46 • Chapter 2 / Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding

Equation Summary
Equation
Number Equation Solving For

2.5a E= ∫Fdr Potential energy between two atoms

dE
2.5b F= Force between two atoms
dr
A
2.9 EA = − Attractive energy between two atoms
r
B
2.11 ER = Repulsive energy between two atoms
rn
1
2.13 FA = (|Z1|e) (|Z2|e) Force of attraction between two isolated ions
4𝜋𝜀0r2
2.16 %IC = {1 − exp[−(0.25)(XA − XB)2] } × 100 Percent ionic character

List of Symbols
Symbol Meaning
A, B, n Material constants
E Potential energy between two atoms/ions
EA Attractive energy between two atoms/ions
ER Repulsive energy between two atoms/ions
e Electronic charge
𝜀0 Permittivity of a vacuum
F Force between two atoms/ions
r Separation distance between two atoms/ions
XA Electronegativity value of the more electronegative element for compound BA
XB Electronegativity value of the more electropositive element for compound BA
Z1, Z2 Valence values for ions 1 and 2

Important Terms and Concepts

atomic mass unit (amu) electron state periodic table
atomic number (Z) electropositive polar molecule
atomic weight (A) ground state primary bond
Bohr atomic model hydrogen bond quantum mechanics
bonding energy ionic bond quantum number
coulombic force isotope secondary bond
covalent bond metallic bond valence electron
dipole (electric) mole van der Waals bond
electron configuration Pauli exclusion principle wave-mechanical model
electronegative

Note: In each chapter, most of the terms listed in the Important Terms and Concepts section are defined in the
Glossary, which follows Appendix E. The other terms are important enough to warrant treatment in a full section
of the text and can be found in the Contents or the Index.
 References • 47

REFERENCES
Most of the material in this chapter is covered in college-level Jespersen, N. D., and A. Hyslop, Chemistry: The Molecular
chemistry textbooks. Two are listed here as references. Nature of Matter, 7th edition, John Wiley & Sons,
Ebbing, D. D., S. D. Gammon, and R. O. Ragsdale, Essentials Hoboken, NJ, 2014.
of General Chemistry, 2nd edition, Cengage Learning,
Boston, MA, 2006.