COMPETITIVE ABILITY OF COMMON PURSLANE (Portulaca oleracea)

AGAINST TRANSPLANTED ONION (Allium cepa)

AT DIFFERENT DENSITY LEVEL

ROBERT JAMES D. SANTOS

An Undergraduate Thesis Outline Presented to the Faculty of the Department of Crop

Protection, College of Agriculture, Central Luzon State University,
Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE

(Crop Protection- Weed Science)

FEBRUARY 2021
 ACCEPTANCE SHEET

This undergraduate thesis outline entitled “COMPETITIVE ABILITY OF

COMMON PURSLANE (Portulaca oleracea) AGAINST TRANSPLANTED
ONION (Allium cepa) AT DIFFERENT DENSITY LEVEL”, prepared and submitted
by ROBERT JAMES D. SANTOS, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE (CROP PROTECTION
– WEED SCIENCE), is hereby accepted:

CELYNNE O. PADILLA, M.Sc. RONALDO T. ALBERTO, Ph.D.

Adviser Critic

____________________ ____________________
Date Signed Date Signed

KENNILYN MAY R. BALBIN, M.Sc.

Department Research Coordinator

____________________
Date Signed

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE (CROP PROTECTION – WEED
SCIENCE):

RONALDO T. ALBERTO, Ph.D. VANESSA V. VELASCO, M.Sc.

Chair, Department of Crop Protection Collage Research Coordinator

____________________ ____________________
Date Signed Date Signed

ARIEL G. MACTAL, Ph.D.

Dean, College of Agriculture

____________________
Date Signed
 INTRODUCTION1

Background of the Study

Onion (Allium cepa) is belongs to family Alliaceae. The genus Allium is said as

one of the largest plant genera in the world with 600-920 species and are native to Asia

and the Middle East. It has been cultivated for over five thousand years ago and

recognized as an important food in ancient times. Allylpropyl-disulphide is a compound

responsible to onion for its distinctive flavor and pungent bulbs. Afterwards, onion grown

as an important cash crop throughout the world because of its export potential for food

and cuisine value (Choudhary, 2018; Kulkami, 2017). Onion also contains natural

phytochemicals such as flavonoids and organo-sulfur compound which are powerful

antioxidants—and other potential medical properties (Pareek, Sagar, Sharma, & Kumar,

2017; Marrelli, Amodeo, Statti, & Conforti, 2018).

The total onion production per year all over the world is 93,226,400 tonnes. China

(23,907,509 t), India (19,415,425 t), Egypt (3,115,482 t), and USA (3,025,700 t) are the

four largest onion producers worldwide with millions of tonnes per year (FAO, 2018). In

the Philippines, Central Luzon is the largest onion producer and accounts to 49.76% of

the national production while 12% is from MIMAROPA and 6% from Cagayan Valley

(Onion Production in the Philippines, 2019).

Weeds are the most common competitor of onion seedlings. They are usually host

plant of various pest and diseases; these also compete to plant requirements like nutrients

11/
An undergraduate thesis outline in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture, major in Crop Protection from Central Luzon State University, Science
City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. Prepared in the Department of Crop Protection under the supervision of Ms.
Celynne O. Padilla with Research Contribution No.
 2

and space (Uygur, Gurbuz, & Uygur, 2010). It can grow simultaneously in an area of

crop production (IWSS, 1997) Due to shallow roots and lack of adequate foliage, it

makes the onion weak against weeds (Wicks, Johnston, Nuland, & Kinbacher, 1973).

Onion production can be significantly reduced by unrestricted weed management.

(Hewson & Roberts, 1973; Sinha & Lagoke, 1983).

During the early stage of onion growth, leaves are very small and unable to cover

the ground at this stage, weeds can affect the stands and crop yield (Ghafoor, Huda,

Hassan, Waseem, & Nadeem, 2000; Babiker & Ahmed, 1986). The primary weeds early

in the season are Portulaca oleracea, Persicaria maculosa, and Amaranthus retroflexus

(Zandstra, 2019). Common purslane (Portulaca oleracea) is considered as a major weed

problem and competes with many field crops including maize, onion, tomato, etc.

(Proctor, 2013; CABI, 2020). This is common in temperate and subtropical regions, a

succulent type of plant and propagates through the stem fragments and seeds

(Zimmerman, 1969). A single plant of purslane is having 10,000 seeds (Matthews,

Ketron, & Zane, 1993).

