SBI4U: 2.7 Assessment for grading.

Part:1
Case Study 1, Answer 1 Before Transformation (Burger Meal): Ingredients
likely in Wimpy's burger meal:
Burger bun (carbohydrates)
Beef patty (protein, fat)
Cheese (protein, fat)
Lettuce, tomato, pickles, onions (various vitamins and minerals)
Condiments (mayonnaise, ketchup, etc.) (fat, carbohydrates)
After Transformation (Turkey Sub Meal): Ingredients likely in Wimpy's turkey
sub meal:
Sub roll (carbohydrates)
Turkey slices (protein)
Lettuce, tomato, cucumber, onions (various vitamins and minerals)
Pickles (various vitamins and minerals)
Mustard or other low-fat condiments (minimal fat and carbohydrates)
Comparison of Macromolecules:
● Both meals contain carbohydrates in the form of bread or bun, which
provide energy to the body.
● The burger meal has a higher fat content due to the beef patty, cheese,
and condiments, providing more calories but also more unhealthy
saturated fats.
● The sub meal has leaner protein from turkey and fewer fats overall,
making it a healthier choice in terms of macromolecules.

Answer 2 Explanation of how Macromolecules break down in the body for

energy:
Carbohydrates: Broken down into glucose during digestion. Glucose is then
transported into cells, where it undergoes glycolysis, a process that breaks it
down further into pyruvate. The pyruvate enters the mitochondria and goes
through the Krebs cycle, generating ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate), the energy
currency of the cell. A simplified representation of the process can be
illustrated as follows:
Glucose -> Pyruvate -> Acetyl-CoA -> Krebs cycle -> ATP
Proteins: Proteins are broken down into amino acids during digestion. Amino
acids are then used to build and repair body tissues, enzymes, and hormones. If
the body has excess amino acids, they can be converted into glucose or fatty
acids for energy through a process called gluconeogenesis or deamination,
respectively.
Fats: Fats are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol during digestion. Fatty
acids are further broken down through beta-oxidation in the mitochondria to
produce Acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle to generate ATP. The
process is illustrated below:
Fats -> Fatty acids + Glycerol -> Acetyl-CoA -> Krebs cycle -> ATP

Major Differences between the Two Meals:

● Protein Source: The burger meal's protein comes from beef, which tends
to be higher in saturated fats. In contrast, the turkey sub meal's protein
comes from lean turkey slices.
● Carbohydrate Source: The burger meal contains carbohydrates from a
white bread bun, which might have refined flour and added sugars, while
the turkey sub meal contains carbohydrates from a whole wheat sub roll
and vegetables.
● Fat Content: The burger meal typically contains higher fat content due to
the beef patty, cheese, and mayonnaise, while the turkey sub meal
contains less fat, primarily from the turkey slices.

Is the Turkey Sub a Healthier Meal when looking at the Macromolecules

Available?
Yes, the turkey sub meal is generally considered healthier when looking at
the available macromolecules. It provides lean protein from turkey, complex
carbohydrates from whole wheat, and various nutrients from vegetables. The
lower saturated fat content in the turkey sub makes it a healthier option
compared to the burger meal with its higher fat content from beef and cheese.

Answer 3 Tips for Wimpy to make his meals even healthier:

Hydration: Drink plenty of water throughout the day to stay hydrated and
support overall health.
Mindful Eating: Practice mindful eating, paying attention to hunger and fullness
cues, and eating slowly to savour the flavours and avoid overeating.
Balanced Meals: Aim for balanced meals that include a mix of proteins, healthy
fats, and complex carbohydrates.
Regular Exercise: Continue with the jogging routine with Olive and consider
incorporating other forms of exercise to maintain overall fitness.
By making these changes, Wimpy can continue to improve his health,
maintain a balanced diet, and enjoy the benefits of a healthier lifestyle.

Case Study 2, Answer 1 Yes, Carol. Let's understand it in terms of biology,

such as:
When your body lacks the lactase enzyme, which is necessary for breaking down
lactose, the sugar present in milk and dairy products, you may develop lactose
intolerance. The normal function of lactase, which is created by cells in the
small intestine, is to split lactose into the two smaller carbohydrates glucose
and galactose. Your body can then use these smaller carbohydrates as a source
of energy by absorbing them into the bloodstream.
However, during your most recent flu episode, the virus appears to have harmed
the small intestine's enzyme-producing cells, resulting in a brief shortage of
lactase production. As a result, your digestive system is unable to properly
break down the lactose sugar when you consume milk products or any other meal
containing lactose.
Yogurt contains probiotics, which are good bacteria that can aid in the
digestion of lactose, thus your doctor advises eating it. Yogurt is easier to
tolerate than other dairy products because of the bacteria that break down
lactose before it enters your big intestine. For best results, always buy yogurt
with live, active cultures.

