Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Materials Today: Proceedings

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Comparison Study Of GRA, COPRAS And MOORA For Ranking Of Phase

Change Material For Cooling System
Sagar Wankhede a,⇑, Pralhad Pesode b, Sumod Pawar c, Rayan Lobo a
a
School of Mechatronics Engineering, Symbiosis Skills and Professional University, Pune 412101, India
b
School of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University, Pune 411038, India
c
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shri Chhatrapati Shivajiraje College of Engineering, Bhor, Pune 412205, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Phase change materials (PCM’s) are substances that absorb or discharge heat called ’latent’ heat as they
Available online xxxx experience a change in their physical state. For applications such as passively cooled buildings, waste
thermal storage, load shifting, textiles, for food, cooling for electronics, and medicine transport contain-
Keywords: ers, human comfort, and energy conservation, among others, various materials have been investigated for
PCM their potential use as PCM. Material choice for a given application can be a difficult assignment. Almost
MCDM research scholars use PCM specifically relying upon their experience or accessibility of the material. The
GRA
selection of materials is an incessant loop aimed at finding best material for a specific application and
COPRAS
MOORA
fulfilling an arrangement of forced necessities. In order to enhance the nature of choice, an efficient
assessment method is necessary. It is possible to treat the issue of selecting material for an engineering
application as multi-criteria decision-making technique. By considering technical specifications of the
materials, in this exploration paper the GRA, COPRAS and MOORA technique was utilized for the choosing
of PCM.
Ó 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-
ence on Advancements in Materials and Manufacturing.

1. Introduction
These days, energy is the most significant things in everybody
life. Over the past hundred years, energy dependence has risen sig-
nificantly and we’re exposed to petroleum run-off products. Oil,
gas and coal focus on maximum percent of the world’s energy
use. In the last fifty years, energy consumption was higher than
previous two centuries [2]. The US Energy Information Agency
hypothesizes that the use of global energy will increase by 57 %
by 2030 [1]. Non-renewable energy sources have numerous issues,
for example, ecological contamination, restricted and unlimited
assets, sustainability and direct policy influence. Because of the
constraint of petroleum derivatives, the world has demonstrated
an inclination for sustainable power sources, for example, solar-
based. Solar based energy originates from nature, and it doesn’t
cause contamination [3,4]. Absorption and storage are two big
solar energy concerns. Various collectors absorb solar energy for
various uses, e.g. power generation, water heating, space heating,
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: svw8890@gmail.com (S. Wankhede).
etc. [5]. Relevant energy supply and affordability are essential rea-
sons behind energy storage [1]. Mechanical, electrical and thermal
storage should be possible. In sensible and latent heat, by phase-
changing materials like hydrated salt, etc. storage of thermal
energy is achieved [6,7]. In situations without frequent tempera-
ture swings, materials below 15 °C are utilised for air conditioning
and intense chilling, whilst those exceeding melting are employed
to put out fires in places where temperatures can rise quickly [8–
10] (see Fig. 1).
These materials accumulate heat power during the phase shift.
These materials retain and return surrounding heat energy as
phase change occurs. Even after many phase changes, without
any alteration PCMs have ability to retain latent heat energy
[11]. After heating solid, it will consume energy to attain its lique-
fying stage and then move from solid to fluid [12]. Like atmo-
sphere, PCMs are heated and heated until they reach their phase-
change state. Even if temperature in ambient continues to increase,
once temperature of PCMs reaches phase change, the temperature
of the PCMs remains constant and resists rising temperatures due
to their changing phase [13].

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.02.437
2214-7853/Ó 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Advancements in Materials and Manufacturing.

Please cite this article as: S. Wankhede, P. Pesode, S. Pawar et al., Comparison Study Of GRA, COPRAS And MOORA For Ranking Of Phase Change Material For
Cooling System, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.02.437
S. Wankhede, P. Pesode, S. Pawar et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

12
10
8
6
RANK

4
2
0
1-
Paraffin Sodium PCM- PCM- Rubitherm Suntech
N-Eicosane Hexadecon RT-80 Lauric Acid
Wax Hydrate HS29P HS34P RT-42 P116
al
GRA 7 4 8 6 2 3 5 10 9 1
COPRAS 8 1 6 7 3 2 4 10 9 5
MOORA 6 4 10 7 2 1 3 9 8 5
PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL

Fig. 1. Ranking of PCM by GRA, COPRAS and MOORA Method.

