elements-
Drama - 3 major elements
1. Characters
2. Plot - literary elements - consist of plot, theme, characters,
3. Theme dialogue, music, spectacle, convention, genre, and
4. Dialogue audience.
5. Convention - technical elements - consist of scenery (set),
- techniques and methods used by the playwright and costumes, properties, lights, sound, and makeup.
director to create the desired stylistic effect. - performance elements - consist of acting, character
motivation, character analysis, and empathy
6. Genre
- refers to the type of play. Some examples of different For each element hold specific role in ensuring the success of a
genres include comedy, tragedy, mystery, and historical drama, we have to pay attention to each element that
play. construct it.

7. Audience Figure of Speech

- group of people who watch the play. Many playwrights
and actors consider the audience to be the most ➢ Authors often use figures of speech in both literature and
important element of drama, as all of the effort put in to poetry to enhance their writing.
writing and producing a play is for the enjoyment of the
audience. ➢ Figures of speech present ordinary things in new or unusual
ways
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C-GELIT02 – Prelims
To watch us next as they stand in the breeze
➢ They communicate ideas that go beyond the words' usual, → Thai airways captivate me,
literal meanings Her colors are enchanting
I enjoy flying with her
Figure of Speech As her seats are comforting
1. Imagery
5. Alliteration
- descriptive writing that appeals to the senses (sight, taste,
- repetition of the first consonant
touch, smell, and hearing
- example
- think of it this way when a writer uses imagery, the
→ Stan the strong surfer saved several swimmers on
descriptive writing helps create a picture or image in our
Saturday.
mind
→ Tiny Tommy Thompson takes toy trucks to Timmy's on
- Imagery = Mental Image
Tuesday
- example
→ Beautiful Belle blew a balloon
→ the bearers bear the bride along like a pearl on a
A big balloon that's color blue
string
Then brought a basket of berries
→ the bride skims like a bird on the foam of a stream
For her Beast who bought her beige shoes
→ Fat Fiona and feisty Fido were
2. Simile
Fighting over a fair and fluffy fan
- way of describing something by comparing it with
Then came a ferocious fly who fetched it
something else using ‘like ‘ or ‘as’
And flew with it to a faraway land
- example
Juggling Jerry jumps in the giant jungle
→ I am hungry as a horse
then jogs around the jungle like a joker
→ You run like a rabbit
Jessica jumps and jogs like joking Jerry
→ She is happy as a clam
and Jill in the jet feel so jealous of her
→ He is sneaky as a snake
→ "This couch" he said "is as soft as cotton though its color
6. Assonance
is as black as ravens. It's cheap. To buy it is like buying
- the repetition of internal vowel sounds
sweets." He said, "I'll take it then. Please make it ten."
- it doesn't have to rhyme
→ His smiles or like the sun rising in the morning - each
- example
time I see him I'd glow too. His whispers are like soft
→ Princess Kitty will kiss Timmy T. Tipper's lips
snowflakes falling but, so sadly, he reminds me of you.
→ The pain may drain Drake, but maybe the weight is
→ Talking to them is like hearing loud thunder. If you say
fake
something, you can't hear yourself. Be like a wall that
listens and speaks not when you're with folks but who
7. Onomatopoeia
shout a lot and yell.
- words that are sounds
- example
3. Metaphor
→ yeeee ahhh
- a way of describing something by comparing it to
→ swish swish swish
something else
→ chug chug chug
- example
→ glippp glupp glupp
→ The girl was a fish in the water
→ The class was so quiet that you could hear
→ The clown was a feather floating away
→ Students flipping through every page
→ Islam is our light in this dark game called 'life'
Birds chirping cheerfully outside 'tweet tweet'
without Islam one's life is an empty box
And me chewing gum that has lost its taste
without Islam and without Allah's love the only right
→ Our pet Feline meow to say 'hello', while
path to heaven may be blocked
The dog's bark twice to roughly say good day
so embrace Islam accept God's gift from above
The sounds of honking and beeping outside
→ He said "You are my day, I am your night.
Made me think that for work I might be late
Our love is the sun and moon intertwined.
→ The cows are mooing, the ducks are quacking,
By God's will I shall never cease loving you as my one
The hens are clucking while the horse's neigh,
and only loving wife.
My Uncle's farm is full of fun and noise,
→ When he's happy, he is a butterfly.
Every single morn, every single day
When relaxing, he's a lazy crocodile
When angered, he's a lion running wild
8. Apostrophe
- addressing someone who is dead, absent, or a non-human
4. Personification
as if that person or thing was present
- to compare something that is not human as if it had human
- example
characteristics
→ Ugh, cellphone, why won't you load my messages?
- example
→ Oh, death where is thy sting?
→ The flowers danced in the wind
→ The friendly gates welcome us
9. Anaphora
→ The Earth cough and choked in all of the pollution
- repetition of the same word or group of words at the
→ Dear diary, are you my only friend
beginning of successive clauses, sentences, or lines
that knows what goes on in my mind and heart?
- example
Nay, only Allah knows all about me
→ I needed a drink, I needed a lot of life insurance, I
Thus, I must tear your pages now apart.
needed a vacation, I needed a home in the country.
→ Look at the trees as they dance in the rain,
What I had was a coat, a hat, and a gun.
As the wind blows them and they shed their leaves
When the rain stops it’s time for them to rest,
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C-GELIT02 – Prelims
→ When I was a child, I spoke as a child, I understood as 13. Litotes
a child, I thought as a child. - literary term for a figure of speech that uses negative terms
→ epiphora/ epistrophe to express a positive statement
o I'm a pepper, he's a pepper, she's a pepper, - example
we're a pepper. Wouldn't you like to be a → he's no fool = he is smart
pepper to Dr. Pepper? → it was no pleasant journey = it was a horrible journey
→ it was not unlike my dream = it was just like my dream
10. Chiasmus → not a bad day's work = it was a good day's work
- a pattern in which the second part is balanced against the → i'm not doing this for my health = I have to (or am being
first but with the parts reverse forced) to do this
- two or more clauses are related to each other through a
reversal of the structures in order to make a larger point 14. Metonymy
- this may involve a repetition of the same words - a thing or concept is not called by its own name, but by
- example the name of something intimately associated with the thing
→ Pleasure's a sin and sometimes sin's a pleasure or concept
→ Fair is foul, and foul is fair - which a part represents a whole or a whole represents a
→ You forget what you want to remember and you part
remember what you want to forget - use of one object in place of another or another which it
goes closely suggest
11. Euphemism - example
- when a person uses euphemism, they are replacing a word → the pen is mightier than the sword (pen the written
or phrase with another in order to make the sentence word, sword military aggression)
sound less offensive. In day-to-day figurative language, → we must wait to hear from the crown until we make
euphemism can be used to intentionally alter a sentence any further decisions
to lessen the harshness of its meaning without actually → can you please give me a hand carrying this box
removing the meaning. For example, if you were in a fancy upstairs?
restaurant, you may not announce that you were going to → after leading a rebellion he seize the throne (the
take a pee, instead you may use euphemism such as 'I am throne is metonymy for absolute power or kingship)
going to use the bathroom'. This would imply the same → the white house declared that we are at war with mars
thing but sound much more pleasant. (the white house is a metonymy for the president of
- example the united states)
→ passed away which is euphemism for died
→ collateral damage which is a euphemism for 15. Oxymoron
accidental deaths - figure of speech paring two words together that are
→ out of work which is a euphemism for unemployed opposing or contradictory
→ an adult beverage is a euphemism for alcohol drinks - usually combines two words: noun + adjective
→ being with child is a euphemism for being pregnant - example
→ disgustingly delicious
12. Irony → sweet sorrow
- a figure of speech which a person is saying the opposite of → original copy
what he means → awfully good
- example → alone together
→ the bad news is that everybody got perfect in → unpopular celebrity
yesterday's test → working vacation
→ it is nice of you to tell my secrets → a deafening silence
→ it is good of you for scolding me in front of my friends
- types of irony 16. Paradox
➢ verbal irony - it is used when a person wants to - which is statement appears to contradict itself
express something using a speech which says the - example
opposite of what they mean → war is peace
ex. If it were a very cold day, a person using → freedom is slavery
verbal irony might say something like 'isn't it warm → ignorance is strength
today!' → my weakness is my strength

