History of Architecture Arch. Kevin EspinaISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE What aia the board exams iho? 1. Memorization is necessary ~ you must remember many facts ‘2. Wide ie Scope — from pre-historic to modem sijes ‘3. Repetitive = questions from previous exams are reused 4. History amounts to only arcund 10% of your tota score ‘QUR METHOD OF STUDYING HISTORY: ‘Totry nt to memorize... bul fo understand History is nota ist of faci... itis @ story that can be roto ‘over and over 5. The Chidian's Atlas of World History 6. The World Ailes of Architecture DEFINITIONS. History of Architecture "iis arecond of mars étfrt ic bull beauty, Itraces the origin, growth and dedine of architectural shies which have provaled lands and ages." ‘Histooc Siyles of Architecture + "The partculor method, the characteristics, mannor of design which pravats ata certain place and ime.” “camate + Retgaus + Soci + Historica Four Groal Consinuctire Principles 4, Post & Linel Construction 2. Arch & Vault Constructon 3. Gorbetor Cantlever Construction 4. Trussed ConstructionPre-historicwisToRY "Diet human ancestors avelved In Alien trom 2.3 milion ‘ywars ago - Homo habils, Homo erectus, home sapions, ‘home sapiens sapiens: fh “+The aueces of tus human race Was legally du 10 the _sovelopment of tls — mada of stone, wood, Bene Pre-historic + Humans spread from Alfiea into Souther Europe, Asia * Cou not sete far north due to the eotd chimata + From Siberia by fat into Noh Armes + From Southeast Asia by boat ino Austeaia + Before 9000 BC, nomadic He of huning & foed gathenng +8900 BC, farming and agreulure wes practiced + Forties an plant food "Animal damestation for work, uk, vo “People waned io oie down, live in communities + First vilages in the Middle East, South America, Central ‘Amora, India and China + Some paople needed nat farm, so they saent time on aiher work - pot-making, metakwarking, art and... aschitecture! No organized region +The ead are treated with respect - burial uals. and ‘mocumentsARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER MATERIALS Animal ss, wooden frames, snimal bones CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM ~ Existing or excavate caves + Megalihie, most evident in Feance, England anid ietand DECORATION * Caves paiings in Africa, France and Spain + Seulpture Pre-historic MENHIR +A single, larga upright monolith + Sorves a reigious purpose + Sometimes arranged in paraitel raws, reaching several miles and consising of thousands of stones, Carnac, FranceDOLMEN + Tomb of tlanding stenes Usually capped With a large Ibori stab ‘CROMLECH “Enclosure formed by huge stanes planted on the ground = 7 Stonefango, Engiond (2800 - 1500 BC) “+ Mest spectacular and impasing of manele monuments * Outer fing, inner ring. imneemost horseshoo-shaped ing ‘wih open end! facing east + Largest stones weigh 48 to. 60 tons, cams tram Wales 200 km away * Stones transported by sea or siver then hauled on land ‘wih sledges andl roles by hundreds af people, raised ‘upright into pts, capped wih intel ‘Gaawine archtpcture- it defines exterior space ~ A solar ebservatary = designed ta: mark the sun's path ‘during sunrise on Midsummer Day Pre-historic ‘TUMULUS oF PASSAGE GRAVE * Damien tom type * Corridor inside loading to an underground chamberPRUAITIVE DWELLINGS. * Most had ene ream + The development of rote complex civiations led to ‘Bese of he io ete nee fron. serra, ‘socialang = In places where na industriel revolution has eccurred to ‘transform bulking methods and increase population ‘Sensity, ouses show Ite cfference from primitive ones ‘Beehive Hut rata ~ cry walled rough stone shelter with carbelled root Wigwam oF Topee * conical ont with wooden poles as framawork + Covered with tush mats and an animal skin Soot Hogan - primitive Indian structure of joined logs Pa EP ONS 3 pace {gto0 « lenuit (Eskimo) house constructed of harcspackod ‘snow blocks bull up saialy ‘Nigerian hut = vet mud walls and roof of palm leaves (coal mudtit - covered with spit reed mets, bul on a reed ‘lato to pravent seftoment Sumatran house » for several frnities, buit of timber and ‘palm leaves, the fenced en underneath Es for livestockwisToRY “Started 98 villages on the Mat land betwsan Tigre and (Euphrates rivers «"Msopotamnia” *Tumed into clysiatzs with populalions of thousands + Each city-state surrounded by a wall and dominated by a large temple * Society of kings. craftsmen, soldiers, farmers, priests + Fought and traded with each other = Sometimes would conquer each other and form an ‘empire Near East Masopotomin Caystaas of U, Babion, Aga, Athur and Damascus + 2354 BC, King Sargon of Agade Formed the Fat major empire + 178286, next by King Hammurabi + fnsttuted laws ta heep ordor “Invention of weting = pictograms or cuneiform neconts on clay tablets Assyrian Based in Ashi, biggest empire under King Ashurtanipat ‘conquered Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine and Eaypt ied ® * Begun by Cyrus the Great torn $88 10 $23.86 + Covered Mesopotamia, Anaiola, Easiorn Modtorranean, ‘Bactria, indus Valley and North Afca * Dass | had ruled by a satrap, who guarded the road, colocie! taxos and eontreling the aerny “Local pagples ware allowed to keep thaw relpions and customs * Capital moved from Suss to Persepolis + Network of roads linking the royal court to other paris of the ampive from Susa in Persia lx Sars in Anailia * Traded raw materials, carpets and spices. + Darius and Xeraes td to conquer Greece + Ended with the defeat of Baris il 10 Alexander the Great (of Macedonia[RELIGION "Eth ally-state worshipped their own god! for protection = Peggle almed lo make peace with their wrathful god Fertile Crescont = Morshlands wih few natural advantages aside from ‘water and sol Import materials the harchyood and metals Also: * Deserts ol the Arablan Peninsula “= Mountains and plateaux trom west io east Near East ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER MATERIALS * Only materials readiy avaiable was clay, sol, reeds, * Bricks made of mud and chopped straw, sun-dried or Iainfrwd * Timber; copper, tn, lead gold, iver npoctod DECORATION * Colossal vengedsbuils guarding chief ports + Rolychrome glazed bricks in blue, while. yellow, green, “ hlueois of decorative Continuous stoneEXAMPLES ZIGGURATS * Refgious buildings bust cet to tomplos * Gn top was a sina lerple aREE g + Two or Three-staged ziggurat romne * Sewenesiaged caguiat during the Assyrian period icrevsTian 3 Near East “Kings ealebiates their vetonas, wacith and power by ‘bubing lange palaces +50 years to bub = People from all over the empire were involved in ts ‘construction | *Varely of architectural vies * parts: aldtence halls. reception halts, sioverooms for Inbutes and vakinbies, riltary quarters, apadana ~ tallest ‘bung, with 36 columns of 20m height DWELLINGS * Known as Megan + Eniranoe at end rather than on the long sides * Portico = colonnaded space forming. an entrance or vestibule, wih a of supported on ane sie by columns + Suited to clmata of Anatokan plateauGEOGRAPHY & CLIMATE "Narrow statch of fartse anc arable land akg the Ni = Beyond riverbanks, barren desert and rugged ifs [prevented attack from invaders “ Maditerangan and Red seas HisTORY Wealthy county despite tha dase - avery year, Nis ‘Would ovaron, leaving the land ferle for growing crops + Nile var wos a trace route * Gold from Nubia inte south + Twa kingdoms, Lower and Upper Exypt, combined ty ‘King Menes in 3100 BC * Many small towns, tut royal cities at Memphis and Thebes +A single kingdom for most of is existonce «united undoe the centralized omnipotent authorty at Pharaohs: * Seon as gots omesing on earth * Sole masters ofthe couniryand its inhabitants * Builders and leaders ‘Inia the design, financing. quarrying and wansparting ‘of materials, aryantzation of labor and eenstuction salt Society. + Divided inte groupe, by order of impertanca: serior sess, offi, noblemen, and amy: carnmanders “hlvat ordinary Egypiians were farmers + Architacs, engineers, theologians, masons, soxlptors, painters laborers, peasons, prisoners * Weaving, glass-making, patiery, metal, jewelry and ‘uriture + Astronomy. mathematics, plosophy, music and writing erature and hisiory writen on papyrus and stone tablets[RELIGION * Cid of many god representing nba: sun, moc, stars, aerate 3 ny “After death, a persons. soul went an t enjoy eternal te in bringoom of the God Osins « Imagined this kingdom as a perfect vorsion of Egypt ‘ Pharaehs wore buted, bringing with them the ings they might nose in the afterifo, aven ving pepe + Wished fora fina burial, embalnment and Kineral ls, a4 a permanent tomb or Tatemal dialing? + Dead body had fo be preserved to house the spit + Remare insides, dry out the body, filed with fnen, ‘masked and bandaged ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTION ‘Altera = Hie and house on earth is temporary, tho tomb permanent ‘ For sustenance and eternal anjoyment.of tha deceased + Rebgian fs the dominant eloment in Egyptian arcitecture MATERIALS + Slene was abundant 6 varity ad quantity “Used for manuments and religous buldings = Duratily of stone is why morumrants sill dst this day ‘= Othar materials, metals and timber were imported “Mug bricks: for houses. palaces (roads. papyrus, palm branch ribs, plastered over with clay) ROOF & OPENINGS + Roof was not an important consideration + Flat roofs sufficed to cover and exclude heat No windows + Spaces ware lt by shylighs, roof sits, cerestovies + Balter wall - diminishing in width towards the top for stability ‘Thickness: 8 ta 24m at temples + Unbroken massive walls, uninterugied space for heroaiyphics DECORATIONS: + Mogidings. such 8 “gorge” or “tollaw and rol” was, Inspired by reeds+ Herogiphies were petrtrepresentasons of rigor, | Common omaments watery ana dd Me * Derived from the practice of scratching pictures on mud i pasion walls + Common capitals used wore the lotus: papyrus, palm which echoed. indigenous Egyptian plants. and were Symbots of ferity 2s well "The shaft repeesented bunale of stems oe \ ek reeaaee sale es “Avenue of sphines: tows af monsters (bay of Kan, head ‘@fman, haw, ram) leading to monumentsEXAMPLES MASTABAS + Reciangular flat-topped funerary sound, with battered ‘ide, covering @ burial chamber below ground + Frsttype of Egyption tombs * Developed from small and incoaspicuous ta huge an imposing Pans: * Stalaly With 2 cones: ons for nual, sptond wae 8 fale ‘door or apis Gakurnn Hall tering Chapel * Serdab (contains sialue of laceased) * Offering room with Stelae (stone with name of deceased ‘nscried) * Offering table * Sarcophagus — Egyptian cotta, Egyptian ‘ rmasslve funaary