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    History of Architecture

    Uploaded by

    shanto tpi

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 147
    History of Architecture Arch. Kevin Espina 2. Wid in Seope — from pre-historic ta madam sty 4. Repetitive ~ questions rom previous exams are roused 4. Histary amounts to anly around 10% of your tota scare (OUR METHOD OF STUDYING HISTORY: Totty nat lo memorize... bul to understand History is net alist of facts. itis a story that can be rats (ror and over Introduction REFERENCES 4..Shing, Fans 0. A Visual Ditonary of Aehiecure 2. llc. anit, A ion of Artec 200 Et 3. Metcao, Jose L. The Avhiectural Reviews. Melume ‘5. The Chien Atlan of Work History (6. The World las. of frchitectuce ‘DEFINITIONS: History of Architecture =" lg. tecord of man's dt to build beauty, Ihtmces the oFigin, growth and deckine of architectural styles which ‘have provaled lands and ages.” Hicione Sigles of Architecire + "The portculsr method, the characturistcs, manner of ‘design whieh prevails ata certain place ane be.” ‘Si lofivonces of Aehiector® ‘Geographical ‘Gealogicol ‘Climatic Reigious Social “Histoneal Four Great Constvetive Principles 4, Post & Lintal Construction 2. Arch & Vauit Construction Corel or Cantilever Construction .Trussed Construction ‘The Historical Timeline of Architecture Pre-historic HISTORY * Direct hurian ancestors evelved in Atica from 2.3 milion yoars aga = Homo habils, Homo erectus, homo sapiens, ‘homo sapiens sanions “The success of me human race Was largely due 10 the daveiopmontet tosis ~ made of tne, weed, Bone Pre-historic “+ Humans spread from Alea ito Southern Europe, Asia + Could not solte far noth dus tothe cold chmata From Siberia ty foot inio Noh America ‘From Souttwast Asia by boat into Austraa ‘Before 8000 BC, nomadic fe of hunting & food gathering '=By 9000 BC, farming and aprculure was practiced + Restle sil and pleetfl foo “Animal domesteation for wot, mil, woo! ‘People wanled ta sottle down, live in communities + First vilages in the Middle East, South America, Central ‘America dia and China ‘+ Some people needed nat farm, 60 they spent ime on fothor work - otmaking, metabiworking, art and, ‘architecture = No orgnnized region + Tha dead are treated with respect - burial rituals and ‘monuments ARONITECTURAL CHARACTER MATERIALS + Animal skins, wooden frames, animal bones CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM nsting oF excavotiad eaves Magalihic, most evident in France, England and iroland DECORATION + Caves paintings i Africa, France and Spain Pre-historic MENHIR A single, fargo upright monoth + Serves 8 religous purpose ‘= Sametimes arranged in parallel rows, reaching several ‘miles and consising of thoucands of stones DOLMEN + Tomb of standing slonas Usually capped with @ large hrovzonial slab CROMLEGH Enclosure formed by huge stanes. planted on the ground ‘n cireutar form Stonshongo, England (7800 ~ 1500 BC) + Meat apbelaeuar and enpesing of manele memamants + Outer ring ner ring, imetmost harsashow-shoped fog wihopen end facing eat + Largest stones weigh 45 10 50 tons, came from Wales: 200m away * Stonas transported by sea or river then hauled on tan wath sleeges and rollers by hundreds of people, rake ‘Qh ino pts, exp wih Watts Genin archtocture -t defines extesior space + A solar cbsenvatony = designed to mark the 5imn's path during sunrise on Midsummer Day Pre-historic TUMULUS oF PASSAGE GRAVE + Dominant tomb type = Gontdor inside leading to an wniderground chamibor PRUITIVE DWELLINGS: * Mealy had one room + Tho development of more complex chvlations led to division ofthe room ints smaies ones for eating, slogan, sociliang | + bn places where ne industrial rvalution thas cecurred to transtorm bulling methods and ierease population ent, houses shew ie diterence lem preniive one ‘Beonive Hat Trullo- dey yelled rough sione shelier with carbelled root Wigwam or Tapee conical tent wth wooden poles as framework “ Coverod with cush mats and an arsmal skin door Hogan - pmitve Indian structure of joined logs Pr on foo - Innuit (Eskimo) house consbucied of hard:paekod ‘snow blacks: Bult up spirally [Nigerian hut- with mud walle and roof of palm eaves ‘oq mahi ~ covered with spl reed mats, bull on a reed ‘platform ko prevent seslement ‘Sumatran house - for several fanvies, bulk of timber ond ‘palm leaves, the fenced pen underneath is for Wvesiock Near East ‘The Historical Timeline of Architecture Near ant HISTORY + Btaried a vilages on the lt land between Tips an Euphrates rivers = “Mesopotamia” Tamed into eiy-sates with popttations of thousands + Bath ciyestate surtounded by a wall and dominated by a ‘axga temple + Society of ings, eratsmen, sass, farmers, priosts + Fought ane traced wih each ote + Sametines woud conquer each other and teem an empio Near East Masopotarse 7 City-slaias of Ur, Babjion, Agade, Ashur and Damascus + 2344 BC, King Sargon of Agada formod the frat major Based in Ashir, biggest empire under King Ashurbaripal ~ Ponquered Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine and Egypt arr Persian * Begun by Cyrus the Groat trom $59 15 $28 BC = Cavered Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Eastom Mossrranean, ‘Bacio, Inds Valley ond North Altea > Darius I had peovinces ruled by a salrap, who guarded the roads, collecied taxes and conirclled the army * Local peoples were allowed to keep thei religions and cusioms * Capital moved from Susa io Persepolis ‘+ Natwork of toads linking the royal cour to other paris ot the empire — fom Susa in Persia ta Sats in Anatolia = Teriod ra materials, carpets and plone Darius and Xeraes tied to conquer Groace “Ended wi the defeat of Darius Il 19 Alexander the Great cot Macedonia RELIGION ach elly-stale worshigaed thelr own god far protection People aimed ta make peace with their wrathful god Fertie Crescent: + Marshlands with fow natural advantages aside ftom water and sot “bmp malaria the hardwood Br! metals Ase: * Deserts of the Avablan Peninsula “Mountains and plateaux from west to-east Near East [ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER (MATERIALS = Only materials reacity avaiiotte was clay, sof, reeds, rushes * Bricks made of mud and. chopped straw, sun-ined or Aeneas ‘Timber, coppét, tn, se gots, ever impacts DECORATION ‘= Polyehrome glazed bricks in blue, wie, yelow, green “+ Murals of decarative continuous stone EXAMPLES ZNGGURATS: + Rebgious budings: bust next to tomples * On top was a small temple Development * Arca aigquret. + Two or Three-staged 2igqurat + Sevencctagad 2iggural during the Assyrian patio Near East PALACES ‘+ Kings celebrated their victories, wealth