Importance of the Study

Weeds compete on onion, it can significantly reduce the yield and increase the

cost of management (Hussain, 1983). Based on distribution, survey revealed that P.

oleracea is most troublesome and dominating weed of onion as compared to Cyperus sp.

and Digitaria singuinalia with 40%, 26.7% and 33.3% respectively (Kajidu, Wagaja,

Modu Kagu, Abba Aja, 2015). In addition, Putnam, Werner, Boldt, & Adams (1978),
 3

reported that critical period of weed competition between P. oleracea and onion occurs

during 3-4 weeks in seeded onion in 50-450 plants m-2. However, the impact of different

densities of P. oleracea on onion is not yet been studied. The result of this study will be

the basis in timing of weed-crop competition and the action must be taken before the

critical period of weeds to protect the crop production.

Statement of the Problem

Onion is very susceptible to weed competition. Common purslane can reproduce

vegetative and affects to growth and development of onion. This can also influence the

yield along with the quality of crops. Growers are more likely dependent on herbicide

application for weed problems, which is not a good practice for the crops and soil as well.

Medium-densities of the weed population may actually increase and cause a problem.

Density, timing, size, and chemistry can be an advantage of the plants, to generate

aggressive competition between common purslane and onion—crop requirements

(CSAFIF, 2002). The timing of crop and weed emergence is usually important to avoid

yield loss from weed competition and to prevent too much use of chemicals.

Objectives of the Study

The general objective of the study is to determine the competitive ability of

transplanted onion and Portulaca oleracea, in their different densities specifically to:

a. determine the effect of density levels of onion crop planted together with

various density of P. oleracea on yield and yield components of onion and

 4

b. to determine the yield loss of onion due to infestation of P. oleracea.

Scope and Limitation

This study will be focused on different density levels of onion and P. oleracea

and the effect of crop-weed competition to yield and yield component of onion.

Time and Place of the Study

The study will be conducted in screenhouse at Carranglan, Nueva Ecija,

Philippines from January to March 2021.

 REVIEW OF RELATED LIRATURE

Onion (Allium cepa)

Onion is one of the most important agricultural crops cultivated worldwide. It is

second in the ranking based on the global review of the major vegetables (Ojeniyi,

2000). Onions are wildly grown and exported from many countries of the world and the

top producing countries of onion are, China with the highest production with over 23

million tons of onion followed by India, Egypt, United States of America, Iran, Turkey,

Russian Federation, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Brazil (FAO, 2018). In Philippines there

about 12,000 hectares of farm lands planted with onions in Nueva Ecija and Ilocos

region but without a doubt Central Luzon with 99 percent of onion production is the

highest contributor in the country (Galindez, 2012; Gabriel, 2017).

Onion is usually grown as an annual vegetable crop. The root system is

adventitious arising from the short stem. The stem is very short and flattened. It is

produced at the base of the plant, which increases in diameter as growth continues.

Alternate leaves are produced in successions from the broadening stem apex. The leaf

elongates to form a tubular leaf sheath. The thickening of the leaf bases forms bulbs and

the bulb formation is photoperiod controlled. When the bulb attains a maximum growth

an inflorescence is produced, which elongates from the stem to form an inflorescence

stalk (Kalb, 2001).

Biology and Ecology of Common Purslane (P. oleracea)

 6

Common purslane is a C4 annual plant which is herbaceous and has a prostate

stem, dichotomous branching, evident central rib, attenuated base, rounded to obtuse

apex (Coelho & Giulietti, 2010). It is a common plant typically found in the countries

like Europe, Africa, North America, Australia especially in Asia, and known as the eight

most widespread weeds because of its salinity tolerance and its ability reproduce seeds

whether in arid or saline condition of soil (Liu et al., 2000; Alam, Juraimi, Rafii, Hamid,

& Aslani, 2014). The characteristic weedy nature of P. oleracea is attributed to its ability

to produce as many as 10, 000 seeds, easy dispersal, and rapid growth, competitive with

crops for space, light, water and nutrients and possess little recognized value (Proctor,

2013).

