SCIENCE PROJECT

TOPIC: GRAVITATION

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CONTENTS:
gravitation
kepler’s law
UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION
acceleration due to gravity
free fall
equations of motion for freely falling bodies
mass and weight
thrust and pressure
buoyancy
archimedes principle
density

Gravitation:
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Movement, or a tendency to move, towards
the centre of gravity, as in the falling of
bodies to the earth is known as gravitation.

Gravitational force:
The force of attraction between any two
particles in the universe is called
gravitational force.

For example:
(1)MOVING OF PLANETS AROUND
SUN IN ITS OWN AXIS.
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(2)FALLING OF APPLE FROM TREE.

KEPLER’S LAWS OF PLANETARY

MOTION:
Johannes kepler gave the following three
laws to explain the motion of the planets:

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1. Kepler’s first law: Each planet's orbit
about the Sun is an ellipse. The Sun's center
is always located at one focus of the orbital
ellipse. The Sun is at one focus. The planet
follows the ellipse in its orbit, meaning that
the planet to Sun distance is constantly
changing as the planet goes around its orbit.

2. Kepler's second law : It states that a

planet moves in its ellipse so that the
line between it and the Sun placed at a
focus sweeps out equal areas in equal

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times.

3. Kepler's second law: It states that the

cube of the mean distance of a planet from
the sun is directly proportional to the
square of time it takes to move around sun.

Universal law of gravitation:

Universal law of Gravitation states that every particle
attracts every other particle in the universe with a force
that is directly proportional to the product of the masses
and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between them.

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 Acceleration due to gravity:
The acceleration with which a body
falls towards the earth due to earth’s
gravitational pull is known as
acceleration due to gravity. It is denoted
as “g”.

Free fall
The falling of a body from a height towards
the earth under the gravitational force of
earth(with no other force acting on it) is
called free fall. A freely falling body has

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acceleration equal to acceleration due to
gravity (g) that is 9.8m/s^2 in case of earth.

Equations of motion of freely falling

body:

Mass
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The mass of a body is the quantity of matter (or
material) contained in it. Mass is the scalar
quantity which has only magnitude but no
direction. The SI unit of mass is kilogram (kg).

Weight
The weight of a body is the force with which is
attracted towards the center of the earth.
Force = Mass * Acceleration

Difference between mass and

weight

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 Thrust
Force exerted by an object perpendicular to the
surface is called thrust.
pressure
Pressure is defined as thrust or force per unit
area on a surface.
Buoyancy
The tendency of a liquid to exert an upward
force on an object placed in it, is called

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buoyancy. Even the gases exhibit the property
of buoyancy.
Buoyant force
The upward force acting on an object
immersed in a liquid is called buoyant force.
The upward force exerted by a liquid is also
known as ”upthrust”. In other words the
buoyant force is also known as upthrust.

Archimedes’ principle
According to the Archimedes’ principle: When
an object is wholly (or partially) immersed in
liquid, it experiences a buoyant force which is
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equal to the weight of liquid displaced by the
object.
In other words:
(Buoyant force acting = (Weight of liquid
on an object) displaced by it)

The principle of flotation

According to the principal of flotation: An
object will float in a liquid if the weight of

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object is equal to the weight of liquid
displaced by it.

Density
The density of a substance is defined as
mass of the substance per unit volume.
That is:
DENSITY= Mass of the substance/volume
of the substance

Relative density
The relative density of a substance is the
ratio of its density to that of water.

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 Made by –
Abhishek verma
Class :9th B
Roll no : 1

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