and power by ‘bulking large palaces +50 years to bud = People from all ever the empire were involved in its ‘construction = Nanety of archinctura tyes: ‘+ parts: audience halls, recoption als, storerooms for ‘Winuies and valuntes, miliary quarters, apadana —telest ‘using, with 36 columns of 20m height DWELLINGS: Known 98 Magaron + Eniranoe al end rather than on the lang sides > Portico - colonnaded space farming an entrance or \vestbule, wih a roof supported on one side by columns, + Suited fo clmate of Anatekan plateau GEOGRAPHY & CLIMATE ‘Now staich of fertée and arable land akong the Nile + Beyond riverbanks, bamen desert and rugged clits prevented attack trom invaders * hleciteranean and Red seas Egyptian = Weallny counity despite the desest - every year, Nile ‘would overfow leaving the lan fertile far growing crops “Nile River was a trade ute “Gold irom Nubia intve south + Two kingdoms. Lower and Upper Egypt, combined by ‘Kang Manas in 3100 8C & Many Small towns, tt royal cles at Memphis and Thebes = A single kingdom for most of is existence - unified under the centralized omnipotent aunority ofthe pharaoh tking) Pharaohs: ‘Seon a gods sweating on earth * Sole masters of tha couniey aris inhabits + Bulders and teaders “iat the deaiga, francing, quarying aed transporting ‘of matenals, rgarizalion of fabor and constuction All Society: > Divided inta groups, by order of importance: serior ‘priests, officials. noblemen, and army commanders, ‘Most orcnary Egyptians were farmers RELIGION + Cult of many gods reprasenling nature: surt, moon, sta, ~ 6 + After death, a persons soul went on to enjoy eternal ie in kingdom of the God Gis + imogined this kingdom 25 0 parfect version of Egypt ‘Pharaohs were buried. bringing with ther the things they ‘might ned in he aftaifa, even Wving people * Wished fer a, fine tural, ombalmmort ane nora ies, [and 8 permanent tomb or etemal dveling? + Dead body had ta be preserved lo hause the spirit + Remove insides, dry cut the body, filed wih nen, ‘masked and bandaged ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTION * Aferte le and house on earth I temporary, the tomb: |S permanent + For sustenance and elemal enjoyment of the deceased + Religion isthe dominant element in Egyptian architecture: MATERIALS + Stone wns abundant in varity and quantity * Used for monuments and religous bulings * Duratily of stone ie why monuments stil exist o this aay + Othar materials, metals and timber were imported + Mud bricks: for houses. palaces (reeds. papyrus, pam ‘branch ribs, plastered over with clay) Egyptian ROOF 8 OPENINGS Roo! was nol an important consideration Flat roofs sufficed to caver and exclude heat = No windows: + Spaces ware ft by skylights, of sts. cheeses WALL + Batlar wall - diminishing in width towarts the: top for stablily + Thickness: 8 to 24m at temsles: + Unbroken masiive walls, uninterrupted space for ecooiyphics DECORATIONS. + Moultings such si “gorge? or "halen and colt was « Hiaroalvehies wore pictonalcepesentabons of vesgon, | Common omamants hislory ad daly lle + Derived from the prastice of scratching pictures on mud 3 i plaster was 6:16 | ret = pace Camus Fsesen or ners * Common capitals used were the lotus. papyrus, palm which echoed indigenous. Egyptian plans, and were symbols of ferity 2s well ‘Tho shat represented bunaie of stams + Avenue of sphiares: rows of monsters (body of Kan, heart of man, baw, ram) leading to monuments EXAMPLES MASTABAS + Reclonguiar flattopped funerary maund, with battered ‘side, covering & burial chamber below ground “First typo of Egyptian orm + Developed from small and inconspicuous to huge an lenposing + Starway with 2 doors: one fr tal, second was 8 fase dior for spins *Cokimn Hat + Offering Chapel + Serdat (coats sats of dace) + Oifeing room vith Stel (one wih name ol deceased inscribed) * Offering table + Sarcophagus ~ Egyptian sot Egyptian ‘massive funerary structure of stone or brick ak ‘Came in complanse: ‘Gfering chaze! (north ar east side) + Mortuary chapel “Raised and enclosed causeway loading to west + Valny nuiaing for embalmment anc interment res ‘+ immonse use of ttor ne matorins, bul in kayors, the steps Pyramids at Giceh Mast magnificent of pyramids ‘sEquinteral ses face cardinal pots “+ Founs a workdomaus bulking group “= Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu) += Pyrarnid of Chephnan (khafra or Khafra) += Pyramd of Mykerinos (Menkaura + The Great Sphinx shows King Chepren 9s 3 man-tion protecting his country ROCK-CUT oF ROCK-HEWN TOMBS * Bull along hillsce TEMPLES. MORTUARY TEMPLES + worship! in honor of pharaohs CULT TEMPLES ‘ worshipfin None of goo Pants: Enirance pylon “Large outer couit open fo shy (hypaethral court) “= Hypostyte hat + Sanctuary surrounded by passages = Chapeisichambars used in connection wit the temple serves ‘Teimpie of Khons + Typical temple: pylons. cour. Mypesiyle hal, sanctuary, ‘onapets all enclosed by high gia wal * Aver of ephiees and abalisks trenting pytons Groat Temple of Ammon, Karnak, Thebes {Gendell i he eo oe Groat Ternple of Abu-Simbeo! Example of rock-cut ample “Sheri bs manne + Entrance forecourt acs to impasing pylon with 4 rock= ‘cut colossal statues of faeinas ang ‘siiing over 20m high ay r i 4 i eH ee” ‘Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir abate! PYLoNs + monumerial gateway tothe temple consisting of slanting ‘walls flanking the enirance portal Temple of Iss, Phitae OBELISKS Upnght lone square In plan, Wh on stactum-eappEst fpramidion ontop acted bo of sin. god Habopais + usualy cara in pas foning tarple entrances. + height of rine orton imas the ameter a he base: * our sides feature Neroghphics Obeitek, Paz of $. Giovanni + original from Temple of Amman, Kamak DWELLINGS + Mai of crude brick, One or iw storey high Flat roof deck 3 pants * Raceptan sudo en marth sk ~ conta! all or ving room wth nigh eling an etorastory “Service quadters + Private quarters FORTRESSES Most found on west bank of le or onislanis + tose eoxnmurications with othor fcresses Fortis of Bohan + Hoadquattors & largest lores town noar Nubia “From hare they sould trade and invade lanes tothe south ‘Aagoan Period (Minoan) * Chisiaatons on Creta and Greek mainland trem 1900 to sro0 Be + The. first great commercial and naval power in the Mediiaranean, founded on trade with the whole eastern Seabood: Asta Minor, Cyprus. Sytia, Palestine, Egypt ond Ubya. even South fay and Sicily an the west * Trade and communications produced a unity of culture ‘and economic stabty ‘Knossos was the largest city, had a magesficent palace ‘Myconnoan or Hellas (955040 1100 BC) + Contmation of Cretan ideas end craftsmanship on ‘mainland