strstire of stone ae ic Came in complexes: + Otlering chogel (narth or eastside) + Mortuary chapel “Raised and enclosed causeway loading to west + Valley uiling for embalmment and internment sites + Imynense-use of labor and matesis, builtin layers, tke stepsStop Pyramid of Zosor. Sagara “Werk fast large-seate monumant in stone * Dasignad by Imnotap Pyramids at Gizen ‘Mest magnificent of pyramiss + Equiltera! sides face cardinal ports “Forms worksfamous busing graup = Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu) += Pyramid cl Chophwen (Khatra or Khare ‘= Pyramad of blykerinas (Mankaura) + The Great Sohinx shows King Chepren a5 a marion protecting his countryROCK-CUT oF ROCK-HEWN TOMBS “aul along hills + For nobly, oat royalty TEMPLES. MORTUARY TEMPLES + worshipin honor of pharacins CULT TEMPLES Templo of hone + Typical temple: pons, coum. Hypestye hall, sanctuary, chapels all enclosed by high gale wall + Averue of epinxes and obelisk fronting pylonsGreat Tempio of Ammon, Kamak, Thobes * Grandest temple ant the work of many kings a Great Templo of Abu-Simboy + Example of rack-cul tempo + Constructed by Ramasas It + Entianen forecourt leads to imposing pylon with roche cul colossal stalues of Rameses siting over 20 m high ques” anni ‘Tempe of Hatshepsue, Deir obitPYLONS + manumahtal gateway ts the temple eansisting of eating ‘walls flanking the erirarce portal Teinole of lis, Phila ‘OBELISKS * upeght stone squire in phan. with an etectrum-cappedt ‘pyramidion on top “sacred symbol of sun-god Heliopolis + usually came in pais fronting temple entrances * hoigh! of nine ee ten tims the diarvoter ath base “Hout ides featuve Niroghphies belt Piazza of S, Giovsnnt originally from Temple of Arimon, Karnak Egyptian DWELLINGS: * Mada of nude beck + One oF te sloray high + Flat roo! deck paris: * Reception sue on north side - central hal or ving room vith high celing and cherastory * Service quarters Private quarters FORTRESSES * hlgsty found on west bank of Nila or on islands + Cines communications wit ether fertreseos Fortes of Buhan + Hoodquarlirs & largest fotiied tobe nar Nubia ‘From hare they coud trade and invade ans 0 the south-Aagean Period (Minoan) ‘ Ghkeations on Grete and Greek mainland from 4900 to 1100 8 © The fist great commercial and naval power in the (Mediterranean, founded on trade with the whole aasiem ‘Soaboaré: Asia Minor, Cyprus. Syria, Palestine, Egypt and |Ujya. even South taly and Sicay onthe west * Trade and communiaatons produced a unity of culture and eeonomie stabilty “Knossos was the largest cy, hd s magnificent palace ‘Mycenoean ar Wotadie (1550 to #100 86) + Continuation of Cretan iieas end crattemanship on ‘mainland Groce = Wealth due to their contol of metal trading. betmeen Europe and Middle East Helienic Pero (600 to $23 BC) + City-stots developed on the plains between mounisins = Sparta and Alhons were most important +The “pols” emerged ss tha tasis of Greek society ‘Each had its ovin lat. government and laws + Federal unity existed between cityatates due to ‘common tanguage, customs, region + Several difforont forms of goverment: Olgarehic, Tyrannie, Democratic + Under Poreles (44 BO to 429 BC), pewk OF Athoninn developments in art lawmaking, philosophy and science: *Philosaphers ~ Socrates, Plato, Aristotle + Among best Soldiers In tha snesant wert — Hapite Army tome sptates ivanons by One and Maries of ia * Alexander the: Great of Macadonia conquered Persia, ‘Asia Winer, Egy. Syria, Alghanision * Grok language and culture reached an enormous area Henlanstc Period (323 to 30 Be) + HoBenisc Empire established. Greek civitzation ‘extendedGEOLOGY & CLIMATE + On the mainland, rugged meuntking made ‘communication dill = Mouniaing. separaied inhabilants into groups, clans, states + archipelago and islands: sea was the inevitable means of ‘ade and communcations + Between rigorous cold and relaxing heat * Clear atmosphere and intense ight ~ conducive to ‘reating peacisa and exact foo Judicial actiies, dramatic presentations, pubic ‘ceremonies took placa inthe opan ait Angean retgion + Primitwe stage of nature worship. + Praslessas conducted rabgious mes, aaered games, ‘tual dances, worship on sacrificial share ‘Greek retigion: “A.highly developed form of nature worship. ~ Gade a8 poronication of natural semen, or did * Gods. could iiuance events in the human works + Greeks sought advice fram oracles ~ oracle st Delph Aegean ‘Rough and massive Hotionic * Most fetaious atchiveckire “carpentry in marble” + tmber forms imitated in stone with remarkable exaciness Hoonietic ‘Not religious in eharaeter, ul ete —for me people + Provided inspiration for Roman bukding types * Dignifiad and gracious strectures + Symmauieal, rcerly CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM Calumnar and tabeatad + Root tness. appeaad, enabling lage spaces to be unhindered by columns MATERIALS “Timber and tena coma + StoneEXAMPLES HOUSES: ‘On islands: + Fai roofing + Drawn togetner in blocks + Twa to four storeys high + Light admited thraugh tight welts ‘On mainiane: * Single-storayed house with deep plan * Caturmmod entrance porch with central doorway: * Living apartment proper with sloeping reom bahind ChoMEse 8 nea muna = < TOMBS: *rocteeult oF chamber tombs -tholos' tomb» Treasury of Arous, Mycenaa PALACES Palace af King Minas, Keassos Palace at Tyrins Lion Gote, MyceneeTEMPLES. * Chiat building type + Eafes! ones resembled megoran in fume (pan aod construction * Number of columns al enieance: 1 column ~hemasive 2cokimns —distylo = Sa ce Sparen ee thatnaleepso pm opts yon ronan‘MOULOINGS + Arehtacturel Seviees. whieh With Aight aed shade, produce defniton to 2 buling * Gould be refined and delicate it ‘contour. due to fineness of marble ‘ond the clay of etmosphere anc ight eva neue can evens ‘Cyma Recta FILLET ‘ebserri wong yma Reversa"+ Cartin refinements used to eoreet optical itussans: “+ Hovizesal ines but convex to corset 58999 * Vertical Features inlined inwards to correct appearance (METHODS OF NATURAL LIGHTING. no widows * elarestory ~ situated batwean root and upper portion of ‘wall *-styght- made of thin, translucent marble “tomple door, ovanted towards the east + Shaft, Capt, ane Hariasniat antabiature (erahirave, Inez0, comice) + Qiiginaly, Doric and lorie, named ater the two main tanches of Grock race “Then there evotved Gorinthian. a purely decorate order PEW tDORIC ORDER * Without base, dredty on eaplaoms + Helght (including capital) of 40 6 ‘mes the diameter of the base * Shalt diminishes at lop from 314 to ‘2 of base diameter * Divided into 20 shallow tutes ‘separated by anise + Doric capitals had two parts = the ‘square abacus above and circular ‘bulbous echinus below Dorie entabantur: * Hojght i and 24 tines the lower samstor magn 9 main visions + Architrave, principal beam af 2 oF 3 ‘labs in depth * FriezeTONIC ORDER * Volite ar eerll capital (saevea! from Egyptian lolus and Aegean =) Fonte colar: * Mone slender than Doric + Needed a base to spreadload + Height was ® times the: base ‘eameter lonie-entabiature: * Height ws 2 and 14 times the ‘Saenblar of colarTceeteg ria Dpoteemae insist, an seat aermmer ese cane Ciaapitoma tee ‘aden saaionanes paces von Roth oe ommaet stone (Ccigeomsaadeessnnceminer ~ tices Sa Ranson, panrciecr reenter ‘roy nao ade Fotertecter net sence dered eee ences Ar lobnoe nomen tore Stree mop otiae operas erasers 9a SreeTEMENOS: + Endasuee digeated as a anced land + Entire groups of buings laid out symmabically and ‘ordery Asropale at Pergomen The Aeropats, Athans 10 srvatres for a wore fomoos bung group + Bropyioas + Pisecotheca * Siaive of Athena Promachas + Erocthelon “ Parhenon “Tempe of Nike Apteras + Qld Tomple of Ainena “Sioa of €umeses = Theater of Dionysus * Odeon of Herodes Atnous PRYTANEION, BOULEUTERION, or ASSEMBLY HALLRoman emoye i118 1D eer Eee Timon wisToRY “Many ciy-statos on the ttkan peninsula + From 800 -200 BC, among all cties i Maly, Rarve ‘became the mest ower + 344 — B64 BC, Rome conquered all of ttaly and ‘establahed one ofthe strangest empires in history + Was cetralt-located of the northem Mediterranean * Nat a'seataring peorte * Dapended on conquest by land to extend thelr power “Fought with Carthage in North Arica for control of the Mediterranean ‘Hannibal led te Conhogininn army and i 38 elophants _3e1086 the Alps into Raese 2 periods Etvscan or Etnisesin (750 BC to 14580) Roman (148 BC to 965 AD) Developed constubonal rapuie «Farmers & solders, concerned with eficioncy and justice + For S00 years Rome was ruled by elected leaders called consuls In 27 BC. Augustus crowned himself Emperor with total poner * Succession of miliary ciciatorshios of which Julus (Cage's wes most famous, + Empite reached ms greatest size in 114 AD under Empofor Trajan - 4000km widla and 60 milion Inhabitants * Used salual fonkits such a8 mounlain ranges ond ‘vers 0 dali thei empie * Otherwise they built fried wells, such ae Hadrian's Wal in England + Pravincas run by govornors * Latin was the offal language + Applied roman system of laws “Was the intermediary in spreading art and civitzaton in Europe, West Asia and Non AiicaRELIGION “ Polynesti, sovert cults + Roman myfholopy slowly derived stitutes for those of Genok god GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY and CLIMATE * taan peninsula: Gertral and commanding pasition on “= Temperaisin the norty * Sunny in contra Hay “Almost topical in south ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTION + Etnvesans Were great bulsors * Large-scale undartakings, lke city malls and sewers = Drei iocaon caning tren ad les by wig “Romans had great constructive abity = Complex. of several stories = Utitarian, practical, econamic use of materials MATERIALS * Stone: tufa, paperin, trevertine, lea stone. sand. gravel “Marble, most tite ‘Imported marble from all parts of the Empire to svar Tibet ‘Earth for trea cota ane bricks * Etnuscans inirduced the use of concrete (900 AD to 400 ADI: * Slone or brick rubble with pozzolana, a thick voleane ‘earth material as mortar “Used for walls, vauts, domes * Concrete allowed Ramans to bubi vaults of a magnitude ‘never equated uni 19 century steel. construction Roman covuMns, + Orders of architecture, used by Gretks constructively, were used by Romans as decotalive featues mtich could bbe omitted Tuscan Order + Simplified version of Doric order + About T diameters high + With. base, unfuied shat, moulded capital, plain entablature Composite Orior ‘Evolved in 100 AD. combining prominent volutes of lane with seanthus of Corin “het secoraive.