Bomb calorimetry experiment with Boron particles

Bomb Calorimetry Experiment

Making the pallet of Boron Measuring the thickness of pallet

Digital Thickness Gauge

Boron pallet of weight 100 mg, under applied pressure of 10 MPa

Sample placed in combustion vessels Combustible product of the Boron

 Summary of Calorimetry experiments

BORON (Dia.= 10 mm)

Wt Width O2 pressure (atm)
Date (mg) (mm) HOC (MJ/kg)
26-06-2023 100 1.16 20 Post period Timeout
26-06-2023 50 0.61 20 Post period Timeout
26-06-2023 50 0.64 20 Post period Timeout
26-06-2023 50 0.63 20 Post period Timeout
27-06-2023 50 0.59 30 15.84
27-06-2023 50 0.62 30 15.81
27-06-2023 100 1.15 30 16.27
28-06-2023 50 0.61 30 Post period Timeout
28-06-2023 50 0.64 30 Post period Timeout
28-06-2023 100 1.16 30 16.19

➢ Most of the experiment results show a postperiod timeout for taking O2 pressure of 20 atm and weight of 50 mg

➢ To avoid postperiod timeout, we have to use the sample of 100 mg and O2 pressure of 30 atm
 Table 1: Studies on ignition and combustion performance for Boron coated particles
S.N Authors Country Materials Synthesis Methods Ignition/combustion setup Ignition conditions Results
1 Liu et al. (2024) Laser Ambient air pressures:
(Particuology) China B/Mg (Max. output power of 300 W, wavelength of 1080±10 nm, 0.5-5 MPa IDT ~4-6.5 ms
Composite working time of 0~20 s)
2 Gandhi et al. (2023) New Jersey Institute of Technology, B/KNO3 Laser Beam Ambient air pressures:
(Combustion and Flame) Newark NJ, USA Composite Planetary mill (Output power of 20 W, wavelength of 450 nm, working 0.001, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 atm IDT ~5-35 ms
time 50 s)
3 Ao. et al. (2023) Heated from 50 to 800 °C at a rate
(Combustion and Flame) China B/OA/kerosene Mixing and Ultrasonication for 10 min Droplet combustion device of 5 °C min−1 in atmospheric air. IDT ~8-24 ms
Nanofluid
4 Kucukosman et al. (2023) Synchronous spark generator Atmospheric conditions (25±5 °C, 1
(Combustion and Flame) AlB12 Ultrasonic bath for 1 hour (High energy (6 kV) sparks provided by an ignition atm, and relative humidity 53%) in Extinction time
Turkey MgB2 transformer at 20 ms intervals) droplet scale. ~1.2-1.6 s
droplets
5 Mao et al. (2023) China B/PTFE Mechanical mixing, Combustion chamber Temperature of IDT ~432-608 ms
(J. Therm. Anal. Calorim.) Nanofluid sonicated for 30 min (LED lamp) the fuel droplet at 750 °C
6 Zhu et al. (2023) Ultrasonic for 30 min, Magnetic stirring for 12 h, CO2 laser Heating temperature ranged from 50
(Chinese Journal of China B/PVDF vacuum drying oven to dry for 24 h at 70 oC An ignition time of 0.5 s and an ignition power of 25% of oC to Combustion efficiency
Aeronautics) composites the rated power (600W). 1200 oC in an air atmosphere (59.4-73.45%)
7 Yan et al. (2023) Solvent anti-solvent, Electrospinning method CO2 laser Burning time
(Combustion and Flame) China B/PVDF An ignition time of 500 ms and an ignition power of 30 of Air atmosphere (114-505 ms)
composites the rated power (600W).
8 Yan et al. (2023) Sonicated for 1 h, dried in a vacuum drying oven at CO2 laser Burning time
(Thermochimica Acta) China B/NiO 323 K An ignition time of 500 ms and an ignition power of 30 of Air atmosphere (550-1300 ms)
Composite the rated power (600W).
9 Xiao et al. (2023) (Fuel) B/PT, B/DT One-step 500 mg samples, oxygen pressure at Heat of combustion 15.35-
China powders in situ method Bomb calorimeter 3 MPa 17.67 MJ/kg
10 Yan et al. (2023) CO2 laser High pressure oxygen at 2,3 and 4
(Combustion and Flame) China B, B4C The power setting was MPa Heat of combustion 13.49-
50 W and the sustained time was 500 ms 31.34 MJ/kg
11 IDT for the blends made with
Mursalat et al. (2022) New Jersey Institute of Technology, B/Hexane/ Ball milling Electrically heated filament spherical powders were
(Fuel) Newark NJ, USA Acetonitrile, (12-V), substantially shorter vs. similar
B/KNO3 Laser beam blends with commercial
powders powder

