Introduction to ICT

Lecture#14

Department of Computer Science

Prepared by Qurat-ul-ain
DCS
COMSATS Institute of
Information Technology
 Data Communication

 The process of transferring data electronically from one place

to another
 Data van be transferred by using different media
 Data can be text, graphics, and sound etc
 Electromagnetic or light waves are used to transmit data from
one place to another is called signal

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 Basic Elements of Data Communication
The following components are required for successful
communication:
1. Sending device: that send message . It is also called source
or transmitter. Sending device can be a computer, fax
machine or mobile phone etc
2. Receiving device: that receive message. It is also called
sink. The receiving device can be a computer , printer, fax
machine or phone etc
3. Communication device: used to transmit message between
sending and receiving device through communication media.
Two most commonly used communication devices are
modem and network card

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 Cont…
4. Transmission Media: is used to carry message from one
place to another. It is also called communication channel. It
can be a physical or wireless connection
5. Message: Message is the information to be communicated.
The message may consist of text, numbers, pictures audio etc
6. Protocol: A protocol is a set of rules that governs data
communication. It represents an agreement between
communication devices. Devices can not communicate
without protocol

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 Cont…

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 Data Transmission Modes
 The way in which data is transmitted from one place to
another is called data transmission mode.
 It is also called the data communication mode.
 It indicates the direction of flow of information.
 Sometimes, data transmission modes are also referred to as
directional modes.
 There are three data transmission modes.
1. Simplex mode
2. Half-Duplex Mode
3. Full-Duplex Mode

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 Cont…

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 Cont…
1. Simplex mode:
 In simplex mode, data can flow only in one directions
 Examples of simplex communication modes are Radio and T.V
transmissions.
 In computer system, the keyboard, monitor and printer are examples
of simplex devices.
2. Half-Duplex Mode:
 Data can flow in both directions but not at the same time
 It is transmitted one-way at a time
 A device with half-duplex mode can send or receive data but not at
the same time
 Example: Walkie- talkie in which message is sent one at a time and
messages are sent in both the directions.
 Internet surfing
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 Cont…
3. Full-Duplex Mode:
 Data can travel in both directions simultaneously
 It is faster way of data communication
 Time is not wasted in changing the direction of data flow
 Example: Telephone Network in which there is communication
between two persons by a telephone line, using which both can talk
and listen at the same time.

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 Methods of Communication
1. Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS):
 POTS, is a term which describes the voice-grade telephone service
that remains the basic form of residential and small business service
connection to the telephone network in most parts of the world.
 Standard phone line
 Two-way voice communication
 Uses analog transmission techniques
 Data communication is slow
 The system was originally known as the Post Office Telephone
Service or Post Office Telephone System.
 Today the term Plain Old Telephone Service is used, after the services
were removed from the control of national post offices.

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 Modem
 A modem is a hardware device that allows a computer to send
and receive data over a telephone line or a cable or satellite
connection.
 Short for modulator-demodulator.
 Computer information is stored digitally, whereas information
transmitted over telephone lines is transmitted in the form of
analog waves.
 It converts or "modulates" an analog signal from a telephone
or cable wire to a digital signal that a computer can recognize.
Similarly, it converts outgoing digital data from a computer or
other device to an analog signal.
 Speed measured in bits per second (bps)
 Current fastest speed is 56 Kbps
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 Cont…
 Modem uses
 Connection to the Internet
 File transfer
 Uploading

 Downloading

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 Digital Data Connection
1. Broadband:
 This refers to high-speed data transmission in which a
single cable can carry a large amount of data at once.
 Easier and faster to use
 Information can be send and download must quicker then
traditional telephone and modem
 Speed is measured in mega bits per second(Mbps)
 The most common types of Internet broadband
connections are cable modems (which use the same
connection as cable TV) and DSL modems (which use
your existing phone line)

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 Cont…
2. DSL:
 Stands for "Digital Subscriber Line."
 A technology which use the existing transmission
medium(telephone wire) to provide high speed transfer of
information across internet
 Use more of the bandwidth
 Allows simultaneous voice and high-speed data service
such as super fast Internet access over a single pair of
copper telephone line
 Popular with home users
 Speeds range from 100 Kbps to 30 Mbps

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 Cont…
3. Cable Modem:
 A cable modem is a peripheral device used to connect to
the Internet.
 It operates over coax cable TV lines
 Provides high-speed Internet access.
 Since cable modems offer an always-on connection and
fast data transfer rates, they are considered broadband
devices.
 Cable modems provided download and upload speeds of 1
to 3 Mbps
 Popular with home and office users

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