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STRUCTURE PROGRAMMING SHORT NOTE
NSJ ONLINE ACADEMY 1

Computer Programming
• Computer
– Programmable machine which working under a given set of
instruction
– Program
– Set of instructions that is used to control the computer in processin
data
• Programming Language
– Artificial language that can be used to define a sequence
instructions that can ultimately be processed and executed by t
computer
Generations
First generation (1GL)
• Machine language/ Machine code/ Native code
• Microprocessor can process directly without a previous
transformation

• Second generation (2GL)

• Assembly languages
• Used symbols
• Portable across multiple systems
• Assembler
Creates object code by translating assembly
instruction
•
• Third generation (3GL)
• High Level languages
• 1950-1970
• Use natural language elements
• Fortran
• COBOL
• Algol
• C, C++, C#, Java
• BASIC
• Pascal
•

Translated to machine code

• Compile
• Interpret
Forth generation (4GL)

• Very High-level languages
• 1970s-1990
• Structured features
• OOP
– Clipper
– FoxPro
– WinDev
Fifth generation (5GL)

• Natural languages
• Giving constraints
• Computer solve a given problem
• Used in artificial intelligence
– Prolog
– OPS5
– Mercury

C++ Programming Language

◎ General-purpose programming language
◎ Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup
◎ in 1979
◎ At Bell Labs
◎ Object oriented
Syntax of the C++

C++ Output Anything
C++ Line Break

C++ Comments

C++ Data Types
Variables
Memory location in the computer memory which can store
data and is given a symbolic name for easy reference
Syntax
type variableName = value;

1)int myNum = 15;

cout << myNum;
2)int myNum;
myNum = 15;
cout << myNum;
int myNum = 15; // myNum is 15

myNum = 10; // Now myNum is 10
cout << myNum; // Outputs 10
int myNum = 5; // Integer (whole number without

decimals)
double myFloatNum = 5.99; // Floating point number (with
decimals)
char myLetter = 'D'; // Character
string myText = "Hello"; // String (text)
bool myBoolean = true; // Boolean (true or false)
C++ Identifiers
Names can contain letters, digits and underscores

Names must begin with a letter or an underscore (_)
Name are Case Sensitive
Names cannot contain whitespaces or special characters like !,
#, %, etc.
Reserved words can not be used a name
C++ Constants
const int myNum = 15; // myNum will always be 15

myNum = 10; // error: assignment of read-only variable
'myNum’

C++ User Inputs
Escape Sequency
Algorithms

Step by step procedure for solving a problem
The characteristics of a good algorithm are:

• Precision – the steps are precisely stated(defined).
• Uniqueness – results of each step are uniquely defined and only depend on the input and the result
preceding steps.
• Finiteness – the algorithm stops after a finite number of instructions are executed.
• Input – the algorithm receives input.
• Output – the algorithm produces output.
• Generality – the algorithm applies to a set of inputs.
• iostream.h
Header Files
– Stands for input output stream
– Invoke the commonly used functions like cout,cin
• stdio.h
– Defines three variable types, several macros, and various functions for performing
input and output.
• conio.h
– Invoke the commonly used functions like clrscr ()
Type Conversion
• Implicite conversion - also called type casting

• known as promotion
double a;
int b = 5;
float c = 8.5;
a = b * c;
Explicit conversion known as type-casting
double x = 10.3;
int y;
y = int (x); // functional notation
y = (int) x;

Operators
Arithmatic Operators
Assignment Operators

Relational /Comparison
Operators

Logical Operators
Conditions
If Condition

If Condition Syntax
if(condition)
{
statement(s);
}
else
}
statement(s); NSJ ONLINE ACADEMY 17
✦ int time = 20;
if (time < 18) {
cout << "Good day.";
} else {
cout << "Good evening.";
}
// Outputs "Good evening."
Switch Syntax
switch (int or char variable)
case value:
statements;
break;
case value :
statements;
break;
case value :
statements;
break;
default;
statements;

char Grade='A';
switch (Grade)
{
case 'A':
cout<<"Excellent";
break;
case 'S' :
cout<<"Simple pass";
break;
case 'F' :
cout<<"fail";
break;
default:
cout<<"invalid input";
}
Difference in If and Switch

While
Syntax :
while(condition)
{
statement(s);
}

int i=0;
while(i<10)
{
i++;
cout<<i<<endl;
}
Do While

do
{
statements;
} while (condition);
int i=0;
do
{ i++;
cout<<i<<endl;
}while(i<10);
While in contrast to do…while

For Loop
for (initialization; decision; increment/decrement)

{
statement(s);
}

for (int i=0; i<10; i++)

{
cout<<i<<endl;
}
for (int i=10; i>10; i--)
{
cout<<i<<endl;
}
For Special Patterns –Watch Rapid Revision Video Series

Break
int i=0;
while (i<10)
{
if (i==5)
{
break;
}
cout <<i<<endl;
i++;
}
Continue
int i=0;
while (i<10)
{
if (i==5)
{
continue;
}
cout <<i<<endl;
i++;
C++ Arrays
An array is a series of elements of the same type placed in

