heat, HaSO4(aq)

1) Nitrile Carboxylic acid silver mirror Blue solution form

Test:1) ppt
Alkene 2) Orange
Amine 7
solution
He(gs vi +

use Bromine water

DNPH Tollen's reagent Felling's
-

Aldehyde V v r
is(NS) of
halogenoalkane reactions Brown to ketones
V * X
KCN Cethanol) reflux ④ ⑥ ColourlesS

Production <
3) Carboxylic acid > efferescence (CO2)
Nitrile CaCO3
4) Alcohol
↑ > Pale
I yellow ppt
2
Is
R- R 0+ Na++CHIz
pHCH3 q-
-

1) cracking:Al20s heat vaoy

OH ↳Tridodo methane)
~2) hydrogenation:Ha PT/Ni catalystheat

1) combustion (1) combustion

2) oxidation Production 2) Free radical substitution:UV light
↳ O alcohol
Distill
Aldehyde ↑
Reaction hydrolysis of esters

↳>
acid H+
carboxylic
reflux
cracking:Alcos
->
~Production 1) heat ester
->
carboxylic acid +
reflyketone heatw i t h
4) of alcohol 2) Elimination:Ethanolic NaOH alcohol
reflux Alkane
4 o -> reaction acidified Kacr207 reflux
alcohol no
heatunder
-

↑
Alkene 3) Dehydration:const ester + Noon -> +
Heot reflux carboxylic acid Na
7 (Or]
>
Reaction Al20s
heat
+ alcohol
CNS) of halogenoalkare reaction
heatunder
polymerisation
Organic
NaOH(ag) >1)
I reflux Electrophilic addition

a) (EA) of Alkenes ④ ↳ H2 (hydrogenation) Nicatalyst 1500 e

+ H20 Steam 5000 < Alcohol

conct. HaS04
↳ H20 (hydration) H3PO catalys 3000 +

production at m
3) (H) aldehydes &
of Ketones 2 70

↳
heat, Ziegler- ↳ Addition of hydrogen room temperature
NABH4, LiAeHy, H(Nicat)
halides (H -x)
Carbonyl -
Natta catalyst
Ketone < Addition
Halogenoalkane ↳
of room temperature
aldehyde halogens
production
/
- 5)
↳
> 2) oxidation + [0] kMnqu
oxidation
+
H20x OH
Butan -

2,3-dio)
of 20 alcohol production Production ↳
hot, const acidified kmN04 101dDilute
* cold, dilute Diol ->
kMnot always did
<Mn04
↳
cold, dilute acidifiedkmN04
L r.t . p

↓
oxidation Hot acidified const kun04
-
1. Free-radical substition
of 10 alconol
reaction
Electrophilic addition
ic =
2.
x3
3. Nucleophilic substitution
-

CH3 -c 00
=
=

cHz

nucleophilic
<
Reaction
. substitution (CH3)qc <
=

CHz) unos (CH) qC0

1. Nucleophilic substitution
iH
-

↳ NaoH (ag) u nder

heat reflux
:CN -HCN + NaOH
Nis H+ i

15jc t oHcCH
const
↳ ethanolic conct sealedtub
c
not
CO1d (10-20%) NHz heatin e
"yc 1 kMn04> = CH
c-
-

0 c 0
=
=

↳: CN-ethanolic 0 c 0 H3C
=

KCN heat under reflux

=

2) reduction NaBH4, LiARH4

HaC CH
=
FifimuonOa CH3CH CHCH3
=

+ [0] nmol2 CH3COOH

Mechanism <

I species in rate
1) SN,
↓) determining
step

BrE

2)nElectrophilic addition ee 3)carboyis

⑰ elimination:

+e
st 4)
F &
+

i
+
> ↑
OH
7 7
35
-
-

c (Si-
8
0F
-

-> Hyc- 1-
-
H +
Nat +

Ho
>SN2

720
↳
81 W
*
-

~
> X 0H Br-

T i- i"
+

4Br NaBr

-
+

-
= +

Br H- H
+
H H3 CH3
-
-
-
-
c - -

iH
-

IBr Br