Course Code: EEE 2104

Course Title: Electronics Lab I

Experiment No: 03
Experiment Name: Design and Study of a Schmitt
Trigger Circuit using 741 op-amp.
Submitted To: Md Shahjalal
Submitted By: Fardin Chowdhury
ID: 221016014
Group: 5

OBJECTIVE: To design and study of a Schmitt Trigger using 741 op-amp.

THEORY: In electronics, a Schmitt trigger is a comparator circuit with hysteresis

implemented by applying positive feedback to the non-inverting input of a comparator or
differential amplifier. It is an active circuit which converts an analog input signal to a digital
output signal. The circuit is named a "trigger" because the output retains its value until the
input changes sufficiently to trigger a change. In the non-inverting configuration, when the
input is higher than a chosen threshold, the output is high. When the input is below a
different (lower) chosen threshold the output is low, and when the input is between the two
levels the output retains its value. This dual threshold action is called hysteresis and implies
that the Schmitt trigger possesses memory and can act as a bistable multivibrator (latch or
flip-flop). There is a close relation between the two kinds of circuits: a Schmitt trigger can be
converted into a latch and a latch can be converted into a Schmitt trigger.
Schmitt trigger (fig- a) devices are typically used in signal conditioning applications to
remove noise from signals used in digital circuits, particularly mechanical contact bounce in
switches. They are also used in closed loop negative feedback configurations to implement
relaxation oscillators, used in function generators and switching power supplies.

APPARATUS:
1. Breadboard
2. IC-741
3. Resistors
4. Two DC Power Supply
5. Signal Generator
6. Oscilloscope
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Build the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Connect Pin 3 with ground and insert bias voltage of +12V with pin 7 and -12V with
pin 4.
3. Supply 1KHz sinusoidal input signal to the inverting input pin of Op-Amp. And
connect Oscilloscope channel 1 with it.
4. 1
5. Calculate the β, V+, UTP, LTP and Duty cycle.

EXPERIMANTAL GRAPH & DATA:

Picture: Yellow (Channel 1), Blue (Channel 2)

CALCULATION:
𝑹𝟐 𝟒𝟕𝒌Ω
𝜷= = = 𝟎. 𝟓
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 𝟒𝟕𝒌Ω + 𝟒𝟕𝒌Ω
Feedback Factor,
𝑽+= 𝜷𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟓 × 𝟏. 𝟔𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟑
𝑼𝑻𝑷 = 𝜷𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕+ = 𝟎. 𝟓 × 𝟏. 𝟑𝟖 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗
𝑳𝑻𝑷 = 𝜷𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕− = 𝟎. 𝟓 × (−𝟏. 𝟑𝟖) = −𝟎. 𝟔𝟗
𝑫𝒖𝒕𝒚 𝑪𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒆𝑶𝒖𝒕 = 𝟓𝟏. 𝟔𝟕%
RESULT:
𝜷 = 𝟎. 𝟓
𝑽+ = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟑
𝑼𝑻𝑷 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝑽
𝑳𝑻𝑷 = −𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝑽

DISCUSSION: In this experiment we had to determine the output signal of Op-Amp, when
input signal is sinusoidal. This type of Op-amp operation is also known as Schmitt trigger
operation. To study such Op-Amp operation, first we build the circuit as shown in Circuit
Diagram. Then we connected the positive terminal of signal generator to the inverting input
of Op-Amp, negative to the ground. We connected oscilloscope channel 1 as same as signal
generator and connected channel 2 with output pin 6. We set the bias voltage at +/-12VDC to
operate Op-Amp. Then we turned “ON” all our equipment to power the circuit. By analyzing
the output signal compared to input signal, we can see when our input sinusoidal signal
Vmax was +/-1.66V. When positive half cycle reaches at 0.69V(UTP), output signal
switches to DC at -1.36V and signal stays at DC until negative half cycle occur. At negative
half cycle reaches at -0.69V(LTP), negative DC signal flip to positive 1.36V and it stays at
positive DC until input sinusoidal signal reaches at 0.69V. By observing such operation, we
learned how to convert a analog signal to a digital signal. And this experiment helped to
understand how Schmitt trigger work.