Unit 2

Chapter 4 Stair: Telecommunications, the Internet, Intranets, and Extranets

1. Overview of Telecommunication

-Telecommunication

:electronic transmission of signals for communications

:lessens the barrier of time and distance

-Model of telecommunications

1. "where" message orginates

2. sending unit transmits a "signal" to a modem

3. Modem: converts signal into a different form

4. modem sends signal to a "medium"

*Telecommunications medium

: carries electronic signal to support communciations

between sending and receiving device

5. Another modem connected to the receiving unit(6) receives the signal

*Characteristic of telecommunications

a. speed at which info is transmitted bps

2. Channel Bandwidth

:rate at which data is exchanged, usu bps

:the broader the bandwidth, the mroe info can be exchanged at one time
*Broadband communications

: telecom system that can exchange data very quickly

3. Communications Media

-In designing a telecom system, the transmission media selected depends on:

a. amount of info to be exchanged

b. speed at which data should be exchanged

c. level of concern for data privacy

4. Transmission data

-Categories

a. guided transmission media : communciation signals are guided along a solid

medium

b. wireless: communciation signals are broadcast over airwaves as a form of

electromagnetic radiation
5. Others

a. 3G wireless communications : wireless communications supports wireless voice

and broadband speed data communications in a
mobile environment.

: called 3G for third generation of solutions for

wireless voice and data communications

b. 4G wireless communications: 4th gen

: expected to deliver more advanced versions of

enhanced multimedia, smooth streaming video,
universal access, portability across all types of
devices, and eventually, worldwide roaming
capability

c. Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)

:operates like wifi, only over greater distances and at faster transmission
speeds

6. Telecommunications Hardware

a. Modem: translates data from digital form to analog signal that can be transmitted over
telephone lines

b. Fax modem: transmit text, graphs, photographs via standard telephone lines

c. Multiplexer: allows severla telcom signals to be transmitted over a single communications

medium at the same time

d. PBX : manages both voice and data transfer within a building and to outside lines

e. Front-end processor: special purpose computer than manages communications to and

from a computer system serving many people
f. Switch : uses physical device address in each incoming message on the network to det.
which output port it should forward the message to reach another device on the
same network

g. Bridge: connects one LAN to another LAN that uses the same telecom protocol

h. Router: forwards data packets across two or more distinct networks toward their
destinations

6. Networks and Distribtued Processing

-Computer network: consists of communications media, devices and software

needed to connect two or more computer sysems or devices

*Network nodes: what computers and devices on the netowrks are called

-Uses of network:

-share hardware, programs and databases

-transmit and receive info

7.Network Types

a. Personal Area Networks (PAN)

: connects IT devices close to one person

: industry standard is Bluetooth

b. Local Area Network (LAN)

:connects computer systems and devices within a small area

c. Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)

: connects users and their computers in a geographical area that spans a campus
or city

d. Wide Area Networks (WAN)

:connects large grographic regions

:provides communications across national borders which involves

transborder dataflow

8. Processing Alternatives (for when org needs to use two or more computer systems)

a. Centralized : all processing occurs in a single location

 : highest degree of control because a single centrally
managed computer performs all data processing

b. Decentralized : such devices are located at various remote locations

:each device does not communciate with any other processing device

: for companies that have independent operating units

c. Distributed :processing devices are placed at remote locations but are connected
to each other via a network

: benefit - managers can allocate data to the locations that can

process it most efficiently

9. Client/Server systems

-Client/Server Architecture

:multiple computer platforms are dedicated to special functions

*platforms = servers

*server = can be computers of all sizes

= stores application programs and data files

= equipped with operating system software to manage network

activities

:they distributed programs and data to other computers on the

network as they request them

*Application server: holds programs and data files for a particular application

10. Telecommunications Software

*Network Operating System (NOS)

: controls computer systems and devices on a network and allows them to

communicate with each other

:functions like OS