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Okra Mucilage Bio Adhesive Research
Okra Mucilage Bio Adhesive Research
RESEARCH PROJOECT
MAY 2023
Acknowledgement
With deepest gratitude and appreciation, we humbly give thanks to the people
who patiently helped us in making our research possible.
To the institution where are studying, San Alberto Magno Academy, where we are
continuously growing as a grade 12 students.
To Ms. Jennifer S. Tambor for her untiring effort in guiding us to make our research
possible and successful.
And to all our teachers who shared and continuously share their knowledge with students
like us and keep molding us into a better person.
And most of all, to our God, who gave us the spiritual support, and strength to work
more. Thank you so much, Lord.
Dedication
We have met struggles during the conduction of our research, but now we that we
have finished, I could not imagine that it is now the time to finish what we have started.
We dedicate our Research to all the people who help with us throughout our process in
producing our Research. I dedicate this portfolio
To our families
To our Friends
To our Siblings
Ablan, Alexander Shane, Baltazar, Kyle Christian F., Gabrillo, Christian E.,
Suguitan, Jhon Kharl, Talavera, Joseph Henry S., (2023). Okra Mucilage and
Glutinous Rice as an Alternative Glue. Science, technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics. San Alberto Magno Academy of Tubao Incorporated, Poblacion, Tubao La
Union.
The experiment will be observing the curing time of the experimental and
commercial glue’s curing time under 30 minutes and will be monitored after every 3
minutes. The adhesion time will be observed under 7 days to observe for changes that
might transpire.
The findings of this study showed that the experimental okra mucilage and
glutinous rice glue is a suitable alternative for the commercial glue because of their
similar curing time and similar adhesion time as observed by the researchers.
The (Britannica, 2022) states that the property of adhesives to hold two different
material together make it one of the most used substance in everyday activities, school
projects, arts and even in industrial machines. But majority of these adhesives are quite
toxic and with improper usage, it can pose a risk to human health.
According to (Dinte and Sylvester 2017), Though adhesive is used in industry for
almost 10 decades, the authors stressed the necessity in obtaining environmentally safe
and high-quality adhesives. This is because the limited raw materials, and the adverse
effect of synthetic adhesive to human health and the environment.
Okra mucilage can be now made into an alternative plastic, but by only using the
mucilage itself is not enough, it cannot stick into any surface long enough to harden to a
pseudoplastic state like (Bhat, Tharanathan 1987) found. That is why we chose glutinous
rice, as a catalyst, and to become the initial adhesive to stick two materials together while
waiting for the okra mucilage to harden
(Mahreni et.al., 2023) made a research on glutinous rice as a base for their
alternative biodegradable adhesive. By adding a-amylase enzyme concentration to a
glutinous rice and water solution. They produced outstanding results with their adhesive
which they stated to be better than standard paper glue sold in the market. For our
research, we plan to use the glutinous rice as a catalyst to help the okra mucilage to
harden and stick the two materials together, it will act as an initial adhesive when putting
the materials together.
. This degradable gel, is used as an adhesive for health monitoring devices. This
was made to reduce materials used and pollution, as well as an improvement to the
quality of life of the patients using health monitors. They are also renewable and
degradable, while also being edible, making it to have no risk of poisoning by accidently
inducing the gel.
The researchers now aim to combine the okra mucilage as the main adhesive that
will harden, and the glutinous rice, the catalyst and the one that will act as an initial
adhesive.
The problem of the study is to determine the potency of Okra mucilage mixed
with glutinous rice as an alternative glue.
1. What is the average adhesion time and the average curing time of the
experimental Okra-glutinous rice glue?
2. What is the average adhesion time and the average curing time of the Commercial
glue?
3. Is there any significant difference between the adhesion time and the curing time
of the experimental okra-glutinous rice adhesive and the commercial glue?
1. To determine the effectiveness of the okra mucilage and glutinous rice mixture as
an alternative glue.
2. To know if the alternative glue made from the glutinous rice and okra mucilage
mixture is a suitable alternative glue.
3. To compare the effectiveness of the glutinous rice and okra mucilage adhesive
with the commercial glue.
Hypothesis
The study will provide information about the potency of the glutinous rice and
okra mucilage as an alternative bio-adhesive.
To the students will have an alternative glue that pose lesser risk to their health if
they are exposed, as well as a cheaper alternative than the commercial adhesives because
of its cheaper ingredients and can be produced in their home.
To the teachers can use this alternative glue for their activities involving glue
usage with their students, to have a less risk in their health, as well as to promote a
greener alternative in their activities.
To the Parents can be aware of the availability and how to make this alternative
adhesive that they can provide their children, it is more affordable and less toxic for their
children.
To the school can take advantage of this alternative glue to be used in their
facilities, to have a cheaper and less toxic alternative.
