OBJECTIVES

1. Read and analyze a variety of fiction.

2. Identify the various elements,
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techniques, and literary devices.

3. Analyze how these elements and
techniques were used in the stories.
 Let us see if you could identify the following
The person/thing that opposes the
01 protagonist.

02 The main character of the story.

Similar to an epilogue. Gives more information

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03 after the conflict has been resolved.

When an author gives an advance hint to what
04 will come later in the story.

05 The part of the book which introduces the

characters, setting, conflict.
 ELEMENTS OF FICTION
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Characters Plot
Setting Style
Point of View Theme
 1. CHARACTERS - A character is a person,
animal, or imaginary creature.
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Characterization : A description of individuals

in a story.
 Classifications of Characters
➢ Major : an important figure at the center
of the story’s action or theme.

➔ Protagonist - main character or hero

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➔ Antagonist - another antagonistic character

for the main character. An object, culture, or
character could be the opponent.
 Classifications of Characters
➢ Minor : Supporting the major character
whose function is partly to illuminate the
major characters.
➔ Static - unchanging: they remain the same from the
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beginning of a work to the end

➔ Dynamic - exhibit some kind of change –
of attitude, purpose, behavior, as the story
progresses
 5 Ways to Develop A Character:

physical character’s the speech eye -

description speech thoughts, awakening
of thought, and situation
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character and actions of

actions other
characters
 REMEMBER : Character Development
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 REMEMBER : Character Development
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Since the plot should follow your character as they

attempt to get what they desire, it's critical to know
what they want. But it's also crucial to understand
what your character actually requires and whether
these things align.
 2. SETTINGS

Where is the action in your story?

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 REMEMBER : WHEN CHOOSING THE LOCATION
Place Mood or
Weather
What is the Atmosphere
geographical Condition What feeling is
location/ Is it rainy, sunny, created in the story?
Mountains, Time stormy, etc? Social
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forest, desert? What is the Conditions

historical What is the daily
period, time of life of the
day, or year? character’s like?
 3. POINT OF VIEW

Who is telling the story?

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 First Second Third
Person Person Person
we are in the this is the reading from
main “you” point of the perspective
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character’s you and is also of a specific

head using the the main character, and
pronoun “I” character not we’re using he,
the addressee. she, or they.
 4. PLOT
The sequence of events.
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 Aristotle’s Plot Structure Formula
The formula for plot structure, which
consists of a beginning, middle, and end,
was first created by Aristotle. These
components are all important, necessary,
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and difficult for authors to master. Making

choices on how a novel begins, what
happens in the middle, and the conclusion
or how it ends.
 Beginning Middle End

It must grab the reader's There must be progress The conclusion and
interest and introduce toward the resolution of resolution of the
the main characters, the story, plot points, conflict occur at the
place, and conflict. challenges, or multiple end
subplots along the
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route.

Set-up Confrontation Resolution

Plot 1 Plot 2
 STAGES OF A STORY - Freytag’s Pyramid
Aristotle's theory of plot was expounded upon
by German author Gustav Freytag in a work
that was released in 1863. Rising action and
falling action are two extra components that
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Freytag added. The most common

representation of plot as a literary device is this
dramatic arc of plot structure, known as
Freytag's Pyramid.
 STAGES OF A STORY - Freytag’s Pyramid

1. Exposition - the part of the story where the

author sets up or introduces important
details like the place, the characters, the
dramatic scenario, etc.
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2. Inciting / Rising Action - increased tension

as a result of the central conflict. In this
section of the novel, things frequently
"become worse."
 STAGES OF A STORY - Freytag’s Pyramid
3. Climax - the pinnacle and/or turning point
of the plot, when the main conflict is
resolved in an irreversible manner.

4. Falling Action - The fall action is a return to a

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"new normal" if the rising action has pushed the

narrative away from "normal." Also referred to
as denouement, begins with consequences
resulting from the climax and moves towards
the conclusion.
 STAGES OF A STORY - Freytag’s Pyramid

3. Resolution/Denouement - End of the story.

This sometimes entails the main character
realizes their mistakes or reading the story
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through to its terrifying, amusing or grand

finish.
 STAGES OF A STORY
Freytag’s Pyramid
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 CAUSE AND EFFECT
Why are they about to act in the
way that they are?
When a reader complains that "nothing
happened" in a scene, it's usually because the
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situation remained exactly as it was. The storyline

should be affected by your character's actions,
and the plot points should have an effect on the
broader narrative.
 CONFLICT
- is a literary element that involves a
struggle between two opposing forces,
usually a protagonist and an
antagonist.
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The difficulties your characters encounter while

attempting to achieve their objective serve as your
conflict. Give them a challenge that reflects their
quirks, desires, and personalities.
 2 Kinds of Conflict

Internal Conflict
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External Conflict
 Struggle within a character’s mind.

Internal Conflict Usually occurs when a character has

to make a decision or to deal with
feelings.

Mind vs Body Mind vs Mind Mind vs Reality

It occurs when the Occurs when a
the world created by
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protagonist or the main person has desires

the superiority
character fights against but he also has to
complex or right
his bodily addiction such fulfill his
versus just people.
as in the case of some responsibilities.
drug addict.
 Struggle between a character and an

External Conflict opposing outside force such as

society, nature or another character.

With Nature With Another Person With Society

as the protagonist happens with the thinking happens when the main
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comes into conflict and subsequent actions of protagonist comes into

with nature the people that do not conflict with the social
match and create a setup, norms, traditions,
conflict between them. and conventions.
 Elements of Conflict
● Misunderstanding
: between two parties or
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characters or man and

nature, man and another
person, or even man and
society.
 Elements of Conflict
● Differences in Values and Beliefs
: this entails both external as
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well as internal conflicts within

a person the major issues
occur over values and beliefs.
 Elements of Conflict
● Differences in Interest
: this occurs due to
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different interests and

clashes between those
interests.
 Elements of Conflict
● Interpersonal Differences
: Interpersonal differences
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also cause a conflict

between characters.
 Elements of Conflict
● Feelings and Emotions
: occurs due to the
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differences between the

feelings and emotions of
different characters.
 5. STYLE
- refers to a writer's choice of
words, diction, grammar, and
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sentence structure.
 Ways to Lock Down Style
● First, Try to read widely and as much as you can. It's
beneficial to have a wide variety of material arriving since
we frequently write what we read.
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● Second, try to write as much as you can. The more you write,
the more you'll be able to stop duplicating the writing of
other authors and begin creating and perfecting your own.
 6. THEME
- is the central idea or meaning
of a story. The underlying
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message in a story that deals

with life or human nature.
 When determining Theme :
➢ The title
➢ The way the character changes
and what they learn
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➢ Big ideas like freedom and

courage
 Outlining My Own Fictional Story!
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 I. Theme

★ What message would you like to

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tell your readers?

 II. Point of View

★ How will you tell the story, using first

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person (I) or using third person?

 III. Characters

★ Who is the main character? Describe her

physically. What are her / his traits
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/characterization? Who is the protagonist/

Describe him / her? How will she hinder / block the
main character from her goals?
 IV. Setting

★ What is the setting of the story, mood,

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atmosphere, weather?
 V. Plot
★ How will you start the story?
★ How will the problem begin?
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★ What is the most interesting part of the story?

★ How will the problem be solved?
★ How will the story end?
 My Own Story

THEME CHARACTERS PLOT

POINT OF
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SETTING
VIEW
Let’s Review
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