2020

LUBUTO TRUST COLLEGE OF

EDUCATION

SOCIAL STUDIES
LECTURE NOTES
PRIMARY TEACHERS DIPLOMA YEAR TWO
PREPARED BY: MISS LUCHEMBE
LUBUTO TRUST COLLEGE SOCIAL STUDIES STUDY KIT 2020 PTD TWO

TABLE OF CONTENTS
UNIT 1. SOCIAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES......................................................................................................3
1.1 MINING.....................................................................................................................................3
1.2 TOURISM..................................................................................................................................4
1.3 AGRICULTURE.......................................................................................................................5
1.4 FISHING....................................................................................................................................5
1.5 FORESTRY...............................................................................................................................5
1.6 COMMERCE AND TRADE....................................................................................................6
UNIT 2. HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL SITES...............................................................................8
2.1 CULTURE.......................................................................................................................................8
2.2 IMPORTANCE OF CULTURE.....................................................................................................8
2.3 HISTORICAL SITES FOUND IN ZAMBIA..........................................................................8
UNIT 3. TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION.............................................................................10
3.1 TRANSPORT................................................................................................................................10
3.2 COMMUNICATION....................................................................................................................10
3.3 IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION...............................................10
3.4 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION................................10
3.5 CHALLENGES IN TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION................................................11
3.6 STRATEGIES PUT IN PLACE TO MITIGATE THESE CHALLENGES.............................11
3.7 ROAD SAFETY AND THE HIGHWAY CODE..................................................................12
3.8 FACTORS THAT PROMOTE ROAD SAFETY.......................................................................12
UNIT 4. SYMBOLS OF NATIONAL IDENTITY................................................................................13
4.1 ZAMBIAN FLAG..........................................................................................................................13
4.2 ZAMBIA’S COATS OF ARMS..............................................................................................14
4.3 NATIONAL ANTHEM...........................................................................................................14
4.4 INDEPENDENCE DAY..........................................................................................................14
4.5 NATIONAL REGISTRATION CARD..................................................................................15
UNIT 5. GOVERNANCE......................................................................................................................16
5.1 DEMOCRACY..............................................................................................................................16
5.1.1 MERITS OF DEMOCRACY................................................................................................16
5.1.2 DEMERITS.............................................................................................................................17
5.2 DICTATORSHIP..........................................................................................................................17

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5.2.1 MERITS..................................................................................................................................17
DEMERITS......................................................................................................................................17

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UNIT 1. SOCIAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

1.1 MINING
 Mining is the process of extracting minerals such as coal and copper from the ground.
 Examples of minerals mined in Zambia are copper, zinc and lead, coal and manganese

HISTORY OF MINING IN ZAMBIA

 The mining industry in Zambia started in 1899, when an expedition led by George Grey
discovered the first copper deposits at Kansanshi
 The first mining activities started at Bwana Mkubwa in Ndola in 1909.

MINING METHODS

A. OPEN CAST MINING METHOD

 It is done where the mineral ores are found near to surface of the earth.
B. UNDERGROUND MINING OR SHAFT MINING.
 It is done when the minerals are found very deep underground.

IMPORTANCE OF MINING IN ZAMBIA

 It has created employment to most Zambians. A lot of people on the Copperbelt work
from the mines and earn a living. This enables them to be able to provide for their
families and have access to social services.
 Encourages tourism and investment. Tourists from around the world visit Zambia to
come and take a look at the largest open pit mine in Africa. At the same time, mining has
attracted the transportation sector. Companies have invested in heavy duty machinery and
haulage systems where they carry copper from the mining area to the processing area or
other countries.
 It boosts the economy of Zambia. Mining brings foreign exchange to the country.
Copper/cobalt export contributes 75% of the export earnings.
 It improves the standards of living of people in a country. There is social development;
schools, markets and other recreational facilities have been built with some being run by
the mines.
 It leads to improvement of infrastructure e.g roads, houses, hospitals etc

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1.2 TOURISM
 Tourism is the movement of people from one place to another for leisure, education,
Religion and recreation.
 A tourist is a person who travels to another place for leisure and recreation education
within or outside their own country.
 Zambia’s tourist attractions include the Victoria Falls, Kalambo Falls, Open-pit Mine, the
Traditional ceremonies and Wild life or National Parks.

IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM

 Brings foreign exchange to the country. As tourist visit the nation, they come with money
they pay for lodging and entry to the different tourist attraction destinations. The money
remains in the country.
 It encourages conservation of wild life. Wild life means any wild animal and any kind of
natural vegetation. Conservation means any wise use of vegetation and animals. It helps
ensure that wildlife is conserved and preserved for tourist to enjoy their game viewing
and vegetation view.
 It helps people to maintain culture and historical sites. Some tourists enjoy learning about
different cultures; ways of life of different people. As such, there is need to preserve and
maintain cultural practices and valiues which have been passed on from generation to
generation. Additionally, historcal sites such as Ing’ombe ilede are maintained as they
hold rich historical information relating to social stratifications that existed in pre-
colonial era. Other sites include the Kalambo falls where fire was discovered.
 It improves other areas of the economy like airports, hotels and transport. As tourists
visit zambia, they are in need of accomodation and transport. The airport is the first place
they see, as such, it needs to be of high standard as it gives the first impression about the
nation.
 It promotes cottage industry/ home based industries. Tourist love to have a taste of
locally made products. As such domestic industries ensure that they produce the best
which may pave way for their international marketing. Tourist buy Wooden Art work and
other accessories which remind them of their experience while in the country of host.

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 Provides employment to the people of Zambia. People get employed in hotels and lodges
as attendants, as well as tourist guides. At the same time othere take this as an
opportunity to show case their work to tourist and get money in exchange; sell chitenge
wrappers, art work, cook local foods etc.
 Provides market for farm products

1.3 AGRICULTURE
 Agriculture is the growing of crops (arable farming) and the keeping of domesticated
animals (pastoral farming) as well as the keeping of birds (poultry farming) either for sell
(commercial farming) or home consumption (subsistence farming).
IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE
 Brings in foreign exchange through exports like tobacco, coffee and cotton
 Generates 22% of the Gross Domestic Product (G. D. P) in Zambia.
 It contributes to food security, income and economic growth.
 Provide raw materials such as cotton, Soya beans and sugar cane for industries
 Provides food for people and livestock
 Source of income for the majority of people in rural Zambia
1.4 FISHING
 Fishing is an industry which deals with catching and processing of fish.
 Zambia’s main fishing are Luapula river, Zambezi river, Kafue river, lukanga swamp,
Luangwa river, chambeshi river, Lake kariba, Lake Tanganyika, lake Mweru and lake
mweru wantipa

IMPORTANCE OF FISHING

 It brings foreign exchange through selling of fish to other countries

 It provides food to the people of Zambia
 It is a tourist attraction
 It is a basis for some industries which means there are some industries which depends on
fishing
 It provides employment to the people of Zambia

1.5 FORESTRY
 It is the caring and planting of trees.

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 It is done by the forestry department which is under the ministry of environment and
natural resources.

IMPORTANCE OF FORESTS

 Construction materials for homes and public buildings like schools and hospitals
 Countries to oxygen production in the atmosphere through photosynthesis
 Fire wood for cooking and heatingFood for both animals and human beings
 For production of charcoal
 Gives a Good scenery especially in highland areas
 Grass and fibres for mats and baskets, building houses and shelters
 Protection of the catchment areas from soil erosion.
 Protection of the soil from drying up
 Raw materials for industries like sawmills, pulp and paper

1.6 COMMERCE AND TRADE

 Trade is the selling and buying of goods and services.
 There are two types of trade; local and international.
I. LOCAL TRADE
 Local trade is buying and selling that takes place within the boards of a country.
II. INTERNATIONAL TRADE
 It is trade between different countries. It involves the export of goods from one country
and the import of goods into another country.

IMPORTANCE OF TRADE

 Zambias main revenue comes from the export of copper and other agricultural products.
 Competition from international trade can also force domestic firms to become more
efficient through modernization and innovation
 Zambia benefits from foreign direct investment (FDI) from international who invest large
amounts of money and equipment to set up businesses in Zambia.
 International trade also enables a country to consume more than it would be able to
produce if it depended only on its resources.