The study explores the effectiveness of glutinous rice and okra mucilage as an
alternative adhesive due to its sticky characteristic. The experiment will take place in
Francia West, Tubao, La Union, the residence of one of the researchers and will be
documented for every experimentation that will take place as verification of the study. It
started in February 19 2023, and ends within this 2nd semester of our school year 2022-
2023. The purpose of the study is to provide a less toxic alternative for an adhesive that
can be used to lessen the risk of glue exposures that may cause health complications,
especially for children. The experiment will involve powdered glutinous rice as base and
catalyst for the adhesive and It deals with one fruit, which is okra (Abelmoschus
esculents) to use its mucilage as a substance to be an alternative to glue. The limitation of
the outcome or product is that it has only one purpose, to paste things together.
Definition of Terms
Adhesive – The main goal of this study is to be able to create an alternative adhesive
using okra mucilage and glutinous rice.
Adhesion time – The goal of this research is to be able to produce an alternative glue that
Is better or able to match the adhesion time of the commercial glue.
Curing time – How fast a glue hardens, it is used to determine in this study to see which
glue group hardens the fastest and binds the strongest.
Cyanoacrylate – Scientific name of Super glue quoted by many researchers for its
hazard to ingestion by (Carstairs, et.al., n.d.)
Glue – The commercial name of an adhesive that the researchers aims to create a safer
alternative using okra mucilage and glutinous rice.
Glutinous rice – The base for this study’s glue, it acts as a sticky substance to help hold
the tow materials being glued together.
Ionic Skin – An artificial skin made to copy the capabilities of sensing of a real skin,
research on by researcher (Tian, et.al., 2022)
Okra mucilage – A sticky substance that hardens overtime produced through boiling
sliced okras; it is the main ingredients for this experiment.
Pseudoplastic – A state of the hardened glue that exhibits plastic like traits.
Chapter 2
And in some rare circumstances, the low viscosity of cyanoacrylate may become
the cause of aspiration. (Vitale et.al., 2007) reported a toddler ingestion a low viscosity
cyanoacrylate, and showed complications in their tracheal and bronchial parts of their
respiratory system. The cyanoacrylate went inside the toddler’s respiratory tract and
hardened overtime, which caused the complications. Although the chances of aspiration
of said adhesive is low, it may pose as a life-threatening situation when it happens.
Okra mucilage as an adhesive is widely used in the medical field, (Ameena et. al.,
2010) found that okra mucilage is an effective excipient capable of binding in together
the drug as a tablet and is comparable to a synthetic excipient.
A research conducted by (David, et.al., 2005) stated that because okra is relatively
cheap and abundant, it is easy to reproduce adhesive made from it. The okra was cooked
for 3 hours to extract the mucilage, where they yielded about 75% okra mucilage form
their session. They used their okra mucilage to create bio-paper where they compared it
to other recycled papers and reused paper.
According to a Filipino researcher (Gemiliano Aligui, 2006) stated that okra can
lessen cholesterol by binding along with bile acids which in turn carry the toxins which
the body should eradicate. The mucilage facilitates a holding property. The research work
was executed to determine the potential of producing glue and paper form discarded
hides. Intended for the production of glue.
Chapter 3
Research Design
This research study will use quantitative design using experimental approach in
determining if the okra mucilage and glutinous rice mixture is an effective alternative
glue compared to the commercial variant.
Research locale
The experiment will take place in Francia West, Tubao, La Union inside a
sanitized kitchen within one of the residences of the researchers. Where the process of
getting the mucilage, mixing it with the glutinous rice and transforming it to an adhesive
will take place.
Conceptual Paradigm
Materials used
1. Cooking pot
2. Measuring cups 6. Knife
3. Strainer 7. Bowl
4. Stove 1
8. 1 cup of water
2
5. Chopping board
9. 1 cup of sliced okra
10. 1 cup of glutinous
Instrumentation
The researchers will use observation in collecting the data necessary for the study.
They will observe the effectiveness, adhesion time, and how fast the adhesive will
harden.
Data analysis
The researchers will observe the curing time and adhesion time of the commercial
and experimental glue.
The curing time will be observed with a duration of 30 minutes because this is the
stated curing time of the commercial glue, it will be observing every 30 minutes to check
on the binding and the visual state of both the commercial and experimental glue.
The adhesion time will be observed for 7 days, to see if the two groups show
different behaviors during the timespan.
Chapter 4
This chapter contains the presentation, interpretation, analysis, and discusses the
significant information gathered by the researchers though observation and
experimentation, as well as the commercial and experimental glue.
Table 1.1
Table 1.2
Additional Observations
1. The experimental glue will ferment overtime because of the water and glutinous
rice ingredients chemically reacts with one another, producing a scent similar to
that of rice wine.