‘CONSTRUCTION S¥STEM “Adopted eshumnar and wabsates style of Greeks “Arch and vault system started ty Eluseans - combined ‘vs of cohumn, bear and arch (oreuated) Were able io caver large spaces without the ald of intermediate suppor rasnenss one be oer ferro‘TYPES OF VAULTS. Wegon! Barret’ Tunnet Vaust: + Sommcteular oF wagon-headed, Borne on two pala ‘walls troughout is length Wagon Vault with intersecting Vault Crmss Vat: + Forma by tho ntreaeton of two somv-cieutar vas of ‘sua! span - uses over square sparse of Bays Hecnispherical Ooore/ Cupola: “Used over circular structures DECORATION ‘Thousand of ema stones or glass ties set in mortar to {orm a pater + Showed pietures of ramen He + Opus Incertum = sina stones, loose paler resembling polygonal wating * Opus: Guadratum - rectangular blocks, with oe without ‘moras joss * Opus Reticulatum = nettke fect, with ine joints running agonalty‘Maisoo Comoe, Ninos FoRuM + Roman lies were wellplanned with straight streets crossing ne toym in a ged eaiars ‘inthe toven contar was an open space called the forum + Surrounded by a hall, effin, iw courte and shopsTHERMAE + Romans ted to keep clean and ft + Bull elaborate pube baths throughout the empire + For-as many 28 30 man and women the open Parte of the tharmae * Agoda ~ grossing ream + Lncgeveum feudsorum) - sweat roe, rubbing With al INSULAE + Sor 4- storey fonement ype buildings + Prototype forthe modem condominium Tony, ieace + Giadators wained 10 fig each other at orpankted NEAR EAST conta “ FoyrTI 3) For ne-entenanmentot ne taansaenple i ‘THEATERS and AMPHITHEATERS The Golossecrn, Rome Roman TRIUMPHAL ARCHES ‘Areh of Septimus Saveris, The Farum, Resne AQUEOUCTS: * Gantied water in pipes from the courity tothe beart ofthe sity ont du Gard, tines, France Segovia ‘Spainsace rest ‘ear EatwMisToRY ‘in 63 BC, the Romans conquored Judes In the Eastom Medierancan “= Main inhabitants were the Jews + Jews toleved that ane day the “Mastiah’ or “Christ” ‘would free them fron the Romans. * In-27 AD, Jesus began preaching to poopie in Gatto, ‘not of Judea ‘flay three years, he was arrested by the Jews and found ‘guilty of attending thar god "Ha was nailed to 2 cross and died a painful death + Ho appeared to his @cciples aftr his rocurraction from the das + Bobet teal Jesus was the Chis and the Son ef God - CCrvetnay was Baen + Disciples spread sts of Jesus’ Me ahd teaching by word of mouth and by writen account i ého. aw testament Moved Wom Judea 10 Anlioch in Syria and inio te ‘Normam Medtemsnsan “Founded new cammuniias along the way + Carried by St. Peter, St, Paul and olhertnisionares to Rome, the center of the Empire and fountainhead of rower and inuence + Emperos Nero ordered Christians 1d be fed to wld teas cor bummed to éeatn * Despite this. n ath century Rome, Christianity grew + Im 312 AD. Constantine, a convertad Christian, named it the offletalreigian ofthe Raman empire ‘By 600 AD, most roman vilagos had teas own churches, govemed by a bishop S'Parens based in Jerusalem, Alaxandia, Antioch, Constantinople and Romo GEOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY + Ruins of Roman buikings eedved 2s quarries from which materials were obtainedARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTION += Highlynfluenced by Roman an and architectare = This archvieciure hardly has the arcistectural value of a styl, simply because it was newer really podiucod by tho ‘solulon of constructive problems. |ROOF and GEILING + Further development of trusses - king and queen post russes \BASILICAN CHURCHES: “Roman basiiess as moss * Usually erected over Ove bua plac of fe sain to Whom was dacheated * Unlike Greek and Roman temples which shelled gods, the puepoes of the Chisian church wos 10 aha * Came in 6 coitisiex. with cathedral, betiry or camparile, ‘and bectstery + Fina sculptures and mosaics worked into new basics + Paid ite regard to extemal archiectural effect ‘Entrance at wost + Prist stood behind altar, acing east | = * « o# = si iea eee pen rotor se aetna . ‘estctenorensentot ne ty eit a Saretretty strato + wie oalpoionatioae ha Fiebre jomtie nt cared Banstinj ean ‘Pore nr ow eS es dnereratr ine bed tem hector tens Acrmatraopersgice py Bren bors sues taremate aps tar rseoe ‘comin inom faucet ese woe ee stented setry en era pce at wt att ti stances Soccer Souls ee, sie Teta Record nat of attemerditer cantons etn onan estas eth Wh terme yom, Ces Last ayer neta a Repttpilorcetatpaely setcommeton tate cherindey on Be ald hetotecliresoid Agron sane marie artic | Scemrenmmemamers! oe femeeirereeer wok. ro Ant teecntetasevoon Metin ecsopmaten eek 4 ir ~ 1 Supieotiomnsee Fon et tne s 3 ie ‘nie ie > Miata er Poeamanans eer metionn sarcomas + ser lalreatae nrmas nat Ian ovaacies Me ayia ieee beisapatcrpoon | Z ne tarewntes tat ee era Ne bpttey ties orSt Poter's, Romo Emcted by Constantine near the site of St. Patees in s = The Circus of Neco was tor down bo erect t s Hh Es\BAPTISTERIES “Used only for aseramant of baptism, on festivals of ‘Easlar, Ponlacast and Epiphany = Large seperate building from church, sometimes adjoined atium ‘TOMBS or CATACOMBS * Clvistians ebjactod to cremation, insisted on buat on ‘consecrated * Land! for bursts had Become scarey and expansive ‘+ Monumental tombs became axpressions of faith in enact * Gamelatles or catacombs ware excavated below ground + Several strins-eatonding downwards * Usually damed and enriched with lavish mosaic ‘socoratons. * Walls and colings were lavishly decorated with paintings ‘mining pagan symbolism with scenes from tha biblewisToRY * Fao bsibarie mbes euch as the Gothe and Vandals attacked fom ovksde the denpire “ In 285 ~ 293 AD, the empire had spl inio two ~ an Easier and Western amnpire * Gonsiantine, a converted Christian, changed the capital ‘ofthe Empire from Rome to Constantinople in 380 AB = The wesiein empire based in Rome finally collapsed in 476 AD * Eastern empee lasted another thousand years and was known as the Byzantine eripo * Constantinople siood on the site of an old Greok town ‘alles Byzanbum (presan-aay tab) ‘Known 3s tha “new Rare’, most commanding positon ‘and most valuable part of eastom Raman empira * Bulwark of Chiationaty during the Miele Ags Byzantine + Strongly Christian people - founded many monasteries and enurehes * Corwarted the Russians and Eastern Europeans. to ‘Christianity = this form of Chvistanty survives today a9 the + Under Ertiperor Justinian, regained control of lost lands of the Wastern Roman Empire, such as Northwest Altice ttaly.and Spon + Allacks: (tom ‘Stav Garbarians end Bulpars from te ‘northwest were constant being repelled ‘Persians, Arabs ond Rtuslins from east ‘Normans 2d Venetians + Onoman Turks captured the eily in 1453 and kilos ‘Constantine X! the ist emperor GEOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY = Where Asia and Ewopa mest, separated by a acraw ip of water 2M ond cite eiacund by erga Grok + Infuence reached Gioece, Serbia, Russia, Asia Minor. Nort Africa further west * Also Ravenna, Perigauic and Venice, through tradeARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTION += Fel bukings constructed were churches + Dumped Eary Christian style lor new strhial Byzantine style * Byzantine is sti official syle for Orthodox church atinetion: * Balle pan - Early Chistieny "Domed, contraized plan - Byzantine CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM {Lune of eae cousin sn desde! eterna a + Domes. of variaus types placed over square ‘compartments using pendantives = Sembcrcular arches rest directly on cokimns, wih ‘capitals able fo sunpon springing of arches Byzantine vomes + Tha dome was the prevaling matt of Ayzantine architecture * Practice of vsing domes contrasts with Early Chrition timber tus system types of dome: Spe - Pénaeinives aid domes ae of samo aphire Compound + Dome of separate sphere, riees independently over ‘Sphere af pensantives or doma raed.en high drum ‘Special designs: melon, serrated, onion of bulbous shapeS. Sophia, Constantinopio * Hagia Sophia “vine or holy vistiom” “Bult by Justinian, dasignad by Anthemius of Tales and legorus of hiletue < Roan on to we of @aeeeeh Bonen eine of “= Mott Important church in Consiantegple + Perfection of Byzantine sive + Liter converted inta'a mosque Byzantine 5 has, vores On the ste af original Balan ehureh + An exterior qualty all is erm: blending of features from ‘many foreign Hands + Sis behind tha Piazza af San Marco, vast marble-paved ‘open space serves as atium to-church + Gitienng.resptenient fagado + Eaterior enriched by fine antrance portais, mosaic and ‘marble decorations.wisToRY * The Roman Empire was halved into East and West + Those culside the Empine were called “barbarians” - ‘German tribes such as the Fronks, Saxons, Vandels, ‘Goths; Asian tnibes such as the Huns “4 canhury, Huns invaded Europe forcing the Goths and ‘Vandals to seek shelta inside the Roman Empice + Rome aged to Jat them stay in exchange for hotp against the Huns “ In.410 AD, Alnrc the Goth soizod Rome, soted in Spain * Ostiogoths hel much Italy, Vandals moved across ‘Europe into Atriea ‘ABB — 507, Clovis, King of the Franks, conquatad Gaul ‘but was overthrow by the Carodagian in 751 AD * Franks, Visigatss ane Burgunans ruled Gault “Angles, Saxons. and Jutes occupied Bain + The deeine of ta Roman Empire Jed to the rise of Independent states and nations seross Europ “Maal slates stil had ecclesiastical and poltical bes to Rome + This wént on fi three centuries, fron B00 fo 200 AD + Charemagne, a Frankish Carolingian king, was tbarkarian Europe's most elective ruler “In 800 AD, he was crowned Emperor by Pape Leo il - + esiablished tha Holy Roman Emp, iried to be as grand ‘asthe Roman and Byzantine estperors before hin * Bult his palace in Aachen, based on Byzantine palace and chapel in Constantine * Conquered parts of Germiany, Austria, tsly ane Spain ‘Art an evtzation was restored aver Europe ‘There was a new religious enthusiasm: | Tho crusades wore conducted agains! Musims ‘Papacy rose to great power + Great monaste foundations + Christianity was source of education, cultwe, ond economy + In B14 AD, Chatlemagne's empire began to break up ‘spliting into 3 kingdoms * Vixings. ftom Norway. Danmark and Sredan began ‘tacking Britain, France, Ireland, Russia and North ‘America. only stopping by 1000 ARELIGION + Risa of ta religious cresers + Science, letlers, art and culture ware the monopoly of ‘ordors * Gave impulse to architecture; fostered art and laaering ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTION * Religious fervor expressed in + A, cathoorats and monastic bulsings + architecture spread throughout Europe but gavemed by ‘lassieal trations ~ "Romanesque * Ruins of classical bulings - classical precedent was ‘used only ¥ sul the