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 International trade allows access to a wider range of goods from different countries. E.g
Zambia imports cars from other countries.
 It improves economic relations among nations
 International trade encourages the development of better transport and communication
links between different countries.

Questions

1. Critically assess the challenges faced by each of the socio-economic activities.

2. Mining has its own advantages and disadvantages. Discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of both Open-pit and shaft mining.

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UNIT 2. HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL SITES

2.1 CULTURE
This is the way of life of a given society which includes beliefs, values, norms, behaviour,
morals, knowledge, customs, language and religion. Culture is not something that a person is
born with rather, it learnt from the environment through daily interaction.

2.2 IMPORTANCE OF CULTURE

 Culture enables group life.
 It helps to pass knowledge and norms since it is learnt and shared.
 It helps to pass the vision for the group.
 It encourages unity among the group members.
 It helps with value preservation.

II.3 HISTORICAL SITES FOUND IN ZAMBIA

 Zambia is home to a number of historical sites that have a deep cultural history about the
people that lived in zambia before European exploration in Africa. These sites have
Archaeological evidence which has proven that there was human life in these areas and
these people had their own culture.
 Artifacts and fossil materials have been found in these area and shows the social and
cultural way of life that people in these areas shared and led.the following are some of the
main historical sites in Zambia:
1. Ing’ombe illede- Southern Province; was a business centre where long distance trade was
carried out from. The site has an old burial site where people were buried according to
classes. Evidence shows that the rich had gold sheets and other expensive jewery while
the poor were buried with nothing.
2. Nachikufi caves- Late Stone Age site
3. Nsalu Caves- Central Province
4. Victoria falls- Southern Province
5. Mwela Rocks- Northern Province

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6. Kalambo falls is an earlu stone age site in Zambia. It is the place where fire was first
discobered in the world. Various stone tools were found at the site implying that there
was a group of people that settled in the area many years ago.

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UNIT 3. TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

3.1 TRANSPORT
 this is the movement of people and goods from one place to another.

MODES OF TRANSPORT

1. Road or land transport: people either walk or use vehicles and ox-carts to move from
one place to another.
2. Railway: here electric or fueled trains are used for easy movement
3. Airway: people use airplanes, jets, rockets and helicopters to move goods or themselves
from one place to another.
4. Marine or Water: boats, ships, canoes and submarines are used for transport.

3.2 COMMUNICATION

 this is the sending and receiving of information. It involves sharing information and news
verbally or through written or typed messages.

MODES OF COMMUNICATION

1. Email 2. Letters 3. Drums 4. Fire 5. Fax

5. Mobile phones: social media like whatsapp, facebook and twitter etc.
7. Sign language and vocal chats 8. Radio 9. Television

3.3 IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

1. Transport helps in internal and external trade which thus contributes to the improvement
and growth of a country’s economy.
2. Transport is useful for the distribution of raw materials or fuel.
3. Communication helps in exchanging news and spreading new information across the
world.
4. Both help in the migration of the victims in flood and any natural calamity suffering area.

3.4 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

TRANSPORT COMMUNICATION
Transport is a means of carrying goods and Communication is a process of sharing ideas

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people. and thoughts between people.

Transport connects regions Communication connects people
Transport is expensive Communication is cheaper
Transport is slower Communication is faster
Transport fulfils the economic needs as it Communication fulfils social needs.
helps in trade

3.5 CHALLENGES IN TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

Transport and communication faces a number of challenges some of which include the
following:

a) Unqualified drivers driving on the main roads without a licence.

b) Potholes, road humps and slow downs.
c) Unserviced and unfit vehicles moving freely on the roads.
d) Overspeeding by some drivers.
e) Traffic jams especially in big towns like Lusaka.
f) High infrastructure maintainance
g) Low funding from the government.
h) Long commuting to distant places.
i) Scams and frauds; people collect money under false pretence especially via mobile
money transfers.