12 Baek et al. (2022) CO2 laser

(ACS Applied Materials & Stanford University, FPTS/B Sonicated for 20 min and stirred for 24 h (Flux range of 50−400 W/cm2, duration was set to be 0.5 s) IDT~5 ms at 400 W/cm2
Interfaces) USA powders Bomb calorimeter Heat of combustion ~14.26
(20 atm oxygen atmosphere) kJ/g

13 Deshmukh et al. (2022) Driven section: dry air at 20 mbar

(Ceramics International) CNU, Daejeon TiO2/B Preheated oil bath Shock tube Driver section: He gas at 0.5 MPa IDT ~ 288-186 µs
Korea particles (Temperature = 70oC)
14 Wang et al. (2022) Acoustic resonance and solvent evaporation method CO2 laser
(Defence Technology) China Al/B, GF/B (Energy of 60 W and irradiation time of 1000 ms) IDT ~ 187-75 ms
composites
15 Ignition wire
Hu et al. (2022) China B/AP, Solvent evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) (Nichrome filament)/ 15 V voltage under air atmosphere IDT~ 450-300 ms
(Chem. Eng. J.) B/Bi2O3-AP Bomb calorimeter Heat of combustion ~ 12.8-
composites (3 MPa O condition) 15.3 kJ/g
16 Ma et al. (2022) Flash ignition Combustion efficiency
(Combustion and Flame) China B/Al (Maximum power 1000 W, duration of flash is 1/2700– Air atmosphere (14.3-34%)
1/900 s)

17 Deshmukh et al. (2021) Ultrasonicating for 30 min, Driven section: dry air at 20 mbar
(J. Alloy. Comp.) CNU, Daejeon SnO2/B particles stirring times ranging from 2 to 24 h Shock tube Driver section: He gas at 0.5 MPa IDT ~229-226 µs
Korea

18 Jiang et al. (2021) Stanford University, HTPB, B/HTPB, OC-B/HTPB Sonicated for 20 min and stirred for 12 h Bomb calorimeter Heat of combustion ~ 13-19
(ACS Applied Materials & USA composites (50 mg sample, 20 atm oxygen atmosphere) kJ/g
Interfaces)

19 Ambient air pressures:

Song et al. (2021) Micro B, CO2 laser 0.4.-0.8 and 1.2 MPa,
(Combustion and Flame) China Nano B (Power of 200 W and a sustained time of 500 ms) Atmospheres (60% O2 + 40% N2, IDT ~ 42-150 ms
powders 80% O2 + 20% N2 and 100% O2)

20 Sun et al. (2020) New Jersey Institute of Technology, CO2 laser Combustion efficiency
(Combustion and Flame) Newark NJ, USA B/MgB2 Planetary mill (The laser power increased stepwise, 0.625 W) (49.5-58.7%)
composites

21 Jiang et al. (2020) CO2 laser

(Applications in Energy Stanford University B/PTFE, B/GO, B/GtF, B/GO/GfF Mixer operating (Flux range of 50−400 W/cm2, duration was set to be 0.5 s) IDT ~125-5 ms
and Combustion Science) USA, composites
China

22 Hashim et al. (2019) An opposed flow burner (OFB) system IDT~45-7 ms

(Acta Astronautica) Indian Institute of Technology Ti/B-HTPB Degassing and curing process (Supply voltage: 6 V, oxygen mass flux Heat of combustion ~ 42-44
Kharagpur, India fuel pellet range from 20 to 57 kg/m2-s) MJ/kg
Bomb calorimeter

23 In air, particles of the prepared

Hastings et al. (2019) New Jersey Institute of Technology, Zr-B2 High-energy ball milling Electrically heated filament composite powders burn faster
(Journal of Energetic Newark NJ, USA composites (Three 12-V), than either pure B or Zr
Materials) CO2 laser Powders prepared by 1hour
(Operated at 50% of its milling burn faster than
maximum power) powders prepared using longer
milling times

24 Li et al. (2019) Laser Beam

(Propellants Explos. China [N(C2H5)4]2B10H10 Thermal decomposition (ignition power density of
Pyrotech) 1.14×107 W/m2)
Bomb calorimeter

25 Hedman et al. (2018) CO2 laser IDT with a flux of 200 W/cm2
(Combustion and Flame) USA B/ PTFE Ball milling (Flux level of 120,200 and 350 W/cm2, duration was set to Air atmosphere ~ 15 ms
polymer be 1 s)
26 Chintersingh et al. (2018) New Jersey Institute of Technology, B, B/Fe Mechanical milling Laser ignition Premixed air and acetylene In O2-H2 flame, B/Fe burned
(Combustion and Flame) Newark NJ, USA composites faster than B, while in the O2–
(Laser was operated at 30% of its maximum power (37.5 C2H2 flame, no clear difference
W) in the burn times for the two
materials
Conclusions
➢ To avoid postperiod timeout, we have to use the sample of 100 mg and O2 pressure of 30 atm

Next step:

➢ To conduct bomb calorimetry experiment with B-EGOH and binary particles for measuring the combustion performance.