Experiment : 5 Objective :

Date :

1. To study the different parts of electromechanical measuring instruments. 2. To open the instrument and identify the different parts of electromechanical instruments.

Brief Theory :
We have studied different type of electro-mechanical instruments in electrical and electronic subjects. We have also used these instruments to measure different electrical parameters in electrical circuit like current, voltage, power, frequency etc. The instruments can be classified into three categories 1) Indicating Instruments 2) Recording Instruments 3) Integrating Instruments. The majority of electrical measuring instruments used for measuring current and voltage are electromechanical type. These instruments require three different torques for their operation. These torques are: 1) Deflecting Torque, 2) Controlling Torque 3) Damping Torque.

Procedure :
1. Open the instrument step by step under the guidance of teacher. 2. Identify the different parts and compare them diagram given in book. 3. Close the instrument care fully. Deflecting Torque : This torque is required to move the moving system from the zero position or position of rest. This is torque is produced by the quantity under measurement, i.e. it is produced by various effects of electrical current like heating effect, magnetic effect, electrostatic effect etc. This torque has definite relationship with the quantity under measurement. Controlling Torque In order to ensure that the deflection of the system is proportional to the quantity applied a torque opposite to deflecting torque is applied. This torque is called the controlling torque. The controlling torque acts opposite to deflecting torque. In absence of controlling torque the movement of moving system would be indefinet. Thus the propose of controlling torque is to make the movement of moving system definite. Also when the actuating quantity is removed, the controlling torque brings the pointer or the moving system back to zero position or rest. Controlling torque is produced by two methods.:

Gravity control and spring Control.

(i)

Gravity control : In Gravity control method a small weight W is attached to an arm of the moving system. In zero position, the weight W is in vertical position. Now when the system is deflected degrees due to the application of the deflecting torque, W sin component opposes this. The controlling torque Tc (W sin ) l For any instrument W and l are constant so Tc is proportional to sin . Though this method is cheap. It is less affected by temperature. It is not subjected to failure or deterioration with time. The instrument using gravity control should be used in vertical position only. The scale is crowded in the beginning because sin increases rapid with Spring control : A phosphor bronze hair spring is attached to the spindle, one end of the spring is attached to the fixed part of the instrument and other end is attached to the moving system. When the system deflects, the spring is either wound or unwound and exerts opposing torque. Controlling torque is proportional to deflection. Tc ) Thus spring control has uniform scale, instrument can be kept in any position and hence widely used. But there is aging effect in spring.

Damping Torque The moving system has weight so it has inertia. When deflecting torque is applied, the system deflects and as the controlling torque opposes this, the system tries to attain steady position and becomes stationary after some time so considerable time is wasted. To overcome this problem damping torque is applied to the moving system. The damping force should oppose the movement of the deflecting system and it should die down as soon as the system attains the steady position. Methods of damping : Air friction damping: In airfriction damping the piston moves in a fixed air chamber. Or Aluminium vane is attached to the moving system which moves in a sector shaped box.In both the cases the damping force is generated.

Fluid Friction Damping : Here oil is used to produce opposing force to damp out oscillations. Eddy Current Damping : This is the most efficient form of damping. A thin disc of non magnetic but conducting material like Al or Cu is attached to the spingle. A permanent magnet is placed such that the disc cuts the magnetic field when it deflects. Due to this movement eddy currents are produced in the disc. These eddy current produce a mechanical force. The direction fo this force is to oppose the movemtn according to the Lenzs law. When the disc deflects in the reverse direction, the direction of force is also reversed. Thus both forward and reverse movements are opposed.