fagments of ok cinameits Used in naw bulangs EXAMPLES Ht AVA fT “* Rib and Panal vauting - framework of ribs support thin ‘stone panels BAPTISTERIES “ Large, Separate buldings usally detagonat in plan bod ‘connacted lo the cathedral by the aium = Used 3 times a year: Easter, Pentecost, Eriohany \CAMPANILES + Straight towers shafts. goneralystanaing alone ‘Served as chke manuments, symbols of power, wach ‘towers Romanesque NORTHERN ITALY Mian, Venice, Ravenna, Pavia, Verona, Gano - cities competed to construct glorious buldings = Links la Northern Europe (Unaugh alpine passes) ond ‘Constarinople (through Venice and Ravenna) + Omamental srcaces a over forade. + Wheel window * Gontal projecting porch, with columns on roughiy-carveds rotasque figures of men and beasts (shows Northern ‘European ifivenca) 8 Amorogo, stan S Zeno Maggiore, Vorona S Fedele, Camo S Michole, Pavie‘SOUTHERN ITALY * Underwent Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Mustim and ‘Norman rua + Richer in dasigh and colar + Elaborate whoo! windows ~ mado of sheets of plerood marble * Greater varity in conn end capitals + Elaborate bronze doors and bronze pilasters + Byzantine iniuence: mosaic decorations, 0 vauits, used ‘somes * Muslim iluance: use of striped marklas, silled pointed _arches. colar. geometric designs as predominant interior Gofal Catearat, Sicty Romanesque CENTRAL ITALY. ‘Rome, Florence, Naples, Pisa — cles’ rah in pagan influonce Eig het cori beh ne Holy La ee th * Groat stone and mineral wealth, brillant mosphere ‘Forms one of most famous bulfing groups in the word = Cathedral, Boptistery, Campanile, ana Campo Santo + Roseribles other early Basibean churehes in plan + Exton of red and white marble bands Baptistery + 99,9 m creat pln by DOH Sil Camparila oka The “Leaving Tower of Pisa” + Bstoceys, 18m in dlameter Duo to faire af foundatans, overhangs 4 2:mFRANCE * Remsis of al! bulings were fess atundan — they had ‘greater Freedom of developing naw style * Ribeyauls and sem+circular or poinied arches over the ‘nave and aisles * Timber-ramed roofs of slate finish and sieap slope to throw of snow S. Madeleine. Vezoloy. * Eatlest pointed cross-vaut in France Abbey of St. Denis, near Pans: * Among the frst instances of using the pointed arch * Ribbed vault, pointed arch and Tying buttresses ‘suecestully.combinad Romanesque (CENTRAL EUROPE Worms Cathoda \ ‘Easier and wostem apses and ectagors 5 } + Beckeular towers fark each + Osingon of crossing, wih pointed root ‘SPAIN * Use of both Balan and Geoek-crass forms + Use of horsashoe arch Santiago oe Camastota * Finest achlevarent of Romanesque in SpainENGLAND $3 Foundations: * Cid Toundation - served by secular ergy + Monastic foundalion~ served by regular chery or monks + Naw foundation - to which bishops had been appointed + Fine Norman iterioe = Original timber ceiling over nave Outen Carheoras + Rib.and panal vaulting wih poled arches FORTIFICATIONS & TOWN WALLS ~ AM over Europe - 1800 castles in England in 12th ceotuties th andp itecture_wisToRY “+12 — 13th eonturies: Holy Roman Empire eas reduced othe area of Germany + Only 3 great kingdoms were left France, England and ‘Cassia in Spain = Prosperous years in terms of agriculture ~ warm weather and invention of the wari. and wataeamalmereased the ‘amount of food produced * Most Europeans ware Catholics “Church under the Rope brought Christians together * Entre Chigtanity was united against Mtustens “The rulers, the chufch and townepaople spent wealth on ‘building more castles, esthedats and monasteries * Towns competed with each othor to produce tha boct aeereette + Some 4000 new towns were built to accommodate the ‘sing population Towns became centers of trade ~ Paris, Milan, Florence Venice, Naples ‘ Néxtura of tans uted by nobles ‘+ Feurtl syeiam - lanores rue wih tyranny? “There was reatazeness among the paaple + Towns became cromded and drly-daesse mas ole + Block Death struck Europe ftom 1347 to 1051 and killed half the population = speaad by rats and fle, could kil a ‘person within 3 days ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER - DESCRIPTION *Gothio sa term used in proach to this sive ‘departure from classic ines on be identified by the general use of pointed arch Also called "Madiaval Architecture”FRANCE “in French, "Uarchtaatura Ogivale” Primaie (12th Contory AD) + Also called "a lancettes" + Distinguished by pointed arches and ‘geometric racened windows Secondaie (13th Gontury AO! * Also called "Rayonnant™ * Characterized by circular windows ‘wih meet tracery Toitiare (1408 Yo 160h Contury AD) + Alga called Flamt + Flamve-ike windows tracery: oF free ewig Wacery Features: + Use of pointed arch fo cover sectangular bays * Use of fying buttresses weighied by pinactes * Tal thin colurins = “stretching up as io neaven™ + Walls released from load-bearing function * Invention of colored, stained glass ‘wings 19 adoen venoms + Tracey windows provided a ramawork for Bible storie to be tak npletares * Cathedrals as a Kbrary for iterate omspoopla ~ Bibteal stories were ‘old wah stained-glass and statuaryChartres Cathar! Notre Dame: Paris + Onw of tho oldest French eathadrals * Begun by Bishep Maurice da Sy (Chet ana French = Central whol window + Fogatio fealures decessive ois of chs wih states Kings Other cathedrals Boauvais Cathedral ‘Laon Cathedrat ‘Soissons Cathedra!Hl iil re ‘CASTLES + Bult en maunds above tivers + Thick walls and sll windows to rows attack + Mary mere adapted to make convenient residences in later periods Carmassono * builtin 13th Contry AO “double wall, inner one mace in 600 AD + 50 towers and moat * two. galoways guarded by machlcolaions, drawbritoe and portulis ep ‘ha lamestandserpst ecto tome davebee! . reel paar facie fp ntiese! ge salad tetra vince Foner FEoemwavcessectne at Woes ase tus lanl aermgsg tires ona ote ten scare wiley we (cypentecunsers ‘sscnte er (ealarsoioryteroater | ie emcee lermdtarctenicite reoiny Nasal mee castie Klorifed pope hea ety emg ren ct aly pices scl tes loaded ‘eres ea commanding petn Siroey, wasmscotet (samt ed aes tet or seme vad ‘rcergace nih rises eisai babi Avgcenotontasppesh te eae (toe ep asaichcwer i ie trig Rea bata mente Ntecbad wong» esse ote tas mod— Gothic Menuet en ieaeammamemaee ‘ein nemeron Haonet wn SOON sete as a ‘rani , emmasuipoi creemrme, | ode | See Let Asse Br eaerem: jn amatot Seo, eterna eens yet Socsaperen penaENGLAND NORMAN (1088 fa 1154 AD) + Inehades. the ising of most of major Romanesque ‘churches and casilas TRANSITIONAL (1154 #01188 AD) + Poinied arches in Romanesque stuchites EARLY ENGLISH (1189 to 1307 AD) + Equivaient to High Gothic in France * Also called "Lancer" or “Firat Pointed" sie, trom 100g ‘narrow pointed wandaws. DECORATED (1307 to 1377 AD) * Window tracery is “Geometries?” in form, and ster, Nowvig tacery pallens and curvinear surface patoen “AMG eilad “Second Paine’, equivalent 10. French “Flamboyant” syle PERPENDICULAR (1377 to 1485 AD) * Als called “Recilinear” or “Third Pointed TUDOR (1496'r0 1559 AD) “Increasing apolization of Renaissance detail ELIZABETHAN (1858 to 1603 AD} * Ronaiseance ideas take strong Nols Gothic caTneonaLs May have ben altaehd to manasteties oto extegiate instivions: Found fo precincts. with: dormitories, iniemary, guest houses, dosters, refractory, other bukiings Wostminstor bboy * Complex of church, royal palace ana bucal grounds ‘Mast impertan medieval Bsaing in Bitin * widest (92m) aed taghest vault ia Enghand (102 Mt) Otter axaropies. Wells Cothedal York Gathecral - largest medieval cathedral in England ‘and in Northam Europe Winchester Cathedral = longest medieval cathedral in EnglandHl iii ri MANOR WOUSES * Erected by naw an wealthy Wading families Pads + great hall, room with solar room, chapel, aking chanber, ‘sorvice rooms, kichons, central hoarth Later. Tudor Manor Houses + increased rooms, quadrangular court, battlement fparapais, and gateways, chimneys, buttery. (bull's ‘antry), oven, panty, serving area and storage. larder food storage), wardiate, oratonystudy, private’ chapel ‘with aor and crucifix, seulery, Crew house Ponburet Pisce, Kent (GERMANY, BELGIUM AND THE NETHERLANDS SinGarmany, the chef inluencs cams ftom France, not {rom German Romanesaue + In Belgium and The Netheslands, i-was based on French Gotinc, developing the Brabantine ste HALL CHURCHES: + Had a dtferent lok “Nave and nsle of same height * One or nea immense and orate western owes or apse, In place of scuiptured doarway *Brickewark and simplified ornamentation ut Camecrat ‘St Etzabetn, Marburg Type hall church‘SPAIN * Gong Masreh influences: tie ust of horseshoe arches ‘and rich surface decoration of inbicate geomatrcal and ‘owing potiorn + Churches had flat elerior appearance, due ta chapels lnseried between buttresses * Excessive omament, without regard to. constructive sharactor Burgos Catodkol (1224 1457 AD} * regular in plan + Mast beaut and poo fof Spanish cathotala Seve Cathedral (1442 to 1520-AD) + Largest Mecieval church in Europe + Second largest church in the word, nent to St, Pete's, Rome Toloso Cotnoara! Salamanca Cathadral ther cathectats + Avila Cathedral, Segovia Gothedral, Barcelons Cathedralwan. * Led the way in Europe, i torme of art, earring and + Cultural revival was taking place in ltaly in advance of ‘orthern Europe + Roman tradition remained strana * This arested ihe daveiopment of Gothic architecture in aly * Verticality of Gothic is generally neutralized by horizontal ‘cornices and string courses. + Abwenee of pinnactes and fying buttresses + Small winds witout wacery * Projecting entrance porches with eohumns on bon-tke Commmsestioswese SD) Ficvence Calheral or S. Maria del Foe uo + Dasigned by Amot{o di Cambio ary "Ease taken i draco, waht tno oral ai} eatees of Gothic + Peoular lain cross plan with campanile and baptstery = ‘Signa Cathodral + One of mast stupandous undertakings sinee the bulding (of the Pisa cathadrat * Outcome of tive prise - all aiats In Siana eomebuted their Works to As Bung andl adornment * Cruaifer plan + Zobro arble siping On wall Ate pee ‘Otter cathacrats: ‘Mion Gathedroi * Largest Mediovalcathocat in raty + Sr largest cathectal in EuropejoreamicRevAL 5 oncom ar oe S| (CHINESE. B JAPANESE 0) una INFLUENCES hisToRY + Prosious trace routes tothe east had now ben bisckast by the Otleman Turks in Constantinople + 1450, series of voyages and explorations by sea led by Spain and Portugal * For rade mostly bu also forthe discovery of mot lands + Warfara was changed by ths invention of gunpowder "TRes Braugh AON the nad fora new BARING OS Renaissance + Preting by Movable Types * Ledito the mass produetion of books + Contributod tothe circulation