Greece = Wealth due to thelr contral of metal trading between Europe and Middle East ‘Holenic Poros (800 t0 323 BC) ‘= Ciy-statns davalopad on the plains Batween moun — Sparta and Athor ware eros insportant = The "pols" emerged as the basis of Groek society Each had its own ruler. government and laws +A federal unity existed between ctyatnies due to ‘common language, customs, ragion + Several different forms of goverament: Ogarchic, Tyrannic, Democratic * Under Portes (484 BC to 429 BC), peak af Athenian = op "Has. 24 vlog sopavated by spans iets saccade Eco mel pee im fenintsal agree (orienta: poet ‘Height wes 2 and 1/4 times the saa ameter of ecumn eas ae sca! + Rrchivave.with lasioe nan + Comics Tenancies + No frieze nee hes Lue F (sey tomossevernscrsiner = teat wa oy Spaermnusinloae TS aaceen ‘Stenisscntis ears polietane esta dnc (armen ona een es, ‘png Poot oa scartne Conca ster Aovopedy te ee wi cen i ‘Seen ey nae (Popons sl monary oie sna cel o Sitearon stsstna connor Ga piconet tae er ‘naan susaconaces pastel mete TENENOS. + Enclosure designated as «sacred land + Enire groups of buldings laid out symmabicaly and crderty Acropols a Pergamon + Statue of Athena Promachos + Ereethoion Parthenon Temple of Nike Apioros + Old Tompla of Aner + Stoa of Eurneses + Theater of Dionysus + Odwon of Heroces Atneus sTOA PRYTANEION, BOULEUTERION, or ASSEMBLY HALL HIsTORY “han cly-states.on the fsién peninsula + From 600 -00 BC, among all cies in italy. Rome ‘became the most powerful + 344 = 264 BC, Rome conquered oll of ftaty and ‘established one of the strongest empires in history + Wan cently Jscated on tho notthom Meciterranasn “Nota sea-faing people + Depended on conquest by land io extend thelr power + Fought with Garthage in North Adnica for contr of the Mediterranean + Hannibal led ihe Carhaginian army and ns38 elephants across the Alps into Rome 2 pedo: ‘Etuscan or Etniscan {790 BC to 148 BC) oman (846 66 to 365 AD) ‘= Doveloped constitutions republic “+ Farmors & soldiers, concerned with efficiency and justice “For S00 years Rams wae ruled by elects leasars calles onal In 27 BC, Augustus crowned himself Emperor with taal power + Succession of mitary dictatorships of which Julius ‘Gaesars was mest famous + Empire veached ts greatest size in 114 AD under ‘Emporor Trojan 4000km wide and 60 milion inhabitants * Used natural fanters such 28 mountain ranges and ‘vers (0 dafine their apes = Othecwise: they bul fried walle, such as Hadkian's ‘Wollin England Provinces run by gavornors: ‘Latin was the official language “ Applied roman sysiom of Laws + Was the intormadiary in epreasing at and eiviizaion in ‘Europe, West Asia and Norm ASrca RELIGION + Polytheistic, several cults “Roman mythology slony derived atiritutes from thase of Greak gods, GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY and CLIMATE * Hokan peninsula: Caneal and commanding pasitian on Medterransan tea Tempera inthe marth “Sunny in central aly + Almost tropical in south ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTION + Etcans were greet busters + Large-scale undertakings, the city walls and sewers «Drang meres, cling eon les by tig ‘+ Romans had great constructive abity + Complox. of sever stones + Unitarian, practical, economic use of materials MATERIALS j_ingored marble tom all prs of the. Ere W ser iber + Earth for terra cota and bricks + Etruseans introduced the use af coneeta (300 AD. to 400 a0): “Sone oF brick rubtle with pazzolans, a thick veleanle ‘earth malarial as moriar * Used for walls, vaults, semes + Concrete alowed Romans to bulk vaults of a msgniude ‘never equaled wnt 1911 century steel construction Roman coLuMNs, = Orders of architecture, used by Greeks’ constructively, were usod by Romans 2s decorative features which could be omited Tuscan Order + Simplified version of Doric onéer ‘About 7 diameters high = With a bake, vnilted shalt, moulded capital, plain centablature Composite Order = Evolved in 100 AD. combining prominent volutes of lanic wih acanthus of Corinthian "Most decorative CONSTRUCTION SysTEM + Adopted columnar and tabealed style of Greeks + Arch and vault system started by Etruscans - combined usa of column, beam and arch (arctusted) + Were. able to cover large soaces. wihout the aid of Intermediate suppor vee ities meron 17 TYPES OF VAULTS. Wegon! Barrel! Tunnel Vault: + Semi-cicular or wagor-headed, borne on two paiallet ‘walls throughout ts tength Wagon Vault with tnferseeting Veut: Cross Vac: + Formed bythe iniarsection a two semi-circular vaults of ‘equal span = used ever square epertmem or bays ‘Hemnispivaical Game! Cupoto: + Used over ckcular stmetures DECORATION ‘Thousands of email tones or glass tes satin mortar to {orm a pater "Showed pictures of rma he + Opus Incetum - srnal stones. loose: pattern resembling polygonal waling * Opus Quacratum = rectangular blocks, with or without ‘morta joss ‘Opus Reticulum -netlice eect wets fo joints running siagonaly Forum + Roman cties were wellplanned with straight streets rassing te town i a grid pattern ‘inthe Iown center was an open space called the forum + Surrounded by a hal, offices, kaw courts and shape: tage my a My aa si i LC i BASILICAS Basia in the Forum, Pompe Basiica of Septimus Severus. Lencis Magna + Romans iced to hoop clean and ft + Bull elaborate poblic baths throughout the ernpire + For as many as 30 men and women i te open Ports othe tharmae + Apodytera — dracsing room + Licanicum (sudstoriem) - sweat room, rubbing With al + Tepidarium — warm bay + Frigiarn ~ cold bath + Unetuaria ~ ols and perfumes room INSULAE + 2-0r4- storey lonerment type buildings ‘Prototype forthe modern condominium ‘THEATERS and AMPHITHEATERS * Gladiators treined 10 fight each other at organized contests + For he entertainment of the townspeople The Caleesaum, Rome Roman TRIUMPHAL ARCHES Arch of Septimus Severus; The Fowum, Raine AQUEDUCTS. > Conted water in pipes from the county to the heart ofthe ity Early Christian HISTORY + Im 63 BG. the Romans conquered Judea in the Eastern Mediterranean “Main innabitants were the Jews + Jews believed that one day the “Messiah” or “Chast” ‘would free them frorn thw Romans + n.27 AD, Jesus began preaching to peopt in Gatto, ast of Jodo ‘After three years, he was arrested by the Jews and found uly of cttending ther god “He was nailed toa cross and ded a paint death + He appeared to his disciples after Fis resurrection from the dead Early Christian + abet thal Jesus vas the Christ and he Son of God - (Chvistanty was born ~ Disciples spread siories of Jesus’ lie and teaching by word ol mouth and by writen account inthe new {testament eel + Mowe Fem Jugea 16 Antioeh in Syria ane into. wo