Harmful Weed Community in Onion

Field Weed is a plant that does more harm than good in crop production and it is

one of the major problems in onion fields. They compete with onions for light, nutrients,

water, space and also host plants of several harmful insects and pathogens that cause the

increase in production cost (Hussain, 1983). It has been estimated globally that it is

responsible for 10% yield loss of main cultivating crops (Frud, 2002). In the agro-

ecosystems crops are always associated with weeds provided for optimal loss in crop

productivity. Different weed species are rarely pure under different field conditions and

one of the main factors that affect weed competition periods are weed population

composition, species relative densities and their spatial arrangements (Qasem, 2005). Due

to onions slow germination, slow growth, shallow root system and small leaf size it
 7

become more susceptible in weed competition especially in early growth stage (Appleby,

1996). If the weed left uncontrolled during the establishment period of onion or the

critical period of weed control it can decrease the yield production of onion by 43%

(Palczynski, Dobrzanski, & Anyszka, 2001).

Weeds Associated with Onion

Weeds can grow simultaneously in vegetable farms specifically in onion field

(Singh & Singh, 1994). A field study was conducted to determine the weeds species that

associated with onion and base on the result the most dominant is broadleaf with density

of 47 %, followed by grasses with 40 % and sedges with 27 %. But the most dominant

weeds that affect the growth of onion are P. oleracea, Cyperus sp., and Digitaria

suinguinalia (Kajidu et al., 2015). Weed competition even for a short amount of time

after the onion emergence, can damage crops and may affect the yield and growth of

onion that can cause yield loss that can't be overcome even by the addition of higher

levels of growth factors mainly water and nutrients (Williams, Crabtree, Mack, & Laws

1973; Zimdahl, 1980). In transplanted onion, weeds are severe problem due to

simultaneously grow of crop and the weed (Bhan, Singh, & Tripathi, 1976).

Yield Loss of Onion due to Weeds

Weeds are underestimated pest but they are the reason why the main cultivating

crops are suffering from 10% yield loss worldwide and onion is one of them (Frud,

2002). Compared to the other crops, onion is more susceptible to weed competition due to
 8

the slow growth and its very low competitive ability (Ramalingam, Chinnagounder,

Perumal, & Palanisamy, 2013). Globally onion yield losses due to weeds have been

estimated between 26 – 94.7% (Rameshwar, Sharma, Dogra, & Singh, 2001). Weed

infestation in irrigated crops especially in onion has been reported to cause between l2

and 78% reduction in yield, which varied with the weed species, intensity of weed

infestation and crop cycle (Yohanna et al, 2014). But reports under Rameshwar et al.,

(2001), it is still depending on length of competition, weed species and the crop growth

stage (Kizilkaya, Onen, & Ozer, 2001). There are studies that stated that yield losses

cause by weed infestation can raise 96% in big onion in United Kingdom (Peter, Lagoke,

& Ishaya, 2007), and 86% in India (Sinha & Lagoke, 1983). According to Ibrahim,

Oluwatosin, Ayinde, & Mahmoud (2011), the yield was decreased by 54% compared to

weed free condition when the field left with weeds for the entire season. And a long

exposure of onion in weed competition can cause onion yield loss up to 96 percent (Bond

& Burston, 1996). This studies states that onions are very susceptible to weed

competition (Singh, Sinha, & Singh, 1986) so effective weed control in weeds is very

critical for successful onions production (Dunan, Westra, Moore, & Chapman, 1996).

Methods in Weed Management

Weed management a continues process of making different strategies that can

suppress and control weeds (Zimdahl, 1999). Weed management is essential to reduce the

weed population to a level where it cannot cause unacceptable yield loss. There are

various weed management practices in controlling weeds such as manual, cultural,

 9

chemical, and mechanical. In terms of mechanical method, it used at very early weed

growth stages (Singh, 2014), and for cultural method according to Hassan & Malik,

(2002) hand weeding is the most effective practice because it provides the maximum

weed control in onion field. Although hand weeding is very effective, it’s also a very

expensive and requires a long period of time and big number of labor. Still many farmers

are more reliable in chemical herbicide application that can provide effective and time-

efficient way of controlling weeds. This studies states that hand weeding and herbicide

applications proved better in diminishing weed density (Jilani, Ramzan, & Waseem,

2003).