of eas ahd knowledge we » + Several Cristian thnkars ehwilanged and attacked the bebe, cuslons, power and woth of the Cathe Church * Protestants in Garman, Seanainavis and England + Martin Luther and John Cake + Religious afd intalectual unly of Chisiendom had begun to crumble + Increased understanding of Sclenca andthe Arts + Medicina and Astronomy * Human Anatomy by Andeeas Vesalss + Altompt to understand the ancient work. ts values, eran, artistic forms and architectural forms + “Treaise on Architecture” by Virus in 1486ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTION + The Renaissance movement created @ break in the ‘evoliton of European church archieehure + Departure from Gothic, wih the employment of Classic ‘Roman “Orders of architecture! + Byzantine structural and decardtve practices, insioad of Gothic, were interwoven with those from Roman and ‘Romanesque succession PERIODS: EARLY RENAISSANCE + Baie of learning * Designare ware intent on the accurate trantenption of Ronan ements HIGH RENAISSANCE or PROTO-BARCQUE + Renaissance became an indevidual sve nls own right + Putist or Palladian, where Roman tradiion was held in bhiah respect (represented by Andrea Palladio) * Proto-Baroque, where there was more covtdence in using the soqured vocabulary freely (represented by ‘Micholangeso) + Mannerst, where praclces which had no Ramen [precedent wore interspersed with the usual buildings. or ‘entire bullsngs were conedired in a non-Raman way ‘© Mannensts used archimotural elements a fee, ‘seenratve and Wlogical way, unsanctioned by antique precedent BAROQUE ‘Architects worked with freedom and fimby-acquied knowledge = The true nalune of Renaissance as a dlstineive sive ‘began to emerge: * Baroque saw architecture, painting, sculpture and the minor ats being used in harmony to: produce the unlfed ‘whole Renaissance Rococo + Sys whieh a pimanty Franch in origin +Rock-tke forms, fanlastc sores, and crimped shel + Profuse, cfien serniabstract omamentation + Light in color ane weight me sUMMARY: + Paliasan Arentectre was loge, sae and sarene + Proo-Baroque Archiecie was vii, ve and intense + Boroque Architecture ws dramatic ch, prand a ve ~ Rococo Architecture was a. profusion and confusion of deta, resenting a lavish deplay of decorationFLORENCE * Calas of Florence, Genoa, Minn - esntral, chia! powers ‘fay * Mets fomily -foundad by Giovanni de Mele, who was ‘a commercial and polical power + Vitality of sacial fo at every evel * Antsts, who exceed in Several ats. achiewe high status insociety * Craft guilds. with both reigious and lay connotations, ‘rected activities f studios. and workshops + Renaissance had its birh i Floroace PaLaz + Wit the development of gunpowder, palaes-type bullsing ‘evolved, taking tha place of feriied castes * Bui argu 8 carte 8 inonor court, ke medieval ‘boiler "Ground Ror and plano notile = Fagade of massive, rugged, feress-tke charactor dt to ‘vae of rustcated masonry and wall angles called quoins * Large windows unnecessary and unsuitable = Low pitched rool covered by a balustrade, parapet. or Dooly protring roof comices. + Open corte anit piano nota “= Astylor exterior of uniform rusticaton * Gomice of 1/73 the height. 2.1 m projection Renaissance ROME + Splendiy presantad ekamples of High Renaissance and Proto-baroaue Famous archipct is Donato Bramanio Tompatta iS. Piero, Montoro + Reesembing small Roman circular temple wits orc columns +45 m internal diameter + Sito whee S. Pelee was mattyred + Dasignad by Donat Braman + Dome on dium parca with altemaling windows and shel-headed niches5: Peter: Rome * Most important Renaissance building in aly * With cathedral, pazza and the Vatican, forms: a works. famous group + 120 years, outesme of the works of many architects ‘undor the direction ofthe pope 12 Architects: 1.Bremante + His design wos solectod fram several eniias in a ‘competion * He proposed a Greek cross plan and a dome simiar to ‘the Panthoan in Rome * Foundation stone tac in 1506 2.Giuiane- da Sangat * Upon death of ulus Win 1513 3. Fra Gisconde 4. Raphael * Proposed a Latin cross plan + Died 5. Baldassare Peruzzi Renaissance + Sightlyallered plan - eitendid vertu and eampante and hbase con dria 7. Michelangelo *Undertook the project at 72 years old = present tuiding ‘ones most ofits ouistanding features to hn © Grookeeross. plan, strengthened dome, redesigned surrounding chapels 8. Giacomo dels Porta 9, Domonies Fontana * Completed dame in 1890 10, Vigna + Aided sad cupolas Carlo Maderna + Lengthened nave to form Latin cross end bull the sigantic facade 12. Bein + Erected noble entrance piazza 196 m wide with Tuscan * Completed plan is « Latin cross with an internal length of 183 m, wth of 137 m “ Atcrassing, majestic dome ef 4.9m internal diameter * Largest church in the worldFRANCE COUNTRY HOUSES ~ Coyniry houses lok the place of fri castes Chateau de Chenonceaur Ghaieau de Chambord * Dasignad by an ita, Domenico da Cortona = Semsfortiied patace, mos! famous in Lowe district n ri rT Yi ev Li Palaise du Louveo, Paris “Baill from Francis | to Napoleon i + Together with Tulleres, 45 acres constituting one of te ‘most imposing palaces in Europe PetCHURCHES. Churcin ofthe Vai de Grace, Paris © Projecting partal by Francois Mansart, dome by Lamereiar 5t, Gorm, Pars * eartest whollyctsssical church facade + by Salomon de Brasse ‘St. Etionne cs Mont, ParisENGLAND PERIODS: LELIZABETHAN (1858 to 1607 AD} * During the reign of Queen Elatbeth + Estaitshment of Renaissance style in England, folowed ‘Tudor archtesture + Transition style with Gothic features and renaissance ‘etal JACOBEAN (1608 10 1625.40) STUART (1625 16 1702 AD) ‘© Yet Phase, Ingo Jones was influenced by Haten Ranaistanse + 2a Phase: Ciistopher Wien wat infhnineed by French Rensissance GEORGIAN 1702 to 1830.40) ELIZABETHAN NANSIGNS + Statesmen, merchants and gentry but mansions in the ‘countnysie to sul ther postions = Exshgped plan er Heshaped plan Harciick Hol, Derbys ‘Groat hal, lchen ond office, ving rooms. gens ‘staease, Song gallory. wihdraxing room or solar, towers, ‘gables, parapets, balsbeades, chimnny stacks, ol and STUART BULONGS Boniqueting House, Whitehall. Landon Designed by tnigo Jones a Haile Gueen’s House *Infuenend! by Pats arentectne St Pours Cathedral, London * Dasigoed by Chisinptver Wran * roa oF 600 s,m and large contr spce under dome {oe tig congregations GEORGIAN HOUSES lennon Palace, Oxforssnire * Most manumental mansion ia Erland + Example of central block with wings‘SPAIN 8 PORTUGAL, EARLY PERIOD (1492 fo 1858 AD) * Geafng Renaissance detods unio Gothic forms In Spain + Ploteresque. rich end poetic style, so named for ts similaity to siversmiths! work ~ patria * leflueaced by Moorish ant = extremely Nord and ‘decorative fom the rinutsness of detail in Ponwpat * Manuaine Sta (fram King Manuel |, 1495 to 1521 AD) * Decorative rather than structural in characte, inspired by the voyages of ciscoverers CLASSICAL PERIOD (1556 fo 1690 AD} + Chase suberence t Walisn Renaissanes ant BAROQUE PERIOD (1650 i 1780 AD) “Classical rules disregarded = Ghurriquerosquo, fantastically extravagant exprassion, by Jose Ge Churriguera, (1650 10 1723 AD) ANTIQUARIAN PERIOD (1750 fo 1830 AD) * Ralumed to ancient classical models Tne Escorial, Maa ~ Austere group of bublings, composed of tha monastery, college, church and palace with stale aparimenis 1a Univarsity, Saemanc: ‘The facade is a Plateresque design masterpiece ‘Admirable craftsmanshipHoisoibarg Casto ‘. Exomplies progressive: davelopments. of the arty anasrance one caste16-19" C: Revival* Spread to continertal Europa and to North Armenia ‘ Cmaied naw type of worker — tha wage laborer er relation 16-19" C: Revival + Momo-basae! cottage industies wero rendered sbsoleto ‘ayes invention of ths steam angina by Wet i 17S * Goods could be made mare cheaply + Factories sprovied ol over Britvin whave coal was avalable Yo fuel lhe engines, other counties folowed sult ‘Social and Poltical changes: + Centuries-oki monarctios gave way Insitutions = American Declaration (1776) and Franch Revolution (1783) * Urbanization and tise in population + Growth ofthe baurgeoisie or misc class “Professionals and businessmen to democratic ‘of Independence + Railways to easly transport people and goods ‘improved dsinage and sanitation + Coal. gas-ans gas lamps, latar olztrcny Li or elevator sronth af communications hip-bulding and the Suez Cana + Inlemattonal exhibions of sclence and industryARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER “The need ta eruate an imposing etfect — research into okt styles * Conservallan of hist relis ar menuments had begun + Interest in Classicism, in the Romanesque, the Gathic, the Renaissance, the Baroque + "age of revivals" ~ eclecticism, tasie for exotic forms, ‘comeing native and foresgn tyes + "age of Innovation” «use of newty available materats * Foe follows Function (Louis Sullivan) Dus 16 inventions in motalurpy and constuction, new -matenais became avaiable (or Bung: * eruetura ion ans east-ran “on ad gles + soo! * reinforced concrete — fiat used by Auguste Perret |New builking types: + Indus Buildings and Warefiouses. + Hauses of Pariament * Raltways and Transpat Stations = spread all over europe * Museums = took the placo of aristocratic private eallotions of art * Dapartrient Stores — Paris, London, Brussels, othar ‘commercial amas * Hosgitnls, Public Banks, Fire and Police Stations, Exton Hills New amerpiog style + The Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain + lathe bacibon of crf guilds inthe Micale Ages + led by artst-craisman Willa. Moris, architect Philp "Webb and writer John Ruskin + fursture, glassware. fabrics, walpaper, cle ~ decorated ‘with repeating stykzed floral patamns 16"-19" C: Revival arises in Britain: EARLY VICTORAN (1890 16 1950.40) HIGH VICTORIAN (1880 fo 1870 AD} LATE VICTORIAN BEDWARDIAN (1870 to 1014 AD) AFTERMATH (ater Werkd War The Citton Suspension Bikige, Bist Designed by tsambard Brunel Pons of Egyptian character mr St: Gaorge's Hal, Liverpool * Designsd by Harvey Lonsdale Eimos * Moat magnificent Nes-Cisssioal manumant in Bitsin City Ha, Swansea * Designed by Sir Percy Thomas,Wesiminsrer New Palace (Houses of Partament), Landon * Designed by Sir Charles Barry Nan-ctessice! design: Gothic deta by Pugin * Vicon tower, Clock tower “Big Ben” + Fest major pbc busing of Gattis revival St Giles, Cheadie. Stats = Dosigned by Pugin The University Museum, Oxford * Dasignad by Banjamin Woodward - landmark of High Vietorian Gatnie The Cathode, Guid * Dasigned by Sir Edward Maule 16"-19" C: Revival Tho Conservatory, Canton House, London * Castian for stucral and decorative purpose