Nore Megteranaan “Founded new communities along the way += Carried by St Peter, St, Paul and oles missionaries to ‘Rome, the center ofthe Empire and fountainhead of power ‘and inuonce * Emperor Nevo ondered! Chistian 10 be fed to wild beasts ‘or burned to death * Despite ts, n amcanmay Roms, Chrtanny grow +1312 AD, Constantine, a converted Christan, named it ofc ogi Oe ac agi + By 600 AD, most rman lager had tha owt churches, ‘govorned by a bishop *"Patiarehs based in Jenusctom, Alexondtia, Aatioch, ‘Constaninogsa and Ror GEOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY ‘Rune of Raman bulgings eerved as quarts from whieh materials were obtained AROWITECTURAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTION + Highipinfiuenced by Roman an and architecture + This architecture hardly has the architectural value of a iyo, simply becouse tt was never veally producad by the Solution of constructive problems ROOF and CEILING + Further development af tnsees - king and queen post russes BASILICAN CHURCHES: * Roman basiioas as modoks + Usually erected ones te busi placw ofthe aint to whom lavas dadientes + Uniko Greek and Roman tomples which sheltered gods. the opens of tha Chialan church was 10 ohelr + Came in-a complex, with cathedral, belly or camparile, ‘and bopistery ‘Fine sculplures and mosaics worked ita new hasaieas + Paid itd regard to external architectural effect + Entrance atwast + Priest siood behind alr, facing east tribune Thedoy on cpg renee pen meg tossean ‘andr sorted ty pram. mbutory St Peter's Rome + Erected by Conslaniing near the silo of SI. Peters ‘martyrdom “The Girrus of Perm was tom down to enectit i hf 1 ital pill’ | BAPTISTERIES + Used anly for sacrament’ of baptism, on festivals of Easier, Pentocast and Epiphany. * Lorgo seperate building from church, sometimes agjoined atiium TOMBS or CATACOMBS + Chviations objected Yo cremation, insisted on bust on ‘consecrated ground + Land fer burials had bacome scarce and expensive + Monumental tombs. became expressions. of fait in ‘anmoralty * Comaleries ot catacombs were excavated below ground + Sovoral striat extoncing deweviards + Usually domed and enriched with lavish mosale decorations + Walls and colings were lavishly decorated with paintings ‘mixing pagan symboksm with scenes from tha bible Early Christian HISTORY + Flarce barbaric wibes such as the Goths 2nd Vandals attacked from outse the empire + ln 285 = 283 AD, the empire had spit into two ~ an Eastern and Western empire * Constaniane, a converted Chistian, changed the capitat cof the Empire trom Rome to Constantinople in 380. AD * Tho westem ompire based in Rome fnaly colapsed in a76AD + Eastern ormpice lasted another thousand years and was Iknavin as the Byeanine eigiro + Constantinople stood on the site of an old Greek town called Byzantium (prasentaday istanbul) + Known 2s the “new Rams", most commanding positon and mast valuable pat of easiom Roman empira * Bulwark of Crristionay ding the Middle Ages Byzantine + Strongly Ciiatian people - founded manny monasiaros ‘ood churches. = Converiod the Russians and Easiom Europeans. to (Christianity = this form of Chvisbanty survives today as the * Under Emperor Justnian, regained contet of lost lands Cf the Western Roman Empire, sveh as Northwost Africa, Nay and Span + Atlacks Wom Slav Garbarians andl Buigore from the northwest were constant being repelled = Peraians, Arabs and Muslins (rom east “Normans aad Vanatians + Ofioman Turks captured the city in 1453 and killed Constantine Xt the last emperor GEOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY “Where Asia and Ewepe meet, separated by a narrow stip. of water suppor springing of arches Byzantine powes ‘The dome was the prevailing matt of Byzantine ‘architecture * Practice of using domes contrasts with Eaxty Christin timber tniss system 3 types of dome: ‘Simple - Pendentives and domes aro of sama sphere Compound + Dome of separate sphere, sises indopandanlly over ‘sphere of pendantives or domme raised on high dum ‘Special designs: melon serrated, onion of bulbous shape S. Sophia; Constantinople * Hagia Sophia "divine or holy wisdoe™ + ult by Justinian, designed by Anthemius of Trales ond torus of ietus + Rose on the sity of 2 successive Bsiican churches of the sama name * hig lnportant ehureh in Canetantnopie + Perfection of Byzantine style + Later converted inte a mosque Byzantine S.A, Vee inthe ste of original Basilcan church = An exterior quality ail its own: blending of features from ‘many foreign lands + Sis behind the Piazza of San Marco, vast marble-paved ‘open space serves ae attum to church = -Gtihenng,resplandent fagade + Enlerior enriched by fine entrance portals, mosaic and ‘marble decocations HISTORY * The Roman Empire was halved inta East nd West = Those ‘outside the Empire were caled “barbarians” « German tribes such asthe Franks, Saxons, Vendals, Goths; Asian tribes such as the Huns ‘ath century. Huns invaded Europe forcing te Goths an ‘Vandals sek shettr inside the Raman Empive + Rome agroad to bet tam stay in exenange for help against the Huns + la 410.AD, Alotic the Goth seiend Romo, sete in Spain + Gstrogoths held much of thay, Vandals maved aerass Europe into Africa +486 = 507. Clovis, King of the Franks, conquarod Gaul ‘but wos overtnrown by a Carolingians in TS AD * Franks, Vinigoths ard Burgunians ruled Gail “Angles, Sinons an Jutes oocupled Britain + The devine of the Roman Eloi ted to the se of Independent staies and nailons across Europe lias nos it hod eclesota and pote bos to ‘This Went on fr tree centuries, from 600 to 800 AD + Charlemagne, 2 Frankish Carolingian king, was ‘barbarian Europe's moat ffecive rer “In B00 AD, he was crowned Emperor by Pape Leo il + estabished tha Holy oman Empire, ted fo be as orand ‘ste Roman and Byzantine emperors before hen ‘Bult his palaoa in Aachan, based on Byzantine palace ad chap Constaninapla * Conquered parts of Germany, Austra, tay and Spain + Art and ebiization wos restored over Eueope + There was anew religious enthusiasm, ‘The crusades wore conducted against Muslims + Christanty was source of education, culture. ond ‘ecanamy ‘In 814 AD, Chavemagne’s empire began to break UP siting iio 3 kingdoms + Vinings: from Norway, enimaik and Swodon bogon ‘aching Brinin, Fronee. Welond, Russia ond Noh ‘America only stopping by 1000 AD RELIGION + Rise of he religious onders + Science, lotiers, art and culture were the monopoly of odors * Gave impulse to architects; fostered at and tearing ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTION + Religious fervor expressed in + Ar, cathodrals and monastic bulfings + Architecture spread vwroughout. Europe but