CH 11 Heat

Prepared By: XII – PHYSICS
Sir Danish Ahmed 1 CH – 11
HEAT
Q 1: Define the term heat.
HEAT:
Heat is a form of energy which transfers from a hot body to a cold body when they are in
thermal contact with each other. Since heat is a form of energy therefore in S.I its unit is Joule.
Q 2: Define the term temperature. Also give the inter conversion of temperature scales.
TEMPERATURE:
The degree of hotness and coldness of a body is known as its temperature. Temperature of a
body depends upon the average kinetic energy of its molecules. In S.I its unit is Kelvin.
SCALES OF TEMPERATURE:
There are three different scales for measuring the temperature of a given body.
1. Celsius or centigrade scale.
2. Fahrenheit scale.
3. Kelvin or absolute scale.
CONVERSIONS OF SCALES:
o
1. C=
o o
2. F= C + 32
3. K = oC + 273
RELATED QUESTIONS
Q 1: How do you distinguish between temperature and heat? Give example.
Q 2: Why the earth is not in thermal equilibrium with the sun?
Q 3: Is temperature a microscopic or macroscopic concept?
Q 4: What is the standard temperature?
Q 5: A thermometer is placed in direct sunlight. Will it read the temperature of the air or of the
sun or of something else?
Q 6: What happens to the temperature of a room in which an air conditioner is left running on a
table in the middle of the room?
RELATEDNUMERICALS
Q 1: The body temperature is 98.4 oF. What is this temperature on Celsius scale?
[Ans: 36.89 oC]
Q 2: At what temperature do the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales coincide? [Ans: - 40]
[2006]
Q 3: Celsius thermometer in a laboratory reads the surroundings temperature as 30 oC what is
the temperature in the Fahrenheit and absolute scale? [Ans: 86 F, 303 K]
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Q 3: Define the term thermal expansion. [2003][2005]
THERMAL EXPANSION:
When a solid is heated its molecules vibrate more energetically against the action of
intermolecular forces producing greater displacement, due to which the body expands, this type of
expansion is called thermal expansion.
Q 4: Define co – efficient of linear and co – efficient of volume expansion. Also prove that β = 3 α.
[1989][1995]1997][2001][2002][2003 P.E][2003 P.M][2004][2005][2013][2016][2019]
LINEAR EXPANSION:
Such thermal expansion in which length of solid increased is known as linear expansion.
EXPLANATION:
Suppose „Li‟ is the length of a uniform thin metallic rod at some initial temperature. When
it is heated through a temperature ΔT, an increase of length ΔL takes place. Then we can write as
Δ L Li -------------- (i)
Also Δ L Δ T ----------- (ii)
By combining equation (i) and (ii), we get
Δ L Li Δ T
Δ L = α Li Δ T
Where “α” is known as the co efficient of linear expansion and its value depends upon the
nature of rod. It can be defined as:
“It is the fractional change in length per degree change in temperature.”
Mathematically:
α=
VOLUME EXPANSION:
Such thermal expansion in which volume of solid increased is known as volume or cubical
expansion.
EXPLANATION:
Suppose „V‟ is the volume of a metallic body at some initial temperature. When it is heated
through a temperature Δ T, an increase of volume ΔV takes place. Then we can write as
Δ V Vi -------------- (i)
Also Δ V Δ T ----------- (ii)
By combining equation (i) and (ii), we get
Δ V Vi Δ T
Δ V = β Vi Δ T
Where “β” is known as the co efficient of volume expansion and its value depends upon the
nature of body. It can be defined as:
“It is the fractional change in volume per degree change in temperature.”
Mathematically:
β=
RELATION BETWEEN AND β:
Consider a rectangular box of initial length „Li‟, height „hi‟ and width
„wi‟ at some initial temperature „Ti‟. So the initial volume „Vi‟ of the box
will be:
Vi = Li hi wi ---------------- (i)
When a body is heated through a temperature ΔT then the volume

