Name: ASYHABUL QAFFI

Student Number: 2305003

From: Indonesia
Subject Lecture: 日本水産事情 (Nihonsuisanjijyou)
7th, 8th, and 9th (6/6, 6/13, 6/20) Class Report Assignment about Tuna,
Sardines, and Saury (マグロ、イワシ、サンマ)

1. Explain in 300 characters or less, the method of processing tuna on board and the
reasons why blood draws are required after capture!
Answer:
 Methods of handling tuna on board:
 Process on conventional boats
Pulling fish aboard using a tow hook is applied to the head. Fish should be loaded
onto a boat that has been covered with a foam mat, carpet, or mattress. And then, damage the
nervous system of tuna fish by inserting a stainless wire into the brain to prevent the fish's
body from stiffening. When the nerves have been removed and the fish is no longer behaving
violently, the tail and veins are cut and the blood is drained. After the blood has been drained,
clean the gills, fins and internal organs. After that, use a variety of seawater to wash the fish's
body. Finally, transfer the fish to the freezer for storage.
 New techniques methods.
Cut the gill arteries and tail of a live caught tuna to make it easier to bleed. And then,
put the Tuna fish in the drain tank while it's still alive and bleed it out. Since fish are
introduced to the tank while their hearts are still beating, it is expected that their blood will be
drained more efficiently than before, and the drain time will be shortened. After the blood is
drained, the spinal cord's central nerves are damaged to prevent the body of the Tuna fish
from stiffening. After that, clean the gills, fins, and internal organs. After that, cold seawater
nanobubble devices are used to complete the blood removal process, and the fish's body is
washed to improve hygiene. At the same time suppressing the rise in temperature of tuna.
 The reasons why blood draws are required after capture:
Removing fish blood can maintain its freshness, because blood is a medium for
spreading putrefactive microbes from the gills to the fish flesh through the fish's blood
vessels (Sedana et al., 2015).
Reference:
Sedana, W. G. I., Widia, W. I., Yulianti, L. N. 2015. Effect of Bleeding Techniques and
Types of Cooling Medium on The Fillet’s Quality of Barramundi. BETA (Biosistem Dan
Teknik Pertanian). 3 (2):1-11.

