Rs=?, Vz=?

Vout=
 Voltage Regulator using Op Amp and Transistor
A voltage regulator circuit using an op amp, emitter follower transistor, and Zener
diode, provide better load regulation, than a simple Zener diode and resistor alone.
In addition, if you make R1 a variable resistor, then the output voltage could be
varied for a large range of voltages.
For this op amp circuit, we use the operational amplifier as a comparator, and the
two voltage levels that we are comparing are the regulated input reference, and
final output.
We should also remember that we use potential dividers (PD) to get a sample of
the input and output voltages. As you can see, the input side consists of a Zener
diode and resistor, and this arrangement is the same if you were to have a simple
Zener diode regulator circuit. The regulated output from the Zener diode and
resistor network feeds the non-inverting input of the op amp. Engineers usually
call this a reference voltage because it remains the same, even when the input
voltage varies. The Zener diode obviously determines this fixed reference voltage
across it, which we call VZ.
The output voltage from the second PD consisting of R1 and R2 feeds the inverting input of the comparator. This voltage is V2,
which we usually find using the simple PD formula.
The two input voltages subtract as (VZ – V2), and the result value is the output VO from the op amp that drives a power
transistor in emitter-follower configuration. Hence, we can deduce the formula to be the following.
VO = A × (VZ – V2)
In this formula, A is the open loop gain of the operational amplifier, which is usually 100000 for a 741-type device.
The final output voltage VOUT is (VO – 0.7 V). As you can see, it is always 0.7 V less because of the emitter-follower junctions.
 Regulation Scenario
• Let us say that the output voltage VOUT begins to fall because of the loading across it.
• Then V2 across R2 also falls, and then the result of (VZ – V2) increases, and
• VO also increases, making the transistor conduct more, thereby increasing the output voltage.
As you can see, the mechanism of this comparator circuit is such that it tries to make VZ approximately equal to V2 all the time.

Equations and Formula

PD formula showing V2 in terms of R1 and R2.

Since the op amp tries to make V2 and VZ the same by compensating the output, we can write the following expression.
 IC VOLTAGE REGULATORS

Several types of both linear (series and shunt) and switching

regulators are available in integrated circuit (IC) form.

Single IC regulators contain the circuitry for:

(1)reference source,
(2)comparator amplifier,
(3)control device, and;
(4)overload protection.

Generally, the linear regulators are three-terminal devices that

provides either positive or negative output voltages that can be
either fixed or adjustable.
(a)
(b)
 The series 78XX regulators are the three-terminal devices that provide a fixed
Fig. 6.12 (a) Standard configuration of the(a)
series 78XX positive output voltage. (b)
regulator and (b) typical packages
TABLE 6-1: Positive-Voltage Regulators in the 78XX Series.

IC Part Output Voltage (V) Minimum Vi (V)

7805 +5 +7.3
7806 +6 +8.3
7808 +8 +10.5
7810 +10 +12.5
7812 +12 +14.5
7815 +15 +17.7
7818 +18 +21.0
7824 +24 +27.1
The series 79XX regulators are the three-terminal IC regulators that provide a fixed negative output voltage.

This series has the same features and characteristics as the series 78XX regulators except the pin numbers are different.
TABLE 6-2: Negative-Voltage Regulators in the 79XX Series.

IC Part Output Voltage (V) Minimum Vi (V)

7905 -5 -7.3
7906 -6 -8.4
7908 -8 -10.5
7909 -9 -11.5
7912 -12 -14.6
7915 -15 -17.7
7918 -18 -20.8
7924 -24 -27.1
Extra