The PCM’s physical and chemical properties need to be recog-
nized and considered to choose the appropriate PCM. These prop-
erties include volumetric expansion coefficient, latent fusion, basic
heat, thermal conductivity, and PCM density [10]. This paper anal-
ysis addressed recent studies and developments in PCM tech-
niques, focusing primarily on different PCM properties and their
optimization. Nonetheless, several studies have used nanoparticles
to improve PCMs. Today’s PCMs cost is high due to interest and
gracefulness. Currently, PCMs have little interest, so they are man-
ufactured at typically unreasonable costs. Nonetheless, PCMs have
immense market potential in different applications. Off chance to
increase potential use of PCMs for energy storage to reduce their
costs. Compared to sensible-molten nitrate salt energy storage
approaches, metallic phase change materials allow for energy stor-
age at high temperature. The high thermal conductivity and melt-
ing temperature of the eutectic Cu-Mg alloy, Cu-67 wt% Mg which
is applicable for traditional power generation and various engi-
neering processes, make it an appealing phase transition material
[19,22,24]. The compatibility of the alloy with alumina, graphite,
and, of particular importance, iron housing material was demon-
strated. Future heat storage systems could be far less expensive if
they used iron or mild steel containers that came into direct con-
tact with the alloy. Along with phase change application, magne-
sium and its alloy are also used extensively in biomedical field
due its biodegradability, low density and lower elastic modulus
[21,23,25,26]. The WSM, TOPSIS, and MOORA types of optimization
strategies are significant in investigating the selection of the opti-
mal materials depending on their criteria [20,21]. Due to its sim-
plicity, the MOORA approach has recently been used in a number
of studies.
From literature survey different PCMs with their properties are
selected for the applications of cooling devices shown in Table 1.
Here, Y1: - Melting Point, Y2: - Latent Heat, Y3 & Y4: - Specific heat
in solid and liquid, Y5:-Density, Y6 & Y7:- Thermal Conductivity in
solid and liquid, Y8:-Cost. The main objectives of this study is to
find out optimum PCM based on the ranking order by using three
multi criteria decision making technique—GRA, COPRAS and
MOORA.
2. Proposed methodology
2.1. Grey relational analysis (GRA)
Deng developed this technique which is used to solve uncer-
tainty problems especially for those problems with very unique
characteristics.
Step 1: Normalized / Data pre-processing
In the event that the objective estimation of unique grouping is
endless, at that point it has a quality of the ‘‘higher the better”. The
first succession can be standardized as follows:
xoi ðkÞ  min xoi ðkÞ
x
i ðkÞ ¼ ð1Þ
max xoi ðkÞ  min xoi ðkÞ
When the ‘‘lower is better” is a quality of the first succession, at
that point the first arrangement ought to be standardized as
follows:

Table 1
Material Properties.

PCM (Alternatives) Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8
N-Eicosane (X1) 36.50 237.40 770.00 1.90 2.20 0.39 0.15 42,200
Paraffin Wax (X2) 53.00 173.40 840.00 2.89 2.25 0.21 0.12 100.00
1- Hexadeconal (X3) 46.80 226.70 811.00 1.72 2.51 0.43 0.15 247000.00
RT-80(X4) 77.00 175.00 770.00 2.40 1.80 0.20 0.20 91200.00
Sodium Hydrate(X5) 45.00 113.00 1360 2.70 2.40 0.60 0.60 74000.00
PCM-HS29P(X6) 29.00 190.00 1550 2.26 0.54 1.09 0.54 59480.00
PCM-HS34P(X7) 34.00 150.00 1880 2.34 0.56 0.50 0.47 6000.00
Rubitherm RT-42(X8) 42.00 174.00 760.00 2.10 1.80 0.20 0.20 50400.00
Lauric Acid(X9) 41.50 178 800 2.34 2.17 0.2 0.2 58000.00
Suntech P116(X10) 47.00 266 818 2.95 2.51 0.24 0.24 98600.00