2. In a sealed container, the experimental glue will have a longer shelf life avoiding
spoilage and molding, while in a non-tight container, the experimental molded
and spoiled overtime.
3. Even after a week, the experimental glue is still able to bind materials together.
4. The consistency and viscosity of the experimental glue is the same with the
commercial glue.
Chapter 5
Summary of findings
1. What is the average adhesion time and the average curing time of the
experimental Okra-glutinous rice adhesive?
- The average curing time of the experimental glue is around 15.6 minutes and
the adhesion lasted days or more
- The curing time and the adhesion of the glue is lower than the experimental
glue by a small margin.
- The curing process of the experimental glue is similar to the process with the
commercial glue, they start of as wet and sticky paste then turns into a pseudo
plastic like material that binds two materials together.
2. What is the average adhesion time and the average curing time of the
Commercial Adhesive?
- The average curing time of the experimental glue is around 15.4 minutes and
the adhesion time lasted 7 days and more
- Although the average curing time and adhesion time of the commercial glue is
slightly better than the experimental glue, there are specific materials where
the experimental glue is better at binding and curing than the commercial glue
and vice versa.
3. Is there any significant difference between the adhesion time and the curing
time of the experimental okra-glutinous rice adhesive and the commercial
adhesive?
- There is no significant difference between the curing time and the adhesion
time of the experimental group and the commercial group. They both present
the same quality and time across multiple materials in average.
- There are specific materials that the experimental and commercial glue is
better than the other and materials that have both the same quality effect.
- In binding plastic, the experimental group is better than the commercial group,
in binding cardboard they have the same curing and adhesion time and in
binding paper, the commercial glue is slightly better than the experimental
glue.
Conclusion
The researchers found that the capabilities of the experimental glutinous rice-okra
mucilage glue are capable to be an alternative glue. This is because of the curing time of
the experimental glue is about the same as the commercia glue, the adhesion time is also
similar. The Experimental glue is also made naturally with no artificial chemicals or
ingredients, making it a safer alternative as well. It is also easy and cheap to reproduce,
and others could take advantage of this through making it as a business.
Recommendations
1. Must research on prolonging the shelf life of the experimental glutinous rice-okra
mucilage glue even more. This is because of its all-natural ingredients; the glue
will easily spoil in open spaces.
2. Must test the adhesion strength of the experimental glue and compare it to the
commercial glue.
3. Must experiment on other base for the glue other than the glutinous rice to avoid
the fermentation process and smell.
4. Must test other natural alternatives other than okra to see if other natural fruits and
vegetables have better adhesion that it.
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
Timetable
DATE EVENT
February 14, 2023 Collecting of Related Literatures
February 19, 2023 1st session of creating the product
February 21, 2023 Restarting the Research paper
February 21, 2023 Re-collecting of Related Literatures
March 5, 2023 2nd Session of creating the product
April 7, 2023 3rd session of creating the product
April 30, 2023 4th session of creating the product and
start of the experiment
April 30 to May 2023 Observation of the Adhesion time of
research
APPENDIX B
Documentation
Day 1
Day 3
Day 4
This was the last session for our research, we will now be
conducting the experiment to determine the curing and adhesion time
of the experimental and commercial glue through observation. We will
be using the glue that we have made from our previous
session to test it out in various materials against
the commercial glue. The materials that we will be
sticking it on will be paper, plastic and cardboard.
Carstairs S.D., et.al., (2017, May) Sticky situations: cyanoacrylate exposures reported to
a poison control system
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317097620_Sticky_situations_cyanoacrylate_e
xposures_reported_to_a_poison_control_system
Dinte E. and Sylvester B. (2017, July 24) Adhesives: Applications and Recent Advances
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/57763
Ameena K., Dilip C., Saraswathi R., Krishnan P.N., Sankar C., Simi S. P., (2010),
Isolation of the mucilages from Hibiscus rosasinensis linn. and Okra (Abelmoschus
esculentus linn.) and studies of the binding effects of the mucilages
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1995764510601307
Tian S., et, al., (2022 January 20) A Degradable-Renewable Ionic Skin Based on Edible
Glutinous Rice Gel
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsami.1c24352
David X., et.al., (2005) Wastepaper and Coir with Okra Mucilage
http://www.investigatoryprojectexample.com/wastepaper-and-coir-with-okra-mucilage/
Snowane G., et.al., (2021) Okra mucilage: potential role in drug delivery
https://www.gyanvihar.org/journals/okra-mucilage-potential-role-in-drug-delivery/
Vitale C., George M., Sheroff A., Hernon C., Boyer E., (2008, July) Tracheal and
bronchial obstruction following cyanoacrylate aspiration in a toddler
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18584370/
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