3.6 STRATEGIES PUT IN PLACE TO MITIGATE THESE CHALLENGES

1) The Road Transport and Safety Agency has provided traffic Light on some main roads to
help with the problem of traffic jams and overspeeding.
2) The RDA has set up Toll gates where each vehicles pays money used in the road
maintainance and contruction of new roads.
3) The Zambia Information Communication Technology Authority intoduced the Sim
Registration system where mobile users register their details with the service provider
upon purchase of new sim card. This helps reduce the frausd and scams by dubious
people as they fear being traced and arrested.

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3.7 ROAD SAFETY AND THE HIGHWAY CODE

ROAD SAFETY
 refers to methods and measures used to prevent road users from being seriously injured or
killed.
 Road users include pedestrians, cyclists, motorists, vehicle passegers and horse riders.

HIGHWAY CODE

 This is the official guide to using our roads as provided in the traffic and Road Safety
Act 1998.
 It contains rules that guide and govern road users.

3.8 FACTORS THAT PROMOTE ROAD SAFETY

There are three factors that promote road safety:

 VISIBILITY

The road must be clear with no obstructions. Billboards should be over 1.5meters from the
fround.

 AVAILABILTY OF ROAD SIGNS

Road signs guide road users on how to use the road. These include the Zebra Cross, speed limits,
traffic lights.

 STATE OF THE ROAD

Road must be in a good state free from the potholes and must have a good drainage system.

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UNIT 4. SYMBOLS OF NATIONAL IDENTITY

 Our national symbols help us to identify the heritage and culture of our country, and give
citizens a sense of belonging and pride.
 They remind us of our common values, ideals and duties for the benefit of all citizens.
 Before independence, the colonial rules had the power to make decisions that affected
everyone in the country.
 Today, we have the freedom to make our own decisions. This is the real meaning of our
sovereignty or independence.
 Zambia’s national symbols are represented by our national flag and our national coat of arms,
national anthem, national registration card as well as independence day.

4.1 ZAMBIAN FLAG

The Zambia National flag was first hoisted at the midnight on 24 October 1964. This day is now
Independence Day, on which we celebrate the formation of our independent country. Our flag
has got a background of green with tree strips of red, black and orange with fish eagle in flight
above. Each of the colors represents a characteristic of the people and the land of Zambia.

 Black for the people of Zambia. The Zambian natives have black skin or are Negroids.
 The fish Eagle represents the freedom of Zambia. Zambia is free to make its own decisions.
Zambia is free to excell high like an eagle and freely work on its own problems. The free
statue in Lusaka town is a symbol of freedom where the man Zanco Mpundu Mutembo broke
the chains. This ws a sign that Zambia is now a free state.
 Green for the land and its Natural resource; the trees.
 Red represents the Bloodshed in the struggle for independence. A number of Zambians,
youths inclusive lost their lives during the struggle for independence. Two significant days
are cemlebrated in commemoration for the people that lost their lives. First is the 12 th March,
a day that honours the youths that fought with stones against the colonial army. A monument
ahs been set up in Kitwe towns center which shows a man throwing stones.
 Orange for the country ‘s mineral wealth; Copper.

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4.2 ZAMBIA’S COATS OF ARMS

 The coat of arms appears in all government letters on the billboard. It is flown on the cars of
high ranking government officers, including the president.
 The hoe and pick represent the hardworking people of Zambia in agriculture
 The Fish eagle represents the freedom and the desire of the people to rise above challenges
 Man and woman represent the significance of family life in the country and the equality of
men and women
 The black and white wavy lines represent the Victoria falls and the Zambezi river from
which Zambia gets its name
 The mineral shaft head, maize cob and zebra symbolize the country‘s mineral, agricultural
and wildlife resources respectively
 The coat of arms consists of a shield and a crest. Under the shield is national motto: “One
Zambia, one Nation”, to remind us of the unity of our nation.

4.3 NATIONAL ANTHEM

 ‘Stand and sing of Zambia, proud and free’ is the zambian national Anthem which is sung
or played before parliament opens, before any official game within and outside the
country where zambia is a participant as well as when Zambian Citizen wins any other
sporting activity at an international level.
 The tune of the Anthem is taken from the hymn “Nkosi Sikelel’ Africa” which means
“GOD BLESS AFRICA” which was composed by a South African Enoch Sontonga in
1897.
 The lyrics were composed after Zambian independence to specifically reflect Zambia, as
opposed to Sontongas Lyrics which refer to Africa as a whole.