2
S. Wankhede, P. Pesode, S. Pawar et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

max xoi ðkÞ  xoi ðkÞ -Evaluating the relative significance Q i of each alternative,
x
i ðkÞ ¼ ð2Þ
max xoi ðkÞ  min xoi ðkÞ P
min ðCi Þ
ni¼1 Ci
Step 2: Grey relational coefficients
Q i ¼ Bi þ Pn min ðCi Þ ð11Þ
Ci
i¼1 ð Ci Þ
Dmin þ n:Dmax
ni ðkÞ ¼ ð3Þ -Determine the utility degree from Eq. (12)
Doi ðkÞ þ n:Dmax
Qi
Doi is the deviation sequence UDi ¼
100 ð12Þ
max ðQ i Þ
Doi ¼ kx
o ðkÞ  x
i ðkÞk
Step 3: Grey relational Grade (GRG) 2.3. Multi objective optimization ratio analysis (MOORA)
1X n
ci ¼ xk ðkÞni ðkÞ ð4Þ An objective (non-subjective) technique has been introduced by
n k¼1
Brauers et al.[18].
Step 1: Normalizing.
xk ðkÞ ¼ 1
2 3
X 11 X 12 : : X 1n
6 X X 22 : : X 2n 7
2.2. Complex Proportional assessment (COPRAS) 6 21 7
6 7
6 : : : : : 7
X ij ¼ 6
6 :
7 ð13Þ
In 1994, Zavadskas, Kaklauskas, and Sarka [14–17] introduced 6 : : : : 7 7
the Complex Proportional Assessment (COPRAS) technique. The 6 7
4 : : : : : 5
MCDM problem and the weights for the criterions are expressed
X m1 X m2 : : X mn
in terms of Eq. (5) and Eq. (6) respectively.
2 3 Step 2: To Normalize decision matrix by using Eq. (14)
X 11 X 12 : : X 1n
6 X 21 X 22 : : X 2n 7 X ij
6 7 X ij ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi ; ðj ¼ 1    nÞ ð14Þ
6 : : : : : 7 Pm
X ij ¼ 6 7 ð5Þ 2
6 : : : : : 7 i¼1 ðX ij Þ
6 7
4 : : : : : 5 P
Step 3: Considering standardized property s nj¼1 wj ¼ 1t, the
X m1 X m2 : : X mn
weight of attribute is provided.
Wj ¼ ½W1       ::Wn  ð6Þ Step 4: Eq. (15) gives the assessment values of each attribute
½qj .
X
n Xn Xn
ðW1       ::Wn Þ ¼ 1 qj ¼ j¼g
X ij
wj  j¼gþ1
X ij
wj ð15Þ
j¼1
Step 5: From above equation, by considering most elevated sum
- Equation is used to normalize the decision matrix (7) and has the most elevated position, a definitive positioning of choices
weighted normalized matrix is obtained as Eq. (8). are chosen.
Wij
nij ¼ Pn ð7Þ
i¼1 xij 3. Results and discussion

nij ¼ Wj
nij ð8Þ The normalized data and coefficient of grey relational in GRA
technique is obtained from Eqs. (1) and (3).
-Calculate the sum Bi of the benefit criteria and sum Ci of the
[Refer Table 2 and Table 3]. Also, grey relational grade is from
cost criteria values
Eq. (3) [Refer Table 4].
X
k
From Eq. (7) and Eq. (14), the normalized decision matrix in
Bi ¼ Nij ð9Þ COPRAS and MOORA are obtained and shown in Table 5 and
j¼1
Table 6, respectively.
X
m In both techniques COPRAS and MOORA, weighted matrix is
Ci ¼ Nij ð10Þ obtained by multiplying individual weights of performance with
j¼kþ1 normalized data. It is assumed that all criteria have equal impor-
tance and given weight value of 0.125; the weighted matrix is

Table 2
For normalized decision matrix in GRA.

Alternative Y1 * 10-2 Y2 * 10-2 Y3* 10-2 Y4 * 10-2 Y5 *10-2 Y6 *10-2 Y7 *10-2 Y8 * 10-2
[X1] 15.63 81.31 0.89 14.63 84.26 21.35 06.25 82.9486
[X2] 50.00 39.48 07.14 95.12 86.80 01.12 0.00 100
[X3] 37.08 74.31 04.55 00.00 0.00 25.84 6.25 0.00
[X4] 0.00 40.52 0.89 55.28 63.96 0.00 16.67 63.1025
[X5] 33.33 0.00 53.57 79.67 94.42 44.94 100 70.0689
[X6] 0.00 50.33 70.54 43.90 0.00 0.00 87.50 75.9498
[X7] 10.42 24.18 0.00 50.41 1.02 33.71 72.92 97.6104
[X8] 27.08 39.87 0.00 30.89 63.96 0.00 16.67 79.6274
[X9] 26.04 42.48 03.57 50.41 82.74 0.00 16.67 76.5492
[X10] 37.50 0.00 05.18 0.00 0.00 4.49 25.00 60.1053

3
S. Wankhede, P. Pesode, S. Pawar et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 3
Grey relational coefficient in GRA.