gavemed by classical traditions ="Romanesquo™ bulaings - classical precedent. was + Ruins of classical used only 8 suil the fragments of off omaments used in naw buleings Mi Avi iT + Rib and Pani vauting ~ framework of its support thin stone panols BAPTISTERIES + Large, Separate buildings usumy octagonal in plan ant ccannectad othe eathearal by the anium “Used 3 times a year: Easter, Pentocos, Epiphany: CAMPANILES: + Straight toners shalts, generally standing alone + Served a civic monuments, symbets of power, wach towers Romanesque NORTHERNITALY + Milan, Venice, Ravenna, Pavia, Verona, Genoa - etits ‘competed to construct glotious buildings = Links to Northern Europe (Ihraugh sipine posses) and ‘Constantinopta (through Venice and Ravenna) ‘Omamental sreados 08 ever tagade “Wheel window + Contr psjnetiog paces, vids coluenns on touRhh-earved grotesque figures of men and beasts (shows Nesthen ‘European influence) 8 Ambrogia, Min 5. Zeno Magigore, Verona 'S. Fedele, Como Michele. Pavia ‘SOUTHERNITALY * Underwent Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Musi and ‘Norman rule + Richer in design and colar * Elaborate whoo! windows = made of sheets of piarcod marble * Greater variety in cahimns and eapitals * Elaborate bronze doors and bronze plasters + Byzantine influence: mosaic decorations, no veults, used aomes. + Nusiim influence: use of stiped marbles, silted pointed ‘arches. cokortul, geomeric designs as predominant interior Cofaly Cathedral Romanesque CENTRAL ITALY = Rome, Florence, Naglas, Pisa ~ cities rich in pagan influence “Pisa had commercial links withthe Holy Land: fought with ‘Musimns ‘Great stone and mineral weal, bailiant atmesphero Pisa Cather = Forms one of mos famoiss building groups n the world - Carrara, Baptstery, Campari, acd Campo Sito ‘+ Resombles other early Basikcan churches in plan + Exterior of red and white mare bands Baptistery #38, m crcular plan by Diot Sati Campania ‘aka The “Leaning Tower af Pisa” +B slorays, 16 m in diameter = Duo to failure of foundations, avorhangs 4:2 m FRANCE + Remains of old buildings were fess abundant — they had greater freadom of devsloping new siylo * Rubevaulls. and semeciccular or pointed arches ower the nave and aisles + Timbeesramed roofs of stale finish and steep slope to throw eff snow ‘Abbey of St. Doni, near Paris + Among the frst instances of using the pointed arch + Ribbed. vault, pointed arch and fying buttrasses. ‘successfully combined Romanesque CENTRAL EUROPE Worms Catheckal ‘Easter and westem apses and octagon: +2 ccular towers flank each ‘Octagon a erasing, with poinied root SPAIN “Use of both Basiican and Groek-cross fotms + Use of horseshoe arch Santiago de Canipastela * Finast achlevemant of Romanesque in Spain ENGLAND foundations: * Old foundation - served by secular clergy + Monastic foundation ~ served by regular clergy or monks + Neu foundation «fo which bishops had been anpainted Barham Cathet! + Rib and andl vaulng wih pointed arches: MONASTIC BUILDINGS. Fountains Abbey. Yeekshice FORTIFICATIONS & TOWN WALLS = A over Europe ~ 1800 cates in England in 18th and 1th contuties = Bogan as motie and balay eaetiorks alar became clladels wit stone curtain walls a hi itecture_ Y HISTORY * 12th — 18h Contuties: Holy Roman Empire was reducest to the area of Germany + Only 3 great kingdoms were left France, England an Castle in Spain + Prosperous years in toms of agriculture - worm woathor and tvention of the wend ane watee-mal meraseod tee amount of food produced * Nast Europeans wore Catholics + Church under the Pope brought Christians together + Entire Christianity was united against Muskins «The rulers, the church and fowmspeople spent wealth on ‘oulding move castes, cathedrats and monasteres * Towns competed wittench ather to produes tha bast eenitectine + Some 4000 new towns were bull ta accommedate the ‘ising pooulation = Towns became centers of trade ~ Paris, Mitan, Florence, enice, Naples ‘Mixture of ands. ruled by nobles ‘Feudal sysiom landlords rulod wih tyranny “Theo ves rettnzsnoss among the people ~ Towns became crowed and dety~ Gawase was se “Black Death struck Europe ftom 1547 to 1351 and killed hall the population - spread by rats and fleas, could kil 3 ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER - DESCRIPTION "Gothic s aterm used in oproach to this style daparture from classic ines ‘Gon be identified bythe general use af pointed arch ‘Also called “Macieval Arcitecture” FRANCE ‘In French, “Varchitectura Ogata” Primaie (12th Gentory AD) + Also called“ lanoetios” + Distinguished by pointed archos and _goemettie Yaconcd windows ‘Seconda (8300 Contry AD) + Also called "Rayonnant” * Characterized by circular windows with wheel racery Tovtiaeo (14th Yo 16th Contury AD) * Also called “Flamboyant” + Flameslike: window tracery oF free owing tracery Features: + Use of pointed orch ta cover ‘rectangular boys Use of fing buttiosses weighted ty pinnacies "Tall thin columns = “atreiching up as. 4 neavon * Walls relaseed from laad-beaving function + invention of colored, stained glass vindaws Lo acon windows + Tracery windows provided 0 ramewor for Bible sinnies to be told ‘mn pictures + Cathedrals as a Berary for iliarate toumepeopte - Gibical stories. wore told with stained-glass ded statanry Pb ddd Be eed HAH 5S SOE pee eae (Chartres Caters Notre Dame. Paxis + Ohne of tho oldest French cathedrals * Begun by Bishop Maurice de Suty + Facade fealures successive ters of niches with statues (Chistand Frenen kings “Central whoo! window + Two western towers wit high poinied louvred openings % i! iB I Hall ih 20TH MODERN CASTLES * Bull on mourids abure rivers + Thick wells and small windows to resis alack + Many woce adapted to make convenient residences in later periods Caresasane * bul in 19% Coury AD + double wall, nner one mad in 800.AD + BO towors and moat + two gateways. guarded by machicolations, crrwbridge and portals te Tha lemost aed srg eto te arabe Cnt csbas ape trent. yg top» tnese! spe sald dooen (hopin chmterins vane oe Vpetesraamegiaeasten | ce oan apm Aaresertenve roto sete pate ‘ort yoo kegs hy heey te snag idhyapreceract lel es, adel ‘Aeroense comma oti aracty wad eecedel te (Sana pal ln nga ae ecper space or rome ets act Maas one pea nie tom ep amichions ii gic rane Man basa + eel Nerctekwiecrcings teat tapes seen Gothic Npemeteys i: somon Sion tte rey ‘icetetnarmalon ne ert echt + neon Seerae sponsor Comnainctonee - en Heese este deseo” —_ Oe Apron gle > rpc “epg. alegre, Solara . Besaghatchenslesnay sTiowgtemmuscte = Ege kee aleraavonte De eacheect eee Ms operen canal ‘asoottsecoty low or ‘pce ae ENGLAND NORMAN (1080 to 1354 AD) + Incudes the raiseg of