Unit V: Wind and Hydroelectric

Energy

Prepared by : Er. Ishwar Joshi

 Topics of discussion
• Origin and nature of winds, wind rose diagram, wind resource,
basic aerodynamics,
• Fundamental power equation, basic principles of wind energy
conversion,
• Basic components and types of wind machines,
• Mathematical derivation of Betz limit, wind-solar hybrid
systems
 Origin and Nature of Winds
• Wind energy is the kinetic energy associated with movement
of large masses of air.
• These motions result from uneven heating of atmosphere by
the sun, creating temperature, density and pressure differences.
• It is a clean, cheap, and eco-friendly renewable source.
 Origin and Nature of Winds
Main disadvantages are:
• it is a dispersed,
• erratic and
• location-specific source.
 Origin and Nature of Winds
• Wind energy is harnessed as mechanical energy with the help
of wind turbine.
• The mechanical energy thus obtained can either be used as
such to operate farm appliances, water pumping, etc., or
converted to electric power and used locally or fed to a grid.
 Origin and Nature of Wind
• Very slow winds are useless, having no possibility of power
generation.
• On the other hand very strong stormy winds cannot be utilized
due to safety of turbine.
• Moderate to high-speed winds, typically from 5 m/s to about
25 m/s are considered favorable for most wind turbines.
 Origin of winds
• The origin of winds may be traced basically to uneven heating
of earth surface due to sun.
• This may lead to circulation of widespread winds on global
basis, producing planetary winds or may have a limited
influence in a smaller area to cause local winds.
 Global (or Planetary) Winds
Two major forces determine the speed and direction of wind on
global basis.
(i) Primary force for global winds is developed due to
differential heating of earth at equator and Polar Regions.
(ii) Spinning of earth about its axis produces Coriolis force,
which is responsible for deviation of air currents towards
west.
 Global (or Planetary) Winds
• Between 30°N and 30°S, heated air at the equator rises and is
replaced by cooler air coming from north and south. This is
known as Hadley circulation. Due to Coriolis force these
winds deviate towards west.
• Between 30°N (/S) and 70°N (/S) predominantly western
winds are found. These winds form a wavelike circulation,
transferring cold air southward and warm air northward (in
northern hemisphere and vice versa in southern hemisphere).
This pattern is called Rossby circulation.
Global (or Planetary) Winds

Fig: Global circulation of wind

 Local Winds
Localized uneven heating is responsible for local winds. Local
winds are produced due to two mechanisms:
(i) The first is differential heating of land surface and water
bodies due to solar radiation.
(ii) The second mechanism of local winds is differential heating
of slope on the hillsides and that of low lands.
 Nature of wind
• The behavior and structure of the wind varies from site to site
depending on the general climate of the region, the physical
geometry of the locality, the surface condition of the terrain
around the site and various other factors.
• Rapid fluctuations in the wind velocity over a wide range of
frequencies and amplitudes, due to turbulence caused by
mechanical mixing of lower layers of atmosphere by surface
roughness are commonly known as gusts
• The Beaufort scale, a wind speed classification, gives a
description of the effect of the wind.
Description of wind based on Beaufort
scale
 Wind data and wind rose diagram
Wind speed is measured by anemometer and wind direction is measured by wind
vane attached to a direction indicator

Fig: A typical wind rose

 Wind Turbine
• Wind turbine are machine that generate electricity from kinetic
energy of wind
• Wind machines use blades to collect the wind’s kinetic energy.
• Windmills work because they slow down the speed of the wind.
• The blades are connected to a drive shaft that turns an electric
generator to produce electricity.
• The amount of energy which the wind transfers to the rotor
depends on the density of the air, the rotor area, and the wind
speed.
• The rotor area determines how much energy a wind turbine is
able to harvest from the wind.
Wind Turbine
Wind Turbine
Wind turbine components diagram
Basics of Wind Energy Transformation
 Type of wind Machine
1. Horizontal-axis wind machine
 axis of rotation is horizontal
Ex.Double Blade, Three blade , Multi Blade
2. Vertical –axis wind machine
 Axis of rotation is vertical
Ex. Darrieus, Savonius
 Horizontal axis wind turbine(HAWT)
• The horizontal wind turbine is a turbine in which the axis of the rotor's
rotation is parallel to the wind stream and the ground.
Horizontal axis wind turbine types
 Vertical axis wind turbine
• The rotor of the VAWT rotates vertically around its axis
Vertical axis wind turbine type
Horizontal Vs. Vertical wind turbine

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