Palm House, Royal Bolane Gardens, Kow * Designed by Decitnus Bunton and Richard Tumer Cryst Palco; London + Designed by Sir Joseph Pasion + One of the most remarkable buildings in 418th century Britain = free of any traditional precedent * Housed the Great Exhibition of 1851, eftcted in Hye Park, moved to Sydenham in 1852 to 1854Periods in Cominental Europe: 1980 1 1970 + Comparable te Migh Victorian ia Britain + Renaissance and Gothic wal + Structural use af on, 1870 10 1914 AD * Use of metals was. intansiiod, especialy in exhibivons * Antique forms inateod of Renaissance: ART NOVEAL (198't0 1806.40) * Davived feo tha “Arts apa Grafs Movemant” in Britain + Anat ree of any histones! style + Daliberate simplification of structural ferments. in Dulleings a inerirs, handmade abjocts snd fur + Fors of nature for omumantaton inthe facade * Floral sto, realy-shaped wting vegeta forms ‘Versions: + France — Le Modern Style + Germany — Jugendati + Ausvia— Sezaesione: + aly ~ Ste Liberty + Spain Modernismo 16"-19" C: Revival The Votive, Vienna + New-Goihic by Heinrich von Ferstel ‘The Gurch of Sacro-Goaur, Pan's + Neo-Byzantine by Paul AbacieThe Stock Exchange, Amstordam + Nao-flemanesque by HP Berge 16-19" C: Revival Tho Opera House, Paris ‘+ Nno-Broque by Chas Gamier Roighstag, Borin — Paul Watt Pariamen, Budapest — Inve Stone resto Opera - no0-Renavssance by Galtnied Semper The Ales Museum, avin -Grosk-revval shle Thorwakison Museum, Copenhagen - Greak-ovival Tho-Opera House, Cologne - French Neo-Baroque The Post Savings Bank, Vienna ~ Art Neves by Oto WagnerThe Enieance Paviton, Exposition Universole 1609 * Qsigned by Gustav Eifel and maurice koechin + Exensive vse of ron, 200m high The Gates des Machines, Exposition Universalle 1889 * By Victar Contain, engineer, and GLF Duter, architect 18"-19" C: Revival [An Nove Aretitocts: + Vietor Hoeta in Brussels + Antoni Gaudin Barcelons + Reimonde D’Aronce in Contentinople and Toxin + daseph Hetimanin Vienna * Charles Ronnie Mackintosh in Glasgow The Palau Goel, Barcalona + Designed by Anion! Gaudi “Seems to presage Art Nove in its forms Casa Mia, Bareeiona = Dasigned by Antoni Gault sored Fanti, Barcocnn | "AnNoven oy Aron outPeriods in Amoriea: ‘POST-COLONIAL (1790 to 1820 AD) * Nao-Classic elements FIRST ECLECTIC PHASE (1820 fo 1860.AD) * Greokecwuval st, siso Gothic and Egyptian syies SECOND EGLEGTIG PHASE (1860 to 1990 AD) 1 Stam: * Romanesque and Gothic inspiration + Influenced by Arts and Crafis movement in England + HH Richardson, Louis Suilvan and Frank oye Wright 2 Steam: * Taian and Frosch Resaissanoe, ancient Greek ond Roman, late Gath ns Influenced by the Ecole des BeaurAries + Stuctural experiment and achievement: metal frame ‘construction, nodoad-boaring curtain wall, elevaiors * Produced! the skyscraper = Amedca's single greatest ‘contribution to archectore 16"-19" C: Revival ‘Tho Whit House, Washington OC + Presiden’ oes reskerce + Designed by dames Hoban, Fish architect ~Eniglth Pallation sive Robie House, Chicago * Designed by Frank Lloyd Weight Winslow House, iver Forest, Minas (aka Prale House) + First important work of Frank Lloyd Wright Taliesin East, Spring Gran, Wisconsin * Designed by Frank Lioyd WrightUnity Temple, Oake Pars, Minois * by Frank Loy Wright The United Stats Caps, Wasnngion DC - * Fiat designed by Br, Wika Thorton along Paladian lees + Humerows modifications after the wae + Growning dome ai + Gne of the workrs bast Known Dulin 16-19" 6: Revival The State Capite, Richman), Virginia = Desigined by Themas Jefferson + Fat nao-ciassieal monument in Amaries, based on Matton Carte, Nims * tonic ocd naan Memorst Washington OC * Designed by Mey Bacon * Greek Davi sive‘Merchants Exchange, Phiscelphio * Dasignad by Wiliam Steklans = Grook-revival The Marshall Field Wholesile Warehouse, Chicago, loots * Designed by HH Richardson The Auditorium Busting, Chicago, iinais * Designed by Bankinar Acer and Louis Sulivan * Nao-Biyzantine itorior The Rolance Buiting, Chicago * Dacignad by Bumham and Root 18"-19" C: Revival Tho Monadnock Buiiing, Chicago *Dasignas ty Oansst Burnham The Second Laver Buitsing, Chiesgo + Matabiramed balding The Gace Builiing. Chicago * Designed by Louis Sullvan and Holabird and Roche The SchiesingorsMayer Store + Designed by Louis Sulivan + Suggestion of Ast Noveau style Tho Lovkin Soop Co, Bulking. Bufo, NY + Designed by Frank Linye Wright The Woolworth Bullcing, NY + Daeigred by Cass Gitar * Gomme ste ‘Tha Wairright Buking, St. Louls * Designed by Adler and Sullivan Empire Stato Bulaing Designed by Shreve; Lamb and Hermon 8S storeys,\MIsTORY Meee innovations: ‘Curtain wall = Sinol and plato ass: «= Foldad slab by Eugene Frayssine! + Flat slab by Robert Mailart “= Laminated liber * Funtionalism in design 20"C: Modern FAMOUS ARCHITECTS. Marcel Brower + Architect and designer + Best kno forthe design of tubular steel Wassily Chae + Stuiod af the Bauhaus - become diewctor ofthe schoo ‘uriture deparsrent in 1824 * Designed a series of noted structurds. including Innovative houses and the 'Nhitnoy Museum of Ast UNESCO Secretariat Busing, Paris TWA Terria, JFKennedy Aiport + Undulating shape was meant to evoke the excitement of igh p00 ght * Even inlenor detals: lounges, chai, signs, and telephone booths harmonized wih tie curving, “Quit wine” shetall : illttat r i il histor Oscar Nomoyor + Worked ‘ih diy plsemer Ludio Coats to eanaive and ‘build Brasilia, BrazTs captal in a racord time of just our yor Functionality and the use of presimassad contrate dominate his designs + Also designed the cathedral, he notional theater and the (residential palace Portament Butea, Brasilia t 1 Erie Mendetsabn * Dynamic, sculptural quality Ennstain Tower, Potscam 20": Modern Frank Lioyes Wright Johnson War Ce, Builing ‘Aso desianed += Solomon F. Guggentieim Musou, mpenal Hotel in Tokyo ~ he stayed a decisive roe in the renewal of Japanese architectureHl i li ‘ory Of architecture Jo Corbusier + Based In Sidtadand and Francs, he dominated European scene for nearly hall-a-cestury + He believed thal "the house is 2 machine to five ia” ~ the ‘erogram for bulkiog a house shoul be sel out wih the ‘same precision as tha for bulding a machine Five Polis of Now Architecture 1. Framework structurally independent of wats {2 Free-standing tagade - the free facase, mo corollary of ‘he fine plan in the versal plane 3. Root garden + restoring, the area of ground covered by ‘the house 4. Open planning - tho free plan. schiew throuph the ‘separation of the lnad-bearing columns trom the walls ‘suboviding the space 5, Cube Torn lovaled of SUS oF cokimNE ~ plohives young the mass off tie ground * Rnalzaton of nis To points of new arcticture 20": Modern Sucre For + Graatad the Dymaxion House, the fit “mathine tar living’ - @ portable home inside from motal aloys and pasts + Designed all nacossary mechanical systems and devices in the conter of the bulking, wah fving spaces around i. ‘open a the errongement tastes ofthe owner ‘The Untod States Pavaton at Expa 67, Montoat Walter Gropius + Created prototype of modem afchilactire: free-standing (gtss sheath suspended on 2 struetural framework - aka uta wall + Gest ed or Hate Buti: Sah Faneece a ‘91 + Eslabished Bauhaus, a school or taining intended to ‘elate art and architecture to technology and the practical needs of moderFrei Otte + Tha seminal figire in the development of tenhe architecture Veared away hom the simple geamelic solutions and bull organic free forms that could respond to complex ‘lanning and structural requirements ‘Mucicl Stott Yor 1972 Olympic Games * August Perret France + Hance Bertago, Th tethadands + J5P Oud, The Mathonanas + Vetor Horta, Balgurs * Charis Rennie Mackintosh, UK + CFA Voysey, UK + Lovis Sullivan, USA + Ado Mayer + Tony Garnier + Max Berg + ties var or Roto FAMOUS WORKS Palazzotto doto Sport for 1960 Rome Olympics * Designed by Piere Luigi Neve and Vnellozzs Sports Hal for 1964 Tokyo Obymoics + Designed by Kenzo TangeSysney Opera House * Dosigned by Jom Utzon of Denmark ‘+ He won the projet in a competion for the design of 2 pacforming ane complex in Syeney, Austra World Trade Center + Originaty designed by Mino’ Yamasaki + Sinvctural stl framing + Destioyed ty the September 11 terrorist atoeks + Redesigned by Daniel Libesking «541 m tallite his Va Peesp of architectureINFLUENCES: wisToRY "Ths rear of talam bagan iv Arabia “810 AD, Muhamniad from Mecca saw visions of an angel + Message from Allah to stop worshipping false idals and to accept the rill of god “Isiam* “Arabs of Mecca rejected this message + 622 AD, the Hoga « Munammad moved to Madina and ‘convertod the people into Islam “Within 10 years. the framework of reagion and mitry ‘organization tasked with spreading the fat was ‘establnedt “Maina thon fought Macea and in 830 AD destroyed a i iots and eomuortod At Elam + Mistammad died in 632 AD, but his Musin followers Were ray 1 spvead hs teachings * Concerted alforts by conquering Arabic tsbes to spread + Spread of fam {s associated with miltary conquest and radial movements * Establish a cultural tle with Arabian heartand, with annual pigrimage to Mecca Tribal groups + Puble Ho was reserved for men (women had 9 ‘sacondary sol - for domastie aa agricultural work) * Christians and Jews (people of the book’) were given {the freedom of worship and sell-goverment + Many 01 the conguaved cities were: akeady ceniers of learning "Muslims translated inio Arabic many scholarly vrtings {rom Grok, Persian and indian * Rulers and scholars were interested. in mathematics, ‘astronomy, geography. medicine, philosophy and sciencej RELIGION * Latof 3 great relgias of Milo Est + Complete philosophy of Me and government ~ One gos Aah, Mulsomnad isthe prophet “Faith is held ta be Aah’ wil for eration “Acceptance of the transitory nature of earthy ie + Personal humaty + Abnorrence of mage worship Koran + Muhammad virole down tho words of angels who brought am messages from Ash “Afior his death, these accounts were compiled into a aby book * Speaks of the powar of Als, to accep! hie wil and to prase him “5 Pilar of Islam: Declaring fal in god, Prayer, Fasting, ‘Giving o charity, Pigrmage to Mecca “Also jad or Poly war is somenmes added as @ pl 0 ‘spread the fat and datend i trom atack Islamic ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTION = Countries already rich in buiing tration. + Product of the rapid conquest of diverse teritorias by a ‘poopie with no architectural tradition © Synthesis of styles under cone philosoptry but in many dddierent ceoumstancos {stan ad a profound npact on its architecture *No essontal ference in tnchniques betwoon roigous and nonwetigious buldings *Imponant