most of major Romanasaoe Churches and castes TRANSITIONAL (1154 19 1189.40) + Pointed aechas in Romanesque structures EARLY ENGLISH (1189 to 1307 AD) + Equivalent! to High Gothic in France + Aisa cated “Lancet” ar “First Pointed” sty, from tong arrow poinied windows DECORATED (1307 f0 1377 AD) + Window vacery is “Geomaticar in form, and. lala, Aorsing tracery pattors and curvimesr surface paltor + Rise called "Second Pointed, equivalent 10 French “Flamboyant” sive PERPENDICULAR (1877 to 1485 AD) Also called “Recinear ar “Third Pointoat TUDOR (1495 fo 1558 AD) “ Ineroasing appleaton of Renass:anen detail ELIZABETHAN (1558 #0 1603.40) + Renaissanes ideas take strong held Gothic CATHEDRALS May have been attached io monastiries orto eullegiaie insitaions * Found in precincts. wtn dormitories, infirmary, guest ‘nouses, coisters. refractory, other buiings Wosiminsier Abbey + Complex of church, rel poloce and busal grounds “Most important medieval budding in Britain * widest (32 m) and highost vauitin Engtand (102 ft) ‘Omer examptos: Wile Cathedral ‘York Cathedkal - largest medieval cathedral in England ‘ond in Northem Europe Winchester Caihedral = longest medieval cathedral in England i iy hitecture Rowanesaue ennssance MANOR HOUSES + Erected by maw and weal trading familes Pas + great hall, room with solar room, chapel, latins charter, ‘Sorvice roome, kitchens, contral hearth Later, in Tudor Manar Houses increased ors, quadrangular cour, batlement fparapots, and gateways, chimneys, butiery (buller’s faaniry), oven, panty, serving ares and storage. larder ood storage), wardrobe, orstorystudy, private chapel vith altar end crucifix, scullery, brew house Pennurst Pace, Kent (GERMANY, BELGIUM AND THE NETHERLANDS + In Germany, the chiel influence came from France, not {rom German Romanesque + In Belgium ond Toe Nethestands, was based on French ‘Gothic. developing the Brabantine styie HALL-CHURCHES: + Had a diferent ook “= Nave and alate f same height + Ong or two immense and orate vestemn towers oF apse, In place of sculptured docrway “Brick-nork and simplified namentation ‘St Etzapein, Marburg ‘Typical all ehurch i a nth li ‘SPAIN + Sting Moorish influences: the use of horseshoe arches and rich surface decoration of irticata geometrical and lowing pattems * Churches had fst exteror-appearance, dus to chapels Insoried between buttrossas + Excassiva omamonl, without regard to esnstructive eharacter ‘Burgos Cathedea! (1221 «1457 AD) ‘regular in ptan + Most beautful and poate of al Spanish cathedrals Savile Cathedral (1402 to 1520 AD) + Largest Madioval church in Esxope + Second largest church in the world, next to St, Peter's, Rome Toledo Cammodat ‘Salamanca Cathedral ther cathedrals + Avila Cathedral, Segovia Cathedrat, Barcefone Cathedat ALY * Led the way in Europe, i terms of art, teaming end + Cultural revival was taking place in ily in advance of ‘ction Europe: + Rosman edition remained eting + This arrested the development of Gothic architecture in aly + Verticality of Gothic is generaily neutralized by horizontal ccomices and string courses + Apsence of pinnackes and thing buttresses + Small windows wittout tracery + Projecting entrance porches with columns on bose boasts OA ss B. Gemeasesuarammse Foronce Comiours! or S, Maria det Fiore Secaaleed I + Designed by Amoifa di Cambio oy ST Essenaly Kalen in choracoc, whet to. veral al] {eonwes of Gothic + Pecular lain cross ptan wih campanile and baptistary Sina Cathedral One of mas! slopendous undertakings since the Dulling ‘of the Pisa cathadral = Ouicome of civic pride - all atists in Siena contributed {heir works (os bukling and axdomment ‘Crucitem plan “Zebra marble striping on wall ane por Other cathesrats: ‘Man Cathedral “Largost Modioval cathedral in tkaby Srl largest cathedral in Europe INFLUENCES HISTORY. + Previous trace routes to the east had now been locked ‘by the Otieman Turks in Constantinople +1850, series of vayanes and explorations by sea led byt Spain and Portgat * For trade mostly tut ako forthe discovery of oro ans + Warfare was changed by the vention of gunpowder Thee Brough abou Ihe nad for 8 new Busing Noe Renaissance * Printing by Movable Type + Led to the mass praduction of books + Conirbuted tothe circulation of eas and knowledge + Several Christian thinkers. chalenged: and attacked the bobels. customs, power and wealth ofthe Catholic Church + Protestants in Garmany, Scandinavia and England + Marin Luther and hn Catv + Rebojaus afd intellectual unity of Chvstendam had begun tocrumble QP + inornased understanding of Science and the Arts * Mathcad Astronomy = Human Anatomy by Andreas Vewalian + Atiomot to understand the ancient work its values, erory, aris forms and anchtecturl forms, * “Treatise on Acitecture” by Virus in 166 ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTION + The: Renaissance movement created break in the ‘evolution of European church architecture + Departure trom Gothic, with the employment of Classic: Roman “Orders of Arehitacura ‘Byzantine structural and acoestive prectas, intasd of Gothic, were interwoven with thane Gem Reman sit Romanesque succession PeRions EARLY RENAISSANCE * Period of earning + Designers were intont on the accurate transcription of oman canes HIGH RENAISSANCE or PROTO-BAROQUE + Renaissance became an individual syle in its own right + Purist or Paladian, where Roman tradition was held én high respect (represented by Anérea Paitadio) + Proto-Baroque, where there was more confidence in using the acquired vocatulary freely (ropresenied by Michelangelo) + Mannarst, What praciioas which had no Roenan precedent woro interspersed vith the usual buldings, or alive bulge weeo conceived 0.8 Nor-Romgn way + Mannerists used architetural elements in a free, decorative and Wogical way, unsanctioned by antique precedent BAROQUE + Avohitests. werked wih freedom and frmiy-acquired ienowtedge “The woe nature ef Renaissance af 9 dlatinetive able lbagan to emerge + Baroque saw architecture. paining, sculpture and tse ‘minor ats being used in harmony to produce the unites whole Renaissance Rococo + Siyle which ia pir French in origin “Rockike forms, faniastic scrofs, and crimped shells Profuse, ften sembabstract omamentation * Light in color and weight summary: + Patan Archtectue was logical. stack. and serene + Prot-Baroque Architecture was vi, Vile and intense + Baroque Architecture was deamatic ich grand and ave + Rococo Architectura was a profusion and confusion of etal, presenting a lavish display of decoration FLORENCE * Giles of Florence, Genes, Milan - céniral, chial powers: of tay * Medici family = founded by Giovanni de Medici. wha was ‘a commercial and potical power * Vitality of socal ie at very level + Anisis, ute oxcaed in saveral arts, sehiove high status + ia guikts, with Both religious and lay connotations, deacied actives of sudios and workshops + Renaissance had is bith in Florence PALAZZL “With the development of gunpowder, palace-type building ‘evolved, taking the place of fortied castes * Bull around & comida oF intonor cour, Ko mocheval histor + Ground floor and piano noble + Faade of massive, rugged, fodress-tike charactor dt to ‘se of rusticated masonzy and wal angles called quoins + Lange windows unnecessary and unsustale Low pitched root covered by a bakssrade, parapet: or Dolly protruding root comices. Palnzzo Siraz2i + By Benedetto da Mano + Rapresenialive ofthe Florine palace ofthat period + Open corte and piano nobilo + Astlar exterior of uniform rusicaion + Comice of 1/13 tha height. 