Alternative Y1 * 10-2 Y2 * 10-2 Y3* 10-2 Y4 * 10-2 Y5 *10-2 Y6 *10-2 Y7 *10-2 Y8 * 10-2
[X1] 37 73 34 37 76 39 35 75
[X2] 50 45 35 91 79 34 33 100
[X3] 44 66 34 33 100 40 35 33
[X4] 100 46 34 53 58 33 38 58
[X5] 43 33 52 71 90 48 100 63
[X6] 33 50 63 47 33 100 80 68
[X7] 36 40 100 50 34 43 65 95
[X8] 41 45 33 42 58 33 38 71
[X9] 40 47 34 50 74 33 38 68
[X10] 44 100 35 100 100 34 40 56

Table 7
Utility degree obtained from relative significance Eq.
Table 4
(11).
Grey relational grade.
Alternative UDi
Alternative GRG *10-2
[X1] 39.38
[X1] 51
[X2] 100
[X2] 58
[X3] 41.75
[X3] 48
[X4] 40.99
[X4] 52
[X5] 55.75
[X5] 62
[X6] 56.13
[X6] 59
[X7] 48.06
[X7] 58
[X8] 35.31
[X8] 45
[X9] 37.47
[X9] 48
[X10] 45.46
[X10] 64

obtained. In COPRAS technique, the utility degree is used to find

4. Conclusion
ranking order which calculated from Eq. (12) [refer Table 7].
In MOORA, the ranking order is based on assessment value,
The present work investigates the selection of best PCM based
[Refer in Table 8].
on their criteria by three decision making methods- GRA, COPRAS

Table 5
For normalized decision matrix in COPRAS.

Alternative Y1 * 10-2 Y2 * 10-2 Y3* 10-2 Y4 * 10-2 Y5 *10-2 Y6 *10-2 Y7*10-2 Y8 * 10-2
[X1] 08.08 12.60 07.43 08.05 11.74 09.61 05.23 05.80
[X2] 11.73 09.21 08.11 12.25 12.01 05.17 04.18 00.01
[X3] 10.36 12.04 07.83 07.29 13.39 10.59 05.23 33.98
[X4] 17.04 09.29 07.43 10.17 09.61 04.93 06.97 12.55
[X5] 09.96 06.00 13.13 11.44 12.81 14.78 20.91 10.18
[X6] 06.42 10.09 14.96 09.58 02.88 26.85 18.82 08.18
[X7] 07.53 07.96 18.15 09.92 02.99 12.32 16.38 00.83
[X8] 09.30 09.24 07.34 08.90 09.61 04.93 06.97 06.93
[X9] 09.19 09.45 07.72 09.92 11.58 04.93 06.97 07.98
[X10] 10.40 14.12 07.90 12.50 13.39 05.91 08.36 13.56

Table 6
The Normalized decision matrix in MOORA.

Alternative Y1 * 10-2 Y2 * 10-2 Y3* 10-2 Y4 * 10-2 Y5 *10-2 Y6 *10-2 Y7*10-2 Y8 * 10-2
[X1] 25 39 22 25 35 25 14 14
[X2] 36 28 24 38 36 14 11 0
[X3] 32 37 23 23 40 28 14 80
[X4] 52 29 22 32 28 13 19 29
[X5] 30 19 39 36 38 39 57 24
[X6] 20 31 44 30 09 71 51 19
[X7] 23 25 54 31 09 33 45 02
[X8] 28 29 22 28 28 13 19 16
[X9] 28 29 23 31 34 13 19 19
[X10] 32 44 23 39 40 16 23 32

4
S. Wankhede, P. Pesode, S. Pawar et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Declaration of Competing Interest [25] Pesode Pralhad, and Shivprakash Barve. "Additive manufacturing of metallic
biomaterials and its biocompatibility, Materials Today: Proceedings (2022).
[26] Pesode Pralhad, Shivprakash Barve, Sagar V. Wankhede, and Amar Chipade.
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan- "Metal oxide coating on biodegradable magnesium alloys." 3c Empresa:
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared investigación y pensamiento crítico 12, no. 1 (2023): 392-421.
to influence the work reported in this paper.