4.4 INDEPENDENCE DAY

 An independence day is an annual event commemorating the anniversary of a nations
independence, sovereignity or statehood after ceasing to be a colony.
 In 1890, Northern Rhodesia came under Compant rule of the British South
African Company (BSAC) after signing Lochner concession. The company was under
John Cecil Rhodes.

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 In 1924 after the BSAC surrendered power to the British Colonial Government which
governed the territory from 1924 to 1963.
 In 1953, a Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasa Land was formed which was dissolved in
1963.
 On 24TH OCTOBER, 1964, Zambia became independent fro British rule and Prime
Minister Kenneth Kaunda was inaugurated in as President.
 The day is celebrated as a holiday in zambia to remember those that perished during the
struggle and the freedom Zambia has now to make its own decisions.
 This qualifies the day as a symbol of national identity as it is only here where the day is a
Holiday.

4.5 NATIONAL REGISTRATION CARD

 A symbol of Zambian Citizenship is the Green National Registration Card (NRC).
 This is issued by the National Registration Office under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
 The minimal age for one to acquire the NRC is 16 years.
 A citizen or foreign national can apply for the first time using a form to obtain the NRC.
 For Zambian born citizens, the card is obtained at the age of 16.
 Green National Registration Dance is issued to Zambian Born or Natural Citizens.
 Pink National registration cards are issued to Commonwealth nationals that apply for
Zambian citizenship.
 Blue National Registration Card is issued to naturalised citizens or foreign nationals who
are from non-Commonwealth nations.

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UNIT 5. GOVERNANCE
 Governance is the way people are ruled. It is about whether the people are ruled with or
without their consent. There are two ways in which governance issues can be looked at.
Either the country is ruled in accordance with democratic or dictatorship principal.
 Governance may also be defined as the style of leadership that a government or authority
uses to run a country.
 Governance includes the process of decision making and leadership.
 To distinguish the term governance from government; governance is the concrete activity
that reproduces an organisation.
 It is primarily about what the relevant governing body does.
 It is primarily about the rules and norms that guide the relevant activity.
 Whether the organisation is a nation-state or corporate entity (business), its governance is
the way the rules and actions are produced, sustained, and regulated.

System of governance

 It is divided into two and these are democracy and dictatorship

5.1 DEMOCRACY
 Democracy means rule by the people. In a democracy, people elect their leaders.
 Election should be free and fair.

FORMS OF DEMOCRACY

 DIRECT DEMOCRACY: is where people directly take part in making decisions on

matters that affect them. For example, in smaller communities such as villages people can
express their views directly on what they want to see happening.
 REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY: It is also called parliamentary democracy. It is
used when it is not possible or practical for everyone to take part directly in making
decisions. For example, decisions on day by day about how the country should be run.

5.1.1 MERITS OF DEMOCRACY.

i. Citizen participation citizens participate in the affairs of the nation.
ii. Promotes patriotism among citizens and prevents occurrence of violent revolutions.

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iii. Helps progress development and enables change of power peacefully.

iv. Ensures peoples freedom of speech, conscience, assembly and action.
v. Protects and promotes rights of citizens. Rights are enshrined in the constitution.

5.1.2 DEMERITS.
1. Mob rule. Cadres feel they have the power to run pulic places such as markets and bus
stations.
2. It is very expensive. Elections are conducted periodically and money is spent on
campaigns.
3. Corruption is very high. Leaders know they may leave office in the next term. They tend
to engage in activities that will enable them to earn money fast and illegally.
4. Decision making process is slow as it involves long debates in parliament.

5.2 DICTATORSHIP
 Dictatorship is when people in a country do not have a say in government or how the
country is run.

5.2.1 MERITS
1. Stability of government. The govt will stay the same.
2. It is cheap.
3. Less crime rate

DEMERITS
1. Loss of freedom choice, citizens no longer choose who will govern them.
2. Govt will have absolute power. Govt may not think in the best interest of the people.

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