2:1 m projection Renaissance Splendid presented ekamnstes of High Renaissance and Prote-baroque + Famaus architects Donata Bramante “Tempio in S. Proto, Montara + Resembing small Roman siveulor temple with Doric columns 4.5 m internal diameter g0o + Se whore S. Pater was martned oD "= Designed by Donato Bramanta + Dome on drum pleread with altamating windows. and shelkreaded niches 5 Peter: Roma ‘Mest important Renaissance building in taly With cathedral, plazea and the Vatican, forms. word famous group + 120 years, outcome of the works-of many architects lund tho direction ofthe pope 1BArchiacts: 4. Bramanie + His: design was solectod (rom several entries in a ‘competion + He, proposed a Grook cross plan and a darna similar to tho Panihoon in Rome * Foundation sting tal in 1506 2, Giulane dx Sanat * Upon death of Julus iin 1513 8. Fre Giocondo 4. Raphael * Proposed a.Latin cross plan + Died 5. Baldassare Penuzzi + Reworied to Greek cross + Died Renaissance 6.Antonio da Sorgale + Sighlly allered plan - evtended vestbile and campanle, ane eloboratd ta cael dome 7. Michelangoto * Undartook the project at 72 years old - prosent building ‘aes most ofits outstaneing festures to hen * ‘Greek-ci088. plan, strengthened dome, redesigned ‘surrounding chapels 8 Giacomo della Porta & ‘9. Domenico Fontana "Completed domme in 158¢ 10. Vignota + Added sled cupolas 14, Calo Madera + Lengthened nave to for Latin cross and Bult the ‘gigantic facade 12: Bernini * Completed plan is a Latin cross wih an intemal length of 183 m, with of 137 m + Averossing, majaste dome of 41. m inlemal diameter * Largest church in the word FRANCE ‘COUNTRY HOUSES Country houses took the place of fortified castes ‘Some examples: Ghateaw do Blois Chateau o'Azay-Ridou Chateau de Chenonceau Chateau de Chambord = Designed by an tainn; Domenico da Cortona + Semifortlied palace, most famous in Loire district ‘Chateau do Moisons One afte mast harmonious ofall chateaux + Designed by Francois Marisa on a symmetical E-plan = Palaise du Louvre, Paris “Bull from Francis 180 Napoleon tt * Together wan Tuileries, 45 acres constituting one of ti _mast imposing palaces in Europe aout (CHURCHES. ‘Church of ne Vai te Grace, Paris + Projecting portal by Franco's Mansar, dome. by ‘Lomereior ‘i, Gorvnis, Paris * earliest wholly-classical chuten facade by Salomon de Brosse ‘St Etionne ets Mont. Parts ENGLAND PERIODS ELIZABETHAN (1558 to 1603 AD) * During the reign of Quen Elkzabesn + Estabistiment of Renaissance styl in England, fotowed Tudor architecture «Transition style veh Gothic features and Renaissance dota JACOBEAN (1608 to 1628) STUART (102510 1702 AD) + st Phase: Inigo Jones was influenced by Malian Renassance *'2hd Phase: Chvistepher Wren was influenced by Frome Rensissanes GEORGIAN (1702 to 183040) ELIZABETHAN MANSIONS. + Statesmen, merchants and gentry buit mansions inthe ‘couniryside to su thor postions: * E-thapod plan or H-ehaped plan Hardwick Hol, Derbyshice + Groat ho, Kikzhen and offes, living rooms, grand ‘staircase, lang gallery, withdtaing room or solar, lowers, Gables, parapets, bolusirades, chimney stacks, oril and STUART BUILDINGS. uanquating House, Whitehall London = Designed by Inigo Jones Tima tity Vn bt ei ‘Queen's House “Influenced by Patiadian archiecture ‘St Pauls Cathedral, London = Designed by Chesiopher Wren “tes 0600 pamand olrpe cial ue indo dos {for big congregations GEORGIAN HOUSES: Bienhoin Palace, Oxterdstire “Most monumental mansion in Englan + Example of central Bock with wings ‘SPAIN PORTUGAL EARLY PERIOD (149? to 1856.AD) * Grafting Renaissance detois unto Gothic forms tn Spain: + Plotoresque, eh nd poetic style, so named for ie smarty to Sbverersthe! work — platen * lovvenced by Moorish aft - extremely Mord and decorative, om the minteness of detal in Portugal: + Manueline Siye (tram King Manual |, 1485 to 1821 AD) + Decorabve rather than structural in character, inspi by the voyages af discoverers CLASSICAL PERIOD (1556 to 1690 AD) + Chase saherence to talian Renaissance ant BAROQUE PERIOD (1650 to 1760.40} * Classical nies disregarded + Churigueresquo, fantasicaty extravagant exprassion. by Jose ce Churriguera, (1650 10 1723 AD) ANTIQUARIAN PERIOD (#780 to 1830 AD) | Rtumed 19 ancient classical maxes The Escorial, Maas ‘The facade 1.0 Pateresque design masterpiece ‘Admirable craftsmanship Renaissance 16"-19" C: Revival «+ Hoine-based otiage indualvies wore rendered obsakete bby he invention af the steam engine by Waitin 1YB5 = Goods could be made mate cheaply + Factores sprouted ail over Britain where coal was avaliable 10 fuel the engines, other couniris followed Sule ‘Social and Poliveal changes: = Cantunee-ols monarchies gave way to demacratic ingttutions — American Declaration of Independance (1778) and French Revoluton (1788) + Urbanization and risa in population Growin of the bourgeoisie or middie cass, = Professionals and businessmen + Revolutionary changes affecting every aspect of lie + The Industri Revoluton started in. Britain = new ‘machines and innovative processes helped change ‘ations from agrcultsral 1 industrial ones, ‘Spread to continantal Europe and io Nortn Armenia 1 Craated a new type of worker — the wage laborer or proletarian *Inlematonal extibitans of science and industry ARONITECTURAL CHARACTER + The need ta create an imposing etfect— research into okt siyes * Conservation of historic relics or monuments had begun + Interas! In Classicism, in the Romanesque, the Gots the Renaissance, tho Baroque ‘age of revivals” ~ ecleeticiam, tals for exotia farm, combining native and foreign shes + £a9e of innovation” - usa of newly available materials + Form follows Function (Louis Sullvan) Duo to inventions: in motalurgy and construction, new ‘materials became availabe (or bubing + structurat ron and eastiran + iron ane