Critical Period of Weed Control

Weed management is one of the important strategies for minimizing the yield loss

and the critical period of weed control is one factor for successful weed management

strategies. Critical period of weed competition is the time of crop emergence and the

competition is more favorable in weeds, therefore the crop must be kept weed free to

avoid an acceptable yield loss (Van Acker, Swanton, & Weise, 1993). Elimination of

competition by weeds during the critical period would help the crop to grow well and

obtain better yield. In onion production determining the critical period of weed control is

important to get the maximum benefits from effective weed management practices

(Kalyana, Fathima, & Vidya, 2009). Poor competition of onion appears to at its early

crop development stage therefore weed control for onion must be done during this stage

to prevent yield loss (Garcia, Barni, & Storck, 1994; Qasem, 2005). Gaffer, Islam, &
 10

Islam (1993), observed that critical period of onion-weed competition is between 36 and

48 days after transplanting. Better onion production always relies on good weed

management practices (Tripathy, Sahoo, Patel, & Dash, 2013).

Crop and Weed Competition

The effect of weeds on crop yield has been widely studied and models describing

the relationship between weed abundance and crop yield have been useful for predicting

yield loss and assisting with developing management guidelines (Zimdahl, 2004).

Previous research has highlighted the use of early-season weed density to estimate yield

loss, so the cost of increased management could be weighed against the potential yield

reduction (Coble & Mortensen, 1992). Weeds cause a reduction of soil moisture,

nutrients, sunlight and growing space to onion plants, which may result in the reduction

of plant growth, yield and quality of bulbs up to 62% and 71% in terms of seedlings

number and production of bulbs (Ghosheh, 2004). Weeds in onion do not only reduce

total yields, but also reduce quality in that the bulbs produced are likely to be small and

thick necked (Dunan et al., 1996).

 MATERIALS AND METHODS

Preparation of Planting Materials

Weeds. Mature seeds of P. oleracea will be obtained from the field where it is present.

Onion. The onion seeds were obtained in the nearest seed center of Science City of

Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines.

Cultural Management

System of Planting. Transplanted onion will be used in the experiment. It is the common

method used in onion production.

Variety Used. The variety of onion will be used in the experiment is Red Pinoy.

Water Management. The pots were watered 3 days before transplanting, during the

early bulbing stage and optional depending on the plant condition and the soil moisture

status.

Fertilizer Application. Fertilizer application will be based on recommended rate per

hectare which is N 67-P205 21- K20 21. Two weeks after transplanting half of fertilizer

rate will be applied while the other half will be applied at early bulbing stage.

Harvesting. Harvesting will be done when the neck tissue had softened and closed and

the leaves turned yellow.

Experimental Set-up

The experiment will be established using black plastic tray measuring 18cm depth

with an area of 186cm2 (53cm x 35cm). Ten kilograms of pasteurized soil will be filled in
 12

each tray. The treatment will be composed of two factors; each tray contains onion

seedlings with different seeding rates together with the P. oleracea at different level, 0, 5,

10, and 15 plants per tray.

Experimental Design

The experiment will have four replications and two sets of treatments which had

different seeding rate of onion while the other one is the density level of weeds. P.

oleracea will be planted to compete with onion until harvest. The experimental design is

two 2-way factorial design arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD).

Factor A: Seeding rate of onion

 S1- 8 onion plants/tray

 S2-12 onion plants/tray

 S3- 16 onion plants/tray

Factor B: Density level of weeds

 D1- 0 P. oleracea

 D2- 5 P. oleracea

 D3- 10 P. oleracea

 D4- 15 P. oleracea
 13

Data to be Gathered

1. Plant Height of Onion (cm)

a. The measurement will be done from the soil surface to the tip of the leaves

and from 20, 40, 50, 60 DAT and at harvesting.

2. Length of leaves (cm)

b. Will be measured using meter stick/ruler at 20, 40, 50, 60 DAT and at

harvesting.

3. Dry Weight (Leaf and Bulb)

c. Will be weighed after oven drying for 24 hours using weighed balance.

4. Bulb Yield

d. Will be obtained after harvesting.

5. Yield Reduction

e. It measures the competitive ability of control over treatment using the formula

below.

Control-Treatment
% Yield reduction= ---------------------------X 100
Treatment

Data Analysis
 14

All data will be subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The significance of

the effect of the treatment will be determined using SS for the test and comparison of

treatment means will be analyzed using Turkey’s HSD at 5% level of significance.

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