2. Please explain the problem of tuna farming in 500 characters or less.

Answer:
 Problems with tuna larvae
Tuna cultivation in Indonesia is still hindered by technical constraints, especially in
terms of seed development. After being transferred from the hatchery to sea floating nets,
usually, the larvae do not want to eat so in the early days of transfer many larvae die. Another
cause of death is due to cannibalism among tuna children. Another problem of larva tuna fish
is problems associated with their swimming behavior that is adapted to the pelagic
environment which leads to high mortality by collision with the tank or net walls (Sawada et
al., 2005). Feeding tuna larvae is also a challenge that is not experienced in other marine fish
farming because they have to be fed the yolk sac larvae of other marine fish, if simply
feeding Artemia can result in "growth failure". Post-flection larvae and early juveniles of
Pacific bluefin tuna still require large quantities of live fish larvae as food Another problem is
sinking death on the bottom of the tank in the early life stage, called ‘sinking syndrome’, the
search for appropriate food (kind, size, and nutrition) for tuna larvae between the larvae and
juvenile stages, malformation, and virus diseases (Masuma et al., 2011).
 Problems regarding diseases in tuna
Blood flukes of the genus Cardicola cause significant problems in bluefin tuna
farming around the world. In Japan, the mortality of the juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus
orientalis (PBT) caused by C. orientalis and C. opisthorchis has become a serious issue in the
tuna farming industry in recent years. These blood flukes reside in the heart (C. opisthorchis)
or gill arteries (C. orientalis) and produce numerous eggs that eventually accumulate in the
gill filaments and lamellae, which block the blood flow and interfere with the gas exchange
process (Ishimaru, 2013).
 Problems in the tuna fish broodstock
The low maturity of the pacific bluefin tuna broodstock in captivity is one of the
important problems which need to be resolved, because a sufficient and stable amount of
pacific bluefin tuna larvae for larviculture is required for mass fingerling production to
proceed. The causes of mortality of the pacific bluefin tuna broodstock maintained in a sea
pen are injuries caused by bumping against the net wall, particularly injuries due to fatal
damage to the eyes because of rapid growth, high rearing density, and ‘burst’ swimming. One
of the causes of the pacific bluefin tuna broodstock is visual disorientation due to the
incompatibility of the retinal adaptation with the change in the ambient light intensity at dawn
(Masuma, et al. 2011).
 Fluctuation of Nutrients
Another major problem that occurs in tuna farming is the sudden fluctuation of
nutrients which causes adverse effects on the environment around the cultivation area. This
eutrophication occurs when there is an excess of nutrients from fish feed that are not eaten by
cultivated fish. (Budidaya Tuna Dan Masalah Yang Dihadapi | Bisnis (kontenpedia.com)
 Huge capital and facility costs
The price of one floating net can reach US$ 200,000 for a diameter of 30m. (Peternakan
Tuna, Solusi Untuk Masalah Kelangkaan Tuna? | RE Tawon (re-tawon.com)
References:
Sawada, Y., Okada, T., Miyashita, S., Murata, O., dan Kumai, H. 2005. Completion of the
Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis (Temminck et Schlegel) life cycle.
Aquaculture Research. 36: 413-421.
Ishimaru, K., Mine, R., Shirakashi, S., Kaneko, E., Kubono, K., Okada, T., Sawada, Y., dan
Ogawa, K. 2013. Praziquantel treatment against Cardicola blood flukes:
Determination of the minimal effective dose and pharmacokinetics in juvenile Pacific
bluefin tuna. Aquaculture. 402: 24-27.
Masuma, S., Takebe, T., dan Sakakura, Y. 2011. A review of the broodstock management
and larviculture of the Pacific northern bluefin tuna in Japan. Aquaculture. 315: 2-8.
3. Please explain the types of sardines and nutrition in 200 characters or less.
 Types of sardines
1. 真いわし (True Sardines Fish)
These sardines grow from juveniles to about 30 cm in size. These sardines can be
caught most of the year. The characteristics of this sardine are long and slender. The black
spots on the sides of the body are uneven, the body surface is blue and the back is dark blue
(https://kurashi-no.jp/I0012585#head-8fd2821e9c48afcc5c21f3dbcea5881d).
2. カタクチイワシ (Anchovy)
The anchovy has a large, protruding mouth but a small lower jaw. Anchovies have a
body length of about 15 cm. Anchovies are called blackback sardines because of their black
back. The season for anchovies is winter (https://kurashi-no.jp/I0012585#head-
8fd2821e9c48afcc5c21f3dbcea5881d).
3. ウルメイワシ/ (Urume sardine)
The Urume sardine is more than 30 cm long. Urume sardines have large eyes. Urume
sardine is longer and more slender than a sardine and has no spots. Its body color is a silvery
belly with a beautiful blue to dark blue coloring from side to back
(https://kurashi-no.jp/I0012585#head-8fd2821e9c48afcc5c21f3dbcea5881d)
 Nutrition in Sardines
Sardines have nutrition that is rich in vitamin D. 10g of sardines contains an
extraordinary amount of calcium, and its absorption rate is equivalent to 200g of milk.
Sardines have the highest EPA among other fish, and DHA is also abundant (https://kurashi-
no.jp/I0012585#head-8fd2821e9c48afcc5c21f3dbcea5881d).

4. Please describe the stick seine fishing for Pacific saury (サンマ) in 200 words or less.
The stick seine fishing for Pacific saury (サンマ) is carried out from sunset to dawn.
Pacific saury tends to be attracted to lights at night. After converging on the lights, they
circled in the same direction and didn't leave easily, so this habit was used to guide the saury
to the mast retaining net for capture.
How to operate:
- Looking for a school of saury with a fishfinder and searchlight. When find a bunch of saury,
turn on the fishing light to collect saury.
- Turn off the fishing light on the left side, turn on the right side only. Meanwhile, attach the
net on the left side.
- Then turn off the fishing lights simultaneously on the starboard side, and turn on the fishing
lights on the port side to direct the saury into the net.
- Then turn off all the fishing lights, and turn on the red light on the side post left to calm the
"pacific saury".
- When the saury fish rotates in the net, the net is pulled in by the roller and the fish will be
caught and then put into the hold while being given ice.