Case Study 3, Answer 1 Both Ellie's father, the chemical engineer, and her
mother, the chemist, have a part of the explanation correct, but they are
describing different aspects of the process.

Ellie's Father (Chemical Engineer) - Diffusion:

Water and dissolved particles are indeed drawn out of the skin by diffusion into
the surrounding water when you spend a long time in the water. Diffusion is the
process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an
area of lower concentration. In this case, water from Ellie's skin moves out into
the water around her because the concentration of water molecules is higher
inside her skin (due to the body's water content) compared to the pool water.
Ellie's Mother (Chemist) - Osmosis:
However, osmosis also plays a role in this process. Osmosis is a special type of
diffusion that involves the movement of water across a semipermeable
membrane. The skin acts as a semipermeable membrane. While water is moving
out of Ellie's skin due to regular diffusion, some water molecules may also move
into her skin through osmosis, especially if the concentration of dissolved
particles in the pool water is higher than that in her skin.
Regarding the distinction between the skin in a freshwater lake and an ocean:
Both freshwater lakes and oceans can cause the skin to wrinkle in a similar way.
The same osmosis and diffusional concepts apply to both circumstances.
However, the concentration of dissolved particles in the water is where the
fundamental distinction lies.
When compared to freshwater lakes, the concentration of salt (dissolved
particles) in an ocean is higher. Water tends to migrate from a region of lower
salt concentration (the skin) to an area of higher salt concentration (the ocean),
therefore this higher concentration of salt in ocean water may cause a little
increase in the osmotic migration of water into the skin.
When compared to the ocean, the concentration of dissolved particles in
a freshwater lake is lower, which may result in a minor reduction in the osmotic
transport of water into the skin. However, in both settings, the general
wrinkling due to diffusion and osmosis continues to occur.
The wrinkling of fingers and toes ultimately results from the combined effects
of water moving out of the skin through diffusion and some water entering into
the skin through osmosis, whether in an ocean or a freshwater lake. Depending
on the number of dissolved particles in the water, the precise rate of wrinkle
formation may change, but the fundamental process does not.
 PART: 2
REPORT: UNDERSTANDING HUMAN BIOLOGY THROUGH THREE CASE
STUDIES

Introduction: This report explores the intriguing aspects of human biology

through three captivating case studies. We delve into the effects of dietary
changes on health, the intricacies of lactose intolerance, and the remarkable
phenomena of wrinkly skin in water. Each case study showcases the application
of scientific knowledge to real-life situations and emphasizes the importance of
making informed choices for a healthier lifestyle.

Case Study 1: J. Wellington Wimpy's Transformation In this case study, we

follow the journey of J. Wellington Wimpy, a burger enthusiast who embraced a
healthier diet. We examined the ingredients in Wimpy's burger meal, which
consisted of a burger bun, beef patty, cheese, and condiments, offering a
combination of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. After his transformation,
Wimpy adopted a turkey sub meal comprising a sub roll, turkey slices, and
vegetables, providing lean proteins and reduced fat content.

Macromolecules Comparison: The burger meal contained higher fat content due
to beef and cheese, while the turkey sub meal offered leaner protein and less
fat. The sub-meal emerged as a healthier option concerning macromolecules.

Case Study 2: Carol's Lactose Intolerance Carol's post-flu experience led her
to discover lactose intolerance. We explained that lactose intolerance occurs
when the body lacks the lactase enzyme, essential for breaking down lactose in
milk products. Her doctor recommended yogurt, as it contains probiotics that
aid lactose digestion.

Case Study 3: Ellie and David's Wrinkly Adventures Ellie and David's pool day
resulted in wrinkly fingers and toes. We delved into the scientific explanations,
elucidating the role of diffusion and osmosis. Their beach and lake experiments
led to the revelation that wrinkling occurs regardless of the water body.

In conclusion, these three case studies taught us amazing truths about our
bodies. We witnessed how changing to a healthier diet can result in positive
changes, such as J. Wellington Wimpy switching to a turkey sandwich. We found
that lactose intolerance results from a deficiency in the lactase enzyme, which
makes it more difficult to digest dairy products. Finally, we found that water
entering and exiting our skin through diffusion and osmosis is the cause of
wrinkled skin in water.

We have learned the value of taking care of our health and making wise food
choices by investigating these real-world examples. Our journey through these
scientific explorations reminds us of the treasures we possess and inspires us
to make better lifestyle decisions.

In summary, this report demonstrates how much we've learned about human
biology. It shows that making informed decisions about our health is crucial for
a better life. The scientific adventures we explored in these case studies
remind us of the amazing complexity of our bodies and the importance of taking
care of ourselves. Let's continue to explore and appreciate the wonders of our
own biology on this journey to a healthier and more fulfilling life.