Programming for Arduino involves writing code in a language similar to C/C++.

The
Arduino programming language is simplified and abstracts many complexities, making
it accessible for beginners. Below is a brief overview of the key concepts and structure
of an Arduino program:

​ Setup Function:
● The setup() function is called once when the Arduino starts. It is used for
initializing variables, setting pin modes (input or output), and any other
setup tasks.
● Example:

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void setup() {

pinMode(13, OUTPUT); // Set digital pin 13 as an output

●
​ Loop Function:
● The loop() function is continuously executed after the setup() function.
It contains the main code that runs in a loop as long as the Arduino is
powered.
● Example:

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void loop() {

digitalWrite(13, HIGH); // Turn on the LED connected to pin 13

delay(1000); // Wait for 1 second

digitalWrite(13, LOW); // Turn off the LED

 delay(1000); // Wait for 1 second

●
​ Functions and Variables:
● You can define your functions and variables outside of setup() and
loop() for better organization.
● Example:

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int ledPin = 13; // Define the LED pin number

void setup() {

pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // Set the LED pin as an output

void loop() {

digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // Turn on the LED

delay(1000); // Wait for 1 second

digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // Turn off the LED

delay(1000); // Wait for 1 second

●
​ Digital and Analog I/O:
 ● digitalRead(), digitalWrite(), analogRead(), and analogWrite()
functions are used for interacting with digital and analog pins.
● Example:

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int sensorPin = A0; // Analog input pin

int sensorValue;

void setup() {

Serial.begin(9600); // Initialize serial communication

void loop() {

sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin); // Read the analog sensor value

Serial.println(sensorValue); // Print the value to the serial monitor

delay(1000); // Wait for 1 second

●
​ Conditional Statements and Loops:
● Use if, else, while, for, etc., for control flow in your program.
● Example:

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void loop() {
 int sensorValue = analogRead(A0);

if (sensorValue > 500) {

digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);

} else {

digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);

delay(1000);

●
​ Libraries:
● Arduino libraries provide pre-written functions that can be easily integrated
into your code. You can include them using the #include directive.
● Example:

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#include <Servo.h>

Servo myServo; // Create a servo object

void setup() {

myServo.attach(9); // Attach the servo to pin 9

}

void loop() {

myServo.write(90); // Move the servo to 90 degrees

delay(1000);

myServo.write(0); // Move the servo to 0 degrees

delay(1000);

This is a basic overview, and Arduino programming can become more complex as you
explore advanced features, use external libraries, and integrate various sensors and
actuators into your projects. Feel free to ask if you have specific questions or if you'd
like examples related to a particular aspect of Arduino programming!