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i) Bio-climatic design
The task of the designer is to create the best possible indoor climate (it is
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not feasible to regulate out-door conditions)
The challenge for the designer is to strive towards the optimum of total
comfort, defined as “the sensation of complete physical and mental well-
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being.” Posts Posts
ACOUSTICS OF
LARGE SPACE
November 3, 2022
CASE STUDY OF
ACOUSTICS IN
STDUIO
2) Thermal comfort November 3, 2022
2. Clothing
Other factors
1. Living habits
2. Acclimatisation
3. Body shape
4. Subcutaneous fat
5. Age
6. Gender
7. Food
8. Drink
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The body’s heat production
Of all the energy produced in the body, only about 20% is utilized, the
STANDARD DETAIL
remaining 80% is ‘surplus’ heat.
The human body constantly generates excess heat, but at varying rate, INTERIOR DETAIL
100 W at 58.2 W/m2 (ASHRAE 2001). Heavy work is rated up to at 7.0 met.
Regulatory mechanism
Thermal balance exists when external heat gains and heat produced by the
Categories
Cnv= convection (if the air is warmer or cooler than the skin)
Rad= radiation (from the sun, the sky and hot bodies or to night ARCHITECTURE 58 Posts
DESIGN 14 Posts
Vasodilation 11 Posts
FIRE SAFETY RULES
Vasoconstriction
HVAC 25 Posts
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VASTU 10 Posts
Other adjustments
Clothing is one of the dominant factors affecting heat dissipation. A unit has
been advised for level of clothing, named the clo. 1 clo is the insulating
value of a normal business suit, with cotton underwear. The clothing may
range from 0 to more than 3.5 clo.
The various heat exchange processes at the body surface are influenced by
a number of environmental factors; although these environmental factors
3. air movement
4. radiation
Quantifying comfort
Adaptive model
v) Thermal index
Many attempts have been made to integrate the effect of two or more
environmental factors and to express the thermal response in terms of the
integrated parameter. Such a combination of influencing environmental
factors into a single parameter is called ‘Thermal Index’.
There are two nomograms: for people wearing 1 clo clothing (normal scale)
and for people stripped to the waist (basic scale).
ET* is the most common environmental index and has the widest range of
application.
Predicted Mean Vote PMV is based on heat balance equations for the
human body and is an index that predicts the mean vote of a large group of
people on a 7-point thermal sensation scale. This scale reads from -3
(feeling cold) to +3 (feeling hot).
6) Adaptive model
Thermal neutrality for a person is defined as a condition in which he or she
tn = 17.6 + 0.31 . tm
the world within the range 17-31ºC. The neutrality limits given by Auliciems
are : 18 < tn < 28ºC
A study by Nicol and Roaf in Pakistan, the regression equation was found to
be, tn = 17.0 + 0.38 . Tm
The adaptive models are useful to specify building temperatures set points
7) Psychrometric Chart
The Psychrometric Chart provides a graphic representation of the state or
condition of the air at any particular time. The chart relates temperature
along the horizontal scale to moisture content along the vertical scale.
At first glance they can look quite complex, like something only an engineer
could love.
However, they are a critical tool in all forms of bio-climatic design and
i) Psychrometrics
Air in the atmosphere consists mainly of the gases Nitrogen (N2 -78%),
Oxygen (O2-21%), Argon (A- 0.9%) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2 – 0.03%).
The amount of moisture vapour in the air varies quite significantly under
different conditions. When the air is hot it can contain a large amount of
When the temperature of warm air begins to fall, the vapour also cools and,
if cooling continues, will eventually condense into tiny moisture droplets. In
the atmosphere this results in the formation of clouds and eventually rain,
whilst it is more commonly manifest as condensation running down the
outside of a glass of iced water.
The dew point for each temperature in the Psychrometric Chart above is
therefore represented by the inner curved boundary. This is because the air
simply cannot exist at a state above and to the left of this line. If the air is
cooled beyond its dew point, excess vapour is lost as condensation.
The following are the important properties of the air described by the
Psychrometric Chart:
In weather data terms, dry bulb temperature refers to the outdoor air
temperature.
WBT varies with relative humidity – if the relative humidity is low and the
temperature is high, moisture will evaporate very quickly so its cooling effect
will be more significant than if the relative humidity was already high, in
which case the evaporation rate would be much lower.
The difference between the wet bulb and dry bulb temperature therefore
gives a measure of atmospheric humidity.
The saturation point or dew point refers to the maximum amount of moisture
that the air can hold at a given temperature.
Relative humidity (RH) is therefore the ratio between the absolute humidity
of the air in its current state compared to this maximum amount, expressed
as a percentage.
Just as air pressure is directly related to the number of gas molecules per
cubic metre of space, so vapour pressure results from the number of water
vapour molecular per cubic metre.
The greater the moisture vapour content of air, the greater the vapour
pressure.
Thus vapour pressure is linearly related to absolute humidity and runs along
the same axis of the Psychrometric Chart.
molecules vibrate more and take up more space (as per Boyles law). Thus
the specific volume will increase with increasing temperature.
At one standard atmosphere of pressure and 20°C 50% RH, air has a
volume of 0.8402m3/kg. At 30°C 50%RH, the volume will have increased to
0.8774m3/kg.
This is the basis upon which hot air ballons work, filling the enclosed
volume with less dense air than its surroundings.
Enthalpy is basically the energy content of the air and is given as the sum
of both dry bulb temperature (sensible heat) and vaporized moisture content
(latent heat).
Each gram of water vapour represents around 2400 Joules of latent heat
energy, enough to raise 1 kilogram of air (just under 1m3) by around 2.4°C
(2400/1012).
enthalpy scale.
This includes all the major climatic indicators, dry-bulb and wet-bulb
temperatures, relative and absolute humidity, vapour pressure, air volume
and even enthalpy.
8) Climate analysis
A method which can be used at the pre-design analysis stage for assessing the
climate, establishing the thermal control task and selecting the appropriate
passive control techniques. The psychrometric chart is used as the basis and
the term control-potential zone is used to describe the range of outdoor
atmospheric conditions within which indoor comfort could be achieved the
various passive control techniques.
Define the “comfort zone”, i.e., the range of acceptable indoor conditions
Plot the prevailing climatic conditions and compare these with the comfort
Show the control-potential zones, i.e., the range of outdoor conditions within
which indoor comfort can be achieved by various design and constructional
measures (passive controls), such as
Evaporative cooling
Tn = Thermal neutrality
Ys = Saturation moisture content at Tn
T1 = Tp – 2
T2 = Tp + 2
Hv = 2000 Wh/m2
To = 11.3ºC
Hv = 3500 Wh/m2
To = 5.9ºC
Hv = mean daily total irradiation on an equator facing vertical plane for the
coldest month
The ‘mass effect’ is one of the most important passive control strategies. If
there is a storage mass, it can be manipulated according to the climate
needs. In a typical hot-dry climate, with a large diurnal variation, where the
temperature varies over the daily cycle between too high and too cold
(where the day’s mean is within the comfort zone) massive construction
provide the full solution, it may ensure comfortable indoor conditions without
any mechanical cooling (or night heating).
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