➢ situational irony - this is used when a situation 17. Synecdoche

does not have the outcome which was expected - figure of speech in which a part of something is used to
in the first instance represent the whole thing
ex. If a fire station were to burn down, this would - example
situational irony as this is the building which is → I have four mouths to feed at home (I have for family
meant to protect from fire members to feed at home; mouths(part) are used to
represent people (whole thing))
➢ situational irony - in a real-life situation, it is
applied when something happens and the 18. Hyperbole
person within the situation is unaware of the true - exaggeration, making something bigger or worse than it
reality really is
ex. if a person were to say 'I am so glad that I - example
wasn't in the car accident', only to be involved in → i'm so hungry I could eat a horse
a car accident moments later this would be → my backpack weighs a ton
dramatic irony → I could sleep for a year

8
C-GELIT02 – Prelims
→ I've told you a million times
→ these shoes are killing me

Sample Ques:
1. Two figures of speech that involve comparisons are
2. "Earth is here so kind, that just tickle her with a hoe and she
laughs with a harvest."
3. grave! Where is thy victory?
4. The rocks kerplunk as they fall into the lake.
5. "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers"
6. I'm so hungry, I could eat a horse!
7. Life, I cannot understand you!

Ans:

1. simile and metaphor

2. personification
3. apostrophe
4. onomatopoeia
5. alliteration
6. hyperbole
7. apostrophe