gious + Sloot + reidlorced concrete — frat used by Auguste Perret ‘Now tuilsing types: * lodustiel Suldings and Warehouses + Houses of Parliament + Ralways an Transpot lations — spread all over Europe + Museums — took the place of aristocratic private collections of at + Department Slores ~ iv Paris, Lonilon, Brussels, other commercial aroas © Hospitals. Public Banks, Fire and Police Stations, Exton Halls ‘New emerging sve: + Tha At and Crafts Movemant in Brain “the vadton of eraf gules in the Mie Ages + tod by. as-cafisman Willam Moris, archiect Philp \Wobb and witer John Fishin + tumture, glosowore. fabrics, walpaper, eke ~ decorated ‘wit renaaing sized floral patie 16-19" C: Revival EARLY VICTORIAN (1830 to 1850 AD} HIGH VICTORIAN (185010 1870 AD) LATE VICTORIAN & EOWAROIAN (1870 t0 1916 AD) ‘AFTERMATH (aftr Wortd Wa I) rig, Designed by Isambard Brunel =Pylans of Egynion character ‘St: George's Hel, Lireqioat * Designed by Hovey Lonsdale Eimes + Most magnificent Neo-Giassical monument in Brita fit Roki, Bins ii Weslonnstor Now Patece (Mouse of Parkman, Landon + Designed by Sir Chattes Barry + Non-classical design: Gothic deta by Pugin \Victona tower, Clock tower “Big Ben" + First major pubic bukiing of Gothic revival St. Giles, Cheadle, Staffs “Designed by Fupin The University Museum, Oidord + Designed by Beniamin Woodward + landmark af High Vietodan Gothic The Catnecral, Guiford + Designed by Sir Edaard auto 16-19" C: Revival The Conservatory, Cation House, London *Cast-ran for structural and decorative purpose alm House, Royal Batanec Gardens, Kew * Designed by Decimus Burton and Richard Tumer Crystal Palace; Landon = Designed by Sir Joseph Paton + One of the most remarkable bullings in 198th esntury Brtain ~ free of any traditional precedent * Housed the Great Exhibition of 1851, ertoted in Hyde Park, moved to Syenham in 1852 10 1854 Poriods in Continental Europe: 1850 10 1870 AD + Compara to High Victorian in Britain + Renaissance and Gothic revival * Souctural use of ron se70¥ 1914 AD * Use of motsls was Inlensiiod, especialy in exhibivons + Antique forms instead of Renaissance ART NOVEAU (1838 10 1906.AB) * Derived fom the “Ars and Grafts Shove in Britain + Ar art ee of any histovcal site + Deliberate simplifcaiion of structural laments bo baling ane itor, handmade abjocts ae uma + Forms of nature fr omamertatin in the facade + Floral sho, ftedlrshaped wtting vogeal forms Versions + France ~Le Node Sio * Germany — Jugend + Austra = Sezaasiona + Naty ~ Ste Libary + Spain - Medemisma 16-19" C: Revival ‘The Volihihe, Vienna ‘+ Noo-Gaihlc by Heinrich van Ferstel Ne Church of Sacte-Goeer, Paris += Neo-Byzantine by Paul Abadi Tho Stock Exchange, Amstordam “Neo-Fiomanesque by HP Berioge 16"-19" C: Revival The Opera House, Paris “+ Noo-Baroque by Charles Gamior Rewhsieg, Bern ~Poul Walt ‘Pariamert. Budapest ~ me Stina ‘Brwscion Opera « noowRenaissance by Goltried Semper Tie Aas Kuseum, Barin - Groak-ravval sive “Thonwalisan Masoum, Copenhagen - Grack-sovWval ‘The Opera House, Cologne - French Neo-Baroque The Post Savings Bank, Vienna ~ At Noveau by Oto Wogner The Enron Pawson, Expestion Unioreate 1889 Designed ty Gusta Eel and manos Kostan + Extensive use own, S00 Nigh ‘The Galerie des Machines, Exposition Universoile 1869 * By Victor Contamin, engineer, and CLF Outer, architect 16"-19" C: Revival ‘Ae Nowopu Avehitects: “Victor Heda in Brussel + Anion! Gauci in Barcelona + Roimongo O'Avonco in Constantinople and Turin + Joseph Hoffman in Vienna “Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Giaspow Lue ‘The Palau Guol, Barcelone = Designed by Anioni Geud. “Seems te presage Art Noveau in its forms Poriods in Arworiew: POST-COLOMIAL (1790 fo 1820 AD) * Neo-Clessic elemonts FIRST ECLECTIC PHASE (1820 to 1800 40) * Greok-rowwval sia, also Gott and Egyptian styes SECOND ECLECTIC PHASE (1960101999 AD) 4 Siam: + Romanesque and Gothic inspira + Influenced by Arts and Crafts movement in England + Hi Richardson, Louis Sullvan and Frank Loy Wright 2 Siream: * Ualan and Froneh Renaissanes, anion Greek ons ‘Roman, lata Gathicinapieaton + lfluenced by the Ecole des Beaur-Artes + Structural experiment and achievement: metal frame construction, nondoad-bearing curtain wall, elovalors * Produced the skyscraper + Amesca’s single greatest contrition to archizctune 16-19" C: Revival +Englsh Palladian style ‘Mooticwlo, near Charistos.llo, Viginia "Designed by Thomas Jalferstn, 2rd Amenican presisant =Palagian silo ‘Robie House, Chicago ‘= Designad by Frank Ly Wight WineloW House, River Porbat, Minos (ok Prove House) + Fist important work of Frank Lloyd Wright Tatesin East, Spring Green, Wisconsin + Designed by Frank Loyd Wright Unity Tempio. Ook Pars, inois * by Franke Lye Weight + First designed by Or. Wikam Thorton along Palladian Anas | Namotous mowitentens afer the wae + Crowning dome ai + One af the worlds best Known buldings 18-19" C: Revival The State Capel, Richmond, Virginia * Designed by Thomas Jofierson. = First ngg-clsssical monument in Ameria, based on Maison Care, Nimes + tonic order Lincln terri, Washington DC + Designed by Henry Bocan + Greek Dares 16-19" C: Revival Merchants Exchonge, Phaoceiptia : + Designed by Wiliam Strickland + Grook-rovival The Marshall Fisk Wholesale Watehouse, Chicago, Inoss * Designed by HH Richardson The Audion Busing, Chicage, Mose + Designed by Dankmar Ader and Louis Sullivan + Neo-Byzantine intron The Relance Buitding, Chicago * Designed by Bumham and Root The Monadnock Baiting, Chicago + Designed by Daniel Burnham The Second Leiter Buleing, Creag + Matarared baking The Gace Bult, Chicago + Designed by Louis Sullvan and Holabird and Reach “The Schiosinger-Mayer Store ‘Designed by Loule Sutivan Suggestion of Art Novas syle The Larkin Soap Co, Bulting, Bufo, MY = Designed by Frank Lhayd Wright The Woolworth Brig, NY Designed by Cass Gibert *Gainic sive “Tha Wiaimuright Busing, 58 Louie “Designed by Adler and Sullivan Empire State Building = Designed by Shreve, Lamb and Harmon 85 sioreys INFLUENCES HISTORY Moré innovations: * Guna wall + Sleeland plate-ptass | Foiled slab by Eugene Frayssinet ‘Flat slab by Robert Malar. + Laminates timbor + Furctionalm in dastgn 20" ¢; Modern Famous ancHirecrs Marcel Brower *Aschitect and designer “Bost known for the design of tubular stael Wassily Chale ‘Studied al the Bauhaus - become director of the schoofs furniture dopartmont in 1924 + Dosignsd 3 series of noted structures ineluding innovative houses and the Whitnay Musaurn of Art UNESCO Secrotarat Bulking, Pais Eero Sasinen Works include: = Dulas intamational Airport Guiting, near Washington

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