archsctral andeavor ts normally expended onbiutngs Rvdng a rect sei or cormuitypure *Decoratons tand tonaed the absoetuasny geomet, caligraphic and plant motifs, wit) a proferones for 3 ‘worm fied of decoration rather than focal imant Basie consawatiom siscourages inevabons and favors ceslablished forms < Sypey od blac (on te cona of pat creation + Centered upon God + Rsbtes 10 0 principal ans, the Ait, poning towards Mecca DECORATION + i eu of human and animal forms: abstract and geemetric motifs, callgraghy, Noral abstraction. guomeiric Intedacement, moulings and tiiezes, carvings. in bas ‘atef, stone inlay and mosaic. patterned. beckmork. ceramic and glass. mosaic, painting. timber infay, ‘Rrabesques, scrgen or plerced oriles in martaEXAMPLES mosque + The prophet Muhammad called on people to hener Al in prayer - mosques wore bull wherever Islam had spread + Principal piace of worehip + Bulcing used for Friday prayer Prine purpose was comemplaion and pray + Coulee be Used as & senso}, plage for transactions, -sorage for treasures, place for hearing offical notices * Masi - small prayer house * Medrassah - religious college and mosque + liwarétooking busing + Courtyard wih sides punctuated wih gateways, prayer ‘chambers and porches * No positive object of stemtion or adoration * Conceted around an aes towards Mecca + In every mosque, Hore i wall waa ole niche ut Into i, showing tha ciroctian of Maces fone PARTS OF A MOSQUE, ; Sob hisored or weaded courtyard i arama feansre + Fara «fountain * hia «niche oriented towards Mecca * Ditka «reading desk + Mageura scfoen * hembor - assed plalferm for ceremanial announcements + han - open-(ronted porch facing a epurt * Maret - tower fom whieh a eal prayer is made + Alb - ads ovale tows Resco Porsonaition: “waz ~ caller whe summons the faithful io prayer + hmam - man whe leads congregation in prayer * Caliph - successor to the prophet as miltary judicial, or ‘spiritual leader of Isiem *Sufls holyemanDome of ine Rock, Jerusalem (Kubbet-0¢-Sakira) + 6880 802 AD + Met important Mamie structure + Great canal dome covers Bh summit of ML Moriah irom where the prophet is belted to have made fis rida tohecvedd (PRE MISTORIC 9 feameast © ro Groat Mesa, Dornosres FGI) Easiest urn age me, bit in 705711 AD Se“ Scrienavatt rece ar okimiars and Mosque of itn Tutu, Cairo The Gres Mosque, Cordoba +876 (0 879AD +7850SARAY or SERAI * Place with eoutyate TOMBS The Taj-Mah, Agra (7690 0 4653 AD) + Bull by tse emporar Shah dahon for his favorita wife Muri Mad * Took {1 years to build and 26,000 to work ont + Covered in white marble, wich rellects the changing colors of the sun + Sits in wel-iandscaped garden FUPRO ES |The Ainamra, Granade (1338 ta 1390 AD} + Foxtiod palaca and cornplex of bullaings Sotin gardens + One of most elaborate and rlenty decorated Islamic Tomb of Humayun, Bashi palaces +1565 ADINFLUENCES: wMisToRY * Th giast evitzaton to amaege in a fete avec valley + Indie fiver 2500 BC, prosoni-day Pakiston and Nodhwest lacie * Malar cites were Mohenjo-Daro and Haranpa “= Each cy was ruled by neiesi-kings, citadel atop the cty * Lasted onty 800 years +1800 BC Aryans fom the marth maved inta India + Setup {6-saparata kingdoms all over “Nest powerful, the Magadha kingdom, conquered all ther kingdoms + Estabiished the Mauryan Empiea in 300 BC Under King ‘Ashoka ink “Mesopotamian Gunures (rom 2860 to 1500 BC) Cental Asa (via mountain passes a the north) “Persia and Greco-Roman Wester Asia (via Batschistan) + Successive miltary and economic inewrsions brought art ‘and architechire: Ayan, Persian, Groce-Reman, Soseanan, Most, Potaqueso, Foner, Engh inci * Main region of tna & Along with Judaism, the worlts oldest surviving religion “From incigencus Dravigians and Aryan invaders * Chie! gods: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva “Bolle m incarnation, the soul cores back io We in a «atierent body * Casto systorm: priests, warniaes and nobles. farmers and ltoders, Inborors and servants, untouchables RELIGION Buen * Many people wttkad the wy Hindu sotioly divided ‘people inio castes * Gaulama Siddhartha 663-485 BC, gare up bis princely lie to search for wiseoen + After 8 years of wandering, he found enlightenment {through # deop thinking process called meditation + Overcome human weakness inckuging greed and anger + Salvation orravanaePREHISTORIC | neatenst coyrnaw = aneee eo amy crerstian Poa * = ee tmsamienewa ‘S, aS SS Fupe = Indian ranorna Hindu temple With a interior sanetuary esled a vimana + Capmed by a taparing spre-shaped lower ~ skhara + Poreivlike mandapa halls for daneng and racic ‘STAMBHAS or LATHS * Monumental pitas standing ree without any structural function * Circular or octagonal shafts + Capital Persepaltan in farm, bel-shaped and erewned ‘wih anieais eaerying the Chala, wheal of kaw emia eras any mer pit Ines archsectare rvring carved Ibergtees. ebgeus eilems, or aioe Alp, skambha & ncnolehc stamia.as dstingoised oman but uy of sion courses‘VIMARAS = Budonis monasteries often excavated trom solid rock * Cantal laced chainiver or quadrangle surrounded by ‘verandah + Small sleeping eels on the sides + In ont stood the courtyard containing the stupa ‘cHarryAS *udnst shrine also carved ox of sated rock * Formed like an alslad basiica with stupa at ona end Indian stupas * Busghist memorial mound ereeted to énahrine alle of Budctia, to commemorate special events ar mark a sacred spot + Regatad as symbols of the universe Based on the pre-historic funerary tumulas + Arica! domical mounds raised of a pation Wh processional paths, rails, gmtenays, crowning ‘umbrella called a chartcrakongsom fran Bis + Only ancient civilization that nas continued to this day * Succession of emperors and dynasties: and. warring states. “= 1750 BC, a Jangdom emerged in the misete reaches of tha Yelloo River in China, rule by Shang Dynasty * Laztes 1000 years but broke up: into many smallor wingeoins. * 221 BC. Shi Huangal of Chin took contr and became the first emperor of China “Filed with aries and ofFicia's * Organized huge number of laborers 9 work for hin ‘Bull the Groat Wall of Chinato repal northern enemies + Teera-cotia army of 6000 We-size solders, horews and chariots was tuned wid the emperor + Shi Huangal isd in 240 BC, Chin dymeaty was replaces toy Han and westeen Jin dyrasti * Foreign trade by tand and sea + Theorsis, schools of phosonity Confuciss, Lao-Tzu + Wriing, calendar and money * Art, panting, caligraphy. architecture RELIGION Religious and aiicalintuances: * Confucianism, cod of toca conduct and phlesophy of ts fi and anesstoe warship + Tapa, unvvereallove as sokiton to social eeotaar * Bushisms GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY * Larger than Ewope in area, 119 of otal land area of the world * Mountainous with extensive fertile valleys, great plains ‘and deserts, excelent harbors * het, trees, tamboo, clayindie, eon 2 ‘ormn 5 neck = Bee 2 rene | omanesque (J) come a rouse fahren S| sorHcmoneRs z ssuvac 5 EXAMPLES PAGODAS = Buddhist temple, most typical Chinese bukling. of ‘aigious significance + Later gained a secular nature: manuments to witory ora ‘memoria to hold celica * Based on the Indian stupa and stambhia + Octagonal plan + Odd number of stories, 80r 13, * Roots projecting trom each of ts many floor, tumed up * Slop inwards 16 the top i eee Chinese pawous + Monumaital caremonis! gateway and basie symbabe siructura in Chines architecture + Erected os memorials te omenent persons + Leta temples, palaces, tombs or sacred places + Relat tothe indian torana and Japanese tai + Trabeated fot, in stone or wood + Bold projecting ronts +1, 30° openings:evzwie la -reenan 1G) aes vane © “Chel Yeanure was the roo! + Supporied on timber uprights and independent of walls Sign af dignty to place roofs one over the other * Uptited anoles, wth dragons and grotesque ornaments * Loty pavitons, 1 storey each + Supcessive ‘open courts and poricoes, kitchens, volectones,slawping eels for priests PALACES & HOUSES + imperial places and offical yosidanoss * leplatad, 1-storeyed pavilons resembling tempos + Govemed by building regulations liming the dimensions rambo of coh 5 *orcinary catzen «3 FORTIFICATIONS Tho Great Wall of China + Meat farnous of ancsent Chinese busings + by Shi Huang + 3700 miles lang orn Pacific Ocean to Gobi Desest * Mostiy gray granite blocks. but also. used whatever materials were avaiable in te locabty * 610.9 m figh, with 1:5.m high parapets * Base is 7.60 thick, 45 m thick atop ‘Paved road wide enough for 5 horses to run abreast + 25,000 twwers, 12 m high and 700 f apart (2 Bow shots pat)INFLUENCES: wisToRY Craated in the rd cantury AD by sncsstors of the ‘present emporot * Tih ceniuy, was svcd inio provinces each with a ruler + Faudallsm, with a caste system of emperor and nobles, sniltary, people “ More powerful were the shoguns or wantioe lords, each ‘Aghting wth each othr “In 1009 AD, under the shogun leyasu Tokugawa, Japan ‘was unio arid brought to paace, "The Tokugawa dynasty rua for 250 years Japanese + bn 19th contury, Portuguese traders cama to trade and (Chrieuian missionaries dame to convert tha spanass «The threalenad shoguns expelled foreigners, killed Christian cores, stopped tale, closed Japan to the ‘ouside world unl 18 cenhury + Lite contact with Europe; more of Chinese ifluence RELIGION + Shinto, indigenous patysdemonism Buddhism GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY + Off the eastern coast of China, Asian mainland ‘Principal island Honshu, ard ématar islands at notth an ‘south + Earthquakes & volesnoos: + Hilly ad forested eauttry + Stone, ter, Bamboo.pre seston: neanessy 2 rover Eee ees een EXAMPLES TEMPLES * Shinto temples ond Busanst temples } ki Featured the tor gateways + Monumental, free-standing gateways toa Shinto shine * Darived fear the Chinese gorau + Two upright pillars or posts supporing 2 or more Dorizontal beams, wsualy curving upward * Worstippers have to pass under ths foc prayers 0 be sttective Japanese PAGODAS Diva om the Chinese pogo + Square plan + Mostly § strays, 45 m in height + Vadually suspended around @ central timber (stable ‘against earthquake shocks) + Wide projecting roofs io each storey, subtly curvod DWELLINGS, TEA HOUSES, BATH HOUSES + No other architecture reveals the structural and aesthetic quabes of wood * Unpainted wood without any surface tre a Tyoical t-storey rectangular plan: * Vestivule Veron, sogaw + Living and eing + Guest rooms + Reezess for lowers and art + Rooms for bast and hostess + No distincion ketween lning and sleeping aparimanis, + Floom detiminod by tata or floor Coverings 1X 1% kon (18x09 m)HISTORY Pre-Coloni: * Immigration via