contiguous memory locations that can be individually
referenced by adding an index to a unique identifier.
int i=0;
int num[5];
num[0]=11;
int A[5] = {11,2,23,4,15};
num[1]=12;
int B[] = {6,7,8,9,15,12};
num[2]=13;
int c[5]={};
num[3]=14;
num[4]=15;
while(i<5)
{
cout<<num[i]<<endl;
i++; NSJ ONLINE ACADEMY 26
}
char names[]={'N','i','m','a','l'};
Two-Dimensional Array
int i=0;
int sales[3][5];
sales[0][0]=11;
sales[0][1]=12;
sales[0][2]=13;
sales[0][3]=14;
sales[0][4]=15;
sales[1][0]=21;
sales[1][1]=22;
sales[1][2]=23;
sales[1][3]=24;
sales[1][4]=25;
sales[2][0]=31;
sales[2][1]=32;
sales[2][2]=33;
sales[2][3]=34;
sales[2][4]=35;
int i=0,j=0;
int A[4][3] = {{22, 23, 10},{15, 25, 13},{20, 74, 67},{11, 18, 14}};
while(j<3)
{
cout<<A[0][j]<<" ";
j++;
}
Advantages
Same name for similar set of objects
Useful with working in sequence of the same kind of data.
Data accessing is faster
2D arrays are used to represent matrices.
Used to implement other data structures like linked lists, stacks,
queues, trees, graphs
Disadvantages
Sometimes it's not easy to operate with indexes
C environment doesn't have checking mechanism for array
sizes/fixed size

Pointers
string food = "Pizza"; // A food variable of type string
cout << food; // Outputs the value of food (Pizza)

cout << &food; // Outputs the memory address of food
(0x6dfed4)
string food = "Pizza"; // A food variable of type string

string* ptr = &food; // A pointer variable, with the
name ptr, that stores the address of food
// Output the value of food (Pizza)

cout << food << "\n";
// Output the memory address of food (0x6dfed4)

cout << &food << "\n";
// Output the memory address of food with the pointer

(0x6dfed4)
cout << ptr << "\n";
string food = "Pizza"; // Variable declaration

string* ptr = &food; // Pointer declaration
// Reference: Output the memory address of food with the pointer

(0x6dfed4)
cout << ptr << "\n";
// Dereference: Output the value of food with the pointer (Pizza)

cout << *ptr << "\n";
string food = "Pizza";

string* ptr = &food;
// Output the value of food (Pizza)

// Output the memory address of food (0x6dfed4)

cout << &food << "\n";
// Access the memory address of food and output its value

(Pizza)
cout << *ptr << "\n";
// Change the value of the pointer

*ptr = "Hamburger";
// Output the new value of the pointer (Hamburger)

cout << *ptr << "\n";
// Output the new value of the food variable (Hamburger)

Functions


01st System
// Create a function
void myFunction() {
cout << "I just got executed!";
}
int main() {
myFunction(); // call the function
return 0;
}
// Outputs "I just got executed!"

02nd System
void myFunction(string fname) {

cout << fname << " Refsnes\n";
}
int main() {
myFunction("Liam");
myFunction("Jenny");
myFunction("Anja");
return 0;
}
// Liam Refsnes
// Jenny Refsnes
// Anja Refsnes
03rd System
int myFunction() {
return 5 ;
}
int main() {
cout << myFunction();
return 0;
}
// Outputs 5

04th System
int myFunction(int x, int y) {

return x + y;
}
int main() {
cout << myFunction(5, 3);
return 0;
}
// Outputs 8 (5 + 3)
Structures
Structure is a user-defined data type

in C, which is used to store a
collection of different kinds of data.
✦ struct structureName
✦ {
✦ //member
definitions
✦ }; NSJ ONLINE ACADEMY 34
struct Subjects
{
char S_code[20];
char S_name[50];
int Hours;
};

Flow Charts




Pseudo Code

For More Explains Visit NSJ Online Academy and Watch

Structure Programming Rapid Revision Series


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STRUCTURE PROGRAMMING SHORT NOTE

NSJ ONLINE ACADEMY 1

NSJ ONLINE ACADEMY 2

• Second generation (2GL)

NSJ ONLINE ACADEMY 3

Translated to machine code

Forth generation (4GL)

Fifth generation (5GL)

NSJ ONLINE ACADEMY 4

C++ Programming Language

Syntax of the C++

C++ Output Anything

C++ Line Break

NSJ ONLINE ACADEMY 6

NSJ ONLINE ACADEMY 7

C++ Data Types

type variableName = value;

NSJ ONLINE ACADEMY 8

1)int myNum = 15;

int myNum = 15; // myNum is 15

int myNum = 5; // Integer (whole number without

Names can contain letters, digits and underscores

const int myNum = 15; // myNum will always be 15

NSJ ONLINE ACADEMY 10

C++ User Inputs

NSJ ONLINE ACADEMY 11

Step by step procedure for solving a problem

The characteristics of a good algorithm are:

• Implicite conversion - also called type casting

Explicit conversion known as type-casting

NSJ ONLINE ACADEMY 13

NSJ ONLINE ACADEMY 14

NSJ ONLINE ACADEMY 15

NSJ ONLINE ACADEMY 16

NSJ ONLINE ACADEMY 18

Difference in If and Switch

NSJ ONLINE ACADEMY 19

NSJ ONLINE ACADEMY 20

NSJ ONLINE ACADEMY 21

While in contrast to do…while

NSJ ONLINE ACADEMY 22

for (initialization; decision; increment/decrement)

NSJ ONLINE ACADEMY 23

for (int i=0; i<10; i++)

NSJ ONLINE ACADEMY 24

An array is a series of elements of the same type placed in

NSJ ONLINE ACADEMY 28

string food = "Pizza"; // A food variable of type string

cout << food; // Outputs the value of food (Pizza)

string food = "Pizza"; // A food variable of type string

// Output the value of food (Pizza)

// Output the memory address of food (0x6dfed4)

// Output the memory address of food with the pointer

string food = "Pizza"; // Variable declaration

// Reference: Output the memory address of food with the pointer

// Dereference: Output the value of food with the pointer (Pizza)

string food = "Pizza";

// Output the value of food (Pizza)

// Output the memory address of food (0x6dfed4)

// Access the memory address of food and output its value

// Change the value of the pointer

// Output the new value of the pointer (Hamburger)