tande-bridges as early as 250,000 years 390, and later, seawessets + immigrants of Malay origin, food gatherers and hunters + 3000 BC. joined by advanced agricultural race from Indonesia, wih barangays as tibal system * laws on manage, Inhoritance, ownership. crime. and behave *labrato animistic religion + bndéans in ath ana Sth century BC * Chinese in 3rd and ath century AD + Arabs « converted some parts to Islam in 1800 AD «Trade center of the Orient ~ Sulu was: frequented by Ships feom Ching, Cambodia, Sumatra, Java, india, Arabia + Spanish Ruse: 11821 Fereitand Magellan landed + 1664 Niguel Lopez de Logazpt brought Chistianity + Systomatiealy and olfetenty Christanized moet part of the county * Inredueed European insttuton and thought + Eeonmicily linked Mani vith Mosico and the rest of the worl va the Spanish Galleon Trade + Briel occupation by the Betish forces (1762-4764); ‘tempted seizure by Dutch and Chinese * Spanish colony unt 1900's + Nationalist movement by Jase Rizal, unsuccesstul revolt by AguinakioAmenan Fla: * Islands were stld or ceded to Amatica, 2s a result of ‘Spanish war wih USA * Continued fighting + Democracy ves intoguced + allowed 9 sa-povernmant ‘called the Commomweath Era Jaane Invasion = December 1984 + Ebtabliches = puppet government ibaration whan Gen, McArthur rated in July 9945 “Independance in 1946 + trdlargeat Engliatr peaking country in the world + Citadel of Christianity rid democtacy in East Asia “+ Mature of races: Malay, Chinese, Spanish, American RELIGION “stam + Reman Cathoteism + Protestantism, Agipayan, Iglesia ri Kristo GEOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY + Archipalaga of 7100 janes — mountainous ond fragmented + 3 man itand groupe: Luzon, Vieayes and Mindanao + Sauingas! Asia, Pacibe Ocean - stratagie position - i the path of Far East rade + major earthquake and voleanic belt + inthe path of typhoons tram the Paciic ‘CLIMATE *Dry and wet season * Typhoons and tropical storms ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTION Building Capabiliy + Evon with tes to nearby countries, ur ancestors saw no ‘nged for large megalithic structures, otc + Heverheless showed engineering capability and promess, vith the Foce Terraces of Northarn Luzon Setvemants + big vitages. along key trade centers ‘naar the sna-shove, beside rivers and streams — for purposes of travel, communication and sanitation. Filipino Architecture: “shaped by the clmale, terain, vegetation, and fauna read & tye elements in making a house: 1) tradition or folowing the generally accepied form and structural pales; and 2) ‘chance a “playing it by ear, allowing minor modifications fo the buldor and his family * Tropical architecture phi * Open and transparentEXAMPLES ‘CAVE DWELLINGS “onesl human habitation + Tabon Cave, Palawan had bees Inhabited for 30,000 ‘yars carves in Angono, Rizal wit ancient petroutphss ‘TREE MOUSES * parched on forked branches of raes, up io 69 feat above {he ground "prevented atack by animals and human enemies, * by he Gaddang and Kalinga of Luzon «Manabe and Mandaya.of Mindanae “Mews af Lake Langa LEAN-TOS “Tinbveats ar windsereens as the fet attempt at bulking = served as shellens during a hunting or food-gothenng joumey * made of light branches and fronds, but strong enough to ‘withstand a rom * Negros of Zambales + Aatas of Palanan, fsabela BAHAY KUBO or NPA HUT + ola and spansh ‘cx60"or cube cube-shaped house, tom ts boxy appearance “primitive siya of dwaling prabaty stated around 200 'BC, ath tha coming of on tools "wa adapta to Vogal almsts + of ood, Fash, ean, Rambo, pal léswes, eogon and ea Elevaod one to five Feet trom the ground - slong “protection trom the mist ground and float + protection from vermin and other animais “enclosed area 2s stooping cuarirs * slong used for statage for tools and crops, an animal ‘enclosures, oF burial ground ‘usisay wth steep that roa | varias aoroas regional and athe Kings Cortera Region es BADIAD iy, ‘SAMA, ay vara oa MARANAD Panay Region Other Regions alan, Mangyan, Sutanun, Mandaya,‘SPANISH HOUSES: BAHAY-NA-BATO (Evolved ftom the Bahay Kubo: a ropicel hovse * Sieap, hip root “= Post and knlel construction * Elevated ving quarters = Economy of materials + Space flaving from one room to next * Light and ay structure ‘Spanish, Noo-Classical, Gothic, and Baroque insluence: "grandeur and salty ‘+ Omamantaton ‘Vigan Houses, Antilan Houses, Watan Houses“SPANISH CHURCHES, Calnsion, Pangasinan = 2nd bos bel tower by Fr. Ramon Dalinao ‘Lo0ag Church, tlecas Note. * by Fr. Joseph Ruiz * sinking better Las Pinas Church * by Fr. Diego Cera, Lnbee: Bonet ‘biggest number of murals on walls ond eotings Moots Caorearat ‘by lahop Domingo Salazar ‘Miagao Church Hoste ‘by Fr. Femando Gomporedanda ‘Morong Church, Rial *-enquisie Spanish Baroque sive + by Fr, Bins dela Madre Panay’ Church ‘largest boll, from 30 sacks of caine: donated by townspeople Gulag Cnurer ‘restored by Juan Nakpil and Joes Maria 2aragoss San Agustin Church by Fr. uan Macias San Sebastian “one of fist stoet busaings “eel from Belgium by Eilat Taal Chureh, Batangas ‘by FF, Matin Aguirre + biggest church ‘Sta; Ana Ctrl, Maria “by Fr. Vicente Ingles “restored by Juan Nak ‘Sto; Damingo Church, QC by Jose Maria Zaragosa Sto. Nino, Cet by Diego ae Herara, UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST + San Agustin, Intramuros + Mage Chines, Hosta + San Agustin, Ps0ay, Hoops Note + Sta. Moca Hocoe SurARCHITECTURAL HISTORY IN THE PHILIPPINES, SCHOOLS (Escuala Practica ¥ Profectinal de Avtas Oficia do Manila 1890 taught maestros de obras \Ucee de Manta * MO-P "Maestros de: bea-Practica’ + MO-A"Maestns de Obra-Academia” ‘Eseunta de inganiora Y Arquitectura "Chased after one year ‘Mapua institute of Achitacture (8928) “18tschool of Artitectwe Adamson University “2nd school of architecture LUST Colloge af Architecture (1830) + Src school of areitectuse ORGANIZATIONS * Phippine Architects Society Phippine institute of Archincts League of Palppine Architects ‘Associaton of Phi. Govemment Architects In 1875, PIA + LPA + APGA = Unites Arehanets oftheee Pr eens) EARLY AMERICAN PERIOD Daamiet Burnham - iy an of Marla and Baguio Witham Persons luan Arellano Tomas Mapua - {at rogistored architect in country aries Barredo Masonic Temple. Escota * 181 concrete building in Escola Phiippina Normal Shoot * Phi. Normal University varsity of the Phono + Pare Faure Nationat Muaseurh ~ Yat was the Legislative Bukting lrtendencia Buitang * adjacent to Mana Cathedral Luneta Hote! * 2nd hail in Asia + French Baroque ste Aimy an eeovy Cid "rast and recteation for American solaiors Dé La Sate Colter *by Tomas Mapua Rizal Monument “obelisk Sta, isabet Golioge Manta Hatot + Thott in Asia. 1* wth elevator ray by Willa Parsons. rencvated by Locsin in Philippine Generel Hosplat + by Wiliam Parsons UST Man Bung * by Roque Ruane Post ice Buiting * by Juan Arena(COMMONWEALTH PERIOD Juan Nakpll 1 National Arist for Arch, Poblo Antonio - 2 National Artsl for Arch Enrique Bautista Gonzalo Barreto Fernando Ocampo “Andres Luna y San Pedro Leandro Locsin «3° National Artist for Arch Agrieuture & Finance Buitsing Ciystar Avoade, Excota Quezon instrve * By Juan Nakpt ie Taster, Eseome By dan Naka Ieoa! Theater, Avenida Rizal * by Pablo Anionio Jai Ate Buicing - dervokshed in 2001 * it Deco, srearnine style Ambassador Hoter * by Famande Ocampo, tot skysernpar (4 storeys) ‘Syquia Apartments, Matote by Palo Antoni Natvited Bunce, Ese * by Andoes Luna y San Pedro Rogina Bulking, Escola * by Andoes Luna y San Pedro FEU Main Bulking * by Pabla Antone Metopoiten Troster * by Juan Arana Cosoge of Engineorng an Libera Art, UP Oilman * pp Cesar Concio The Church of tha Risen Lord, UP by Cesar Cancioi } eowanesaue ‘ogTiIc ReNMsSANCE The iglesia #0 Cristo Gatheorals + by Carlos Santos Viola The Moraes Busting * by Jose Zaragoza Phiipping Hart Cantor “by Jorge Ramos The Quvapo Masave * by Jorge Ramos i 1@ Quazon Monument + by Federico tuste ‘The Coniral Bank of the Phijppines “by Gabel Fermose) Aion institute of Management * by Gabwiel Formosarouge lar regane S) sort cwoneRt z ssuvaac 5 ea 5M Megara * by Antonio Sinsiong ‘Robinson's Gateaa * by Wiliam Coscotveta ‘by Leandro Locsin: The Aiew Istana, Seunel The Cutural Center ofthe Philipoines Tho Paviah of the Hely Sacsitee, UP Daman asta The Phiopine Stock Exchangepo architectureTypes of Vaults, Famous Building Groups Biggest Churches 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 a 3 a a a 5 ‘Campantio vs Betty Chinese vs Japanese Pagodas 1 pees et Domes 2 z a ‘Types of Crossas i 2 42 Architects of St. Pater's 2 4 5 2 8 7 a 8 8. 10. nn Hollonic ve Hellenistic 12 Architests of Stuart Period, Britain 1 Phase 2e Phase -itectt if Oo! Types of Vaults 1. Wagon’ Barrel’ Tunnel Vauit 2. Wagon win intersecting Vault 3. Cross Vault 4, Hemispherical Doma! Cupola 5 Owiors of Architecture 1, Donte 2. lyre 3. Covithian 4, Tean 5, Composite Egypt Methods af Natural Lighting 1, Clerastary 2. Seytght 3. Temple door 5, lapanese ~ Tati Pyramid vs, Ziggurat 1. Pyramids have sloping faces; Ziagurals have diminishing faces 2. Pyramids wsed sione a3 bulking ‘mato, iggurats used mucrbaicks 3. Pyramids have sides facing. the fcerinal points, ziggurats have comers tacing the cardinal points Hollonic ve Hellenistic Halinic = religious arohtecture Mollanistic- ene arebitecturo Famous Building Groups 1 Pyramids at Giza 2. The Acropots, Athens 5. Pisa Cathedral 4.3t Pots, Romo, ‘Campanile ve Bettry Boley -ataehoe to ehoreh ‘Campania datezhed frm eburen ‘Types of Domes 1.Simple 2. Compouind 3. Malan, Serrated, Onion or Bulbous shape eriads of Renaissance 1. Early Renaissance 2 High Renaissance 3. Baroque 44. Roos 42 Architects af St. Pater's 1 Densle Brarnante 2 Giuliana ds Sangalo 3. Fra Gioconda 4, Raphael 5. Baldassare Perzal 6 Antanio da Sangallo 7. Mechetangelo 8. Giacomo della Porta 9. Domenico Fontana 10. Vignola 17. Carlo Stadema 12. Bemint Architests of Stunrt Period, Britain 1 Phase Inigo Jones 20 Phgee - Christopher Wren Biggest Churches 1. St Pater's, Rome 2. Seulle Catheorat 3.Maan Cathedral 4. Cologne Cathodrat 5.81. Paul's. London, Chinese vs Japanoes Pagodas 4. Chinese -eetagonal plan, Japanase square 2, Chinese - 90" 13 storeys, panese-§ storeys ‘Types of Crossas ‘Latin eros 2 Crook crass Types of roots 1Gatie 2 Hip 23. Hopped gate hanson 5 Gambeat 5 Bator 7. Rainbow 5 Points of New Architecture 1. Framework stucturally independent cf walls 2. Froostanding facade 3. Roof garden 4. Open planning ‘5. Cube form elevate om silt or columns An toveau Styles 1. Franco — Le Modern Sho 2. Gotmany — Jugendstt 3. Austins —Sazezpione 4. Maly - Hie Liberty 5. Spain - Modemismo