of the box will increase. If Lf, hf andwf are the final length, height and width of the box then the
final volume „Vf‟ of the box will be
Vf = Lfhfwf --------------- (ii)
Since Δ L = Lf – Li
Lf = Li + Δ L
Lf = Li + ( α Li Δ T )
Lf = Li ( 1 + α Δ T )
Similarly hf = hi( 1 + α Δ T)
And wf =wi (1 + α Δ T)
By putting the value of Lf, hf and wf in equation (ii), we get
(ii) ⇒ Vf = [Li( 1 + α Δ T)][ hi ( 1 + α Δ T)][ wi (1 + α Δ T)]
⇒ Vf = Li hi wi( 1 + α Δ T) 3 ; Putting the value of Li hi wi from equation (i)
⇒ Vf = Vi( 1 + α Δ T) 3
Since (a + b) 3 = a3 + 3 a 2 b + 3 a b 2 + b 3
⇒ Vf = Vi( 1 + 3 α Δ T + 3 α 2 Δ T 2 + α 3 Δ T 3 )
Since α is very small, so we are neglecting α 2 and α 3. So the above equation becomes
Vf = Vi ( 1 + 3 α Δ T )
⇒ Vf = Vi + 3 α Vi Δ T
⇒ Vf - Vi = 3 α Vi Δ T
⇒ Δ V = 3 α Vi Δ T
⇒ =3α
⇒ β=3α
Hence co – efficient of volume expansion is three times of the co – efficient of linear
expansion.
Q 5: Explain the construction and working of bimetallic thermostat. [2002 P.E][2008]

BIMETALLIC THERMOSTAT:
Bimetallic thermostat is a device which is used
maintaining desired temperatures.
CONSTRUCTION:
It consists of two metallic strips of different
co – efficient of linear expansion. Both strips are
joined together.
WORKING:
In an electrical heating circuit, bimetallic thermostat is used as an electric contact
breaker. At a desired temperature the strips bends and the circuit breaks. When the
temperature fall the strips contacts and the connection is restored.
RELATED QUESTIONS
[2001]
Q 1: Prove the co – efficient of cubical expansion is three times of the co – efficient of linear
expansion.
[2002 PE]
Q 2: Describe the working of a bimetallic strip as thermostat. (Draw necessary diagrams)
[2002 PM]
Q 3: Show that β = 3 α, where β and α have their usual meanings.
[2003 PE]
Q 4: Define co – efficient of linear and co – efficient of cubical expansion, also derive the relation
between them.
[2003 P.M]
Q 5: What is thermal expansion? Derive an expression for coefficient of linear expansion.
[2005]
Q 6: What do you understand by thermal expansion? What is the relation b/w coefficient of
linear and co efficient of volume expansion? Derive the relation for the length of a rod at a
given temperature „t‟oC when Io is its length at 0 o C.
[2008]
Q 7: Define linear expansion. How does the concept of linear expansion help the fabrication of
bimetallic strips? Explain the working of bimetallic strip in a thermostat.
[2012]
Q 8: It is observed that when a mercury bulb of a glass thermometer is put in a flame, the
column of mercury first descends and then rises. Explain it.
[2013]
Q 9: Define co – efficient of linear and co – efficient of cubical expansion. Prove α = 1/3 β.
Q 10: When a block with a hole in it is heated, why does not the material around the hole expand
into the hole and make it small, why?
RELATEDNUMERICALS
Q 1: A steel rod has a length of 10 m at a temperature of 25 o C. What will be the increase in
length if the temperature is raised to 35 o C? Given α = 1.1 x 10 – 5 K – 1.
[Ans: 1.1 x 10 – 3 m]
Q 2: A steel rod has a length of exactly 0.2 cm at 30 o C. What will be its length at 60 o C?
α for steel = 1.1 x 10-5 C-1. [Ans: 0.20066 cm]
[2019]
Q 3: Find the change in volume of an aluminum sphere of 0.4 m radius when it is heated from 0
o
C to 100 o C. α = 2.4 x 10-5 C – 1. [Ans: 0.00193 m 3]
[2006]
Q 4: Find the change in volume of brass sphere of 0.6 m diameters when it is heated from 30 oC
to 100 o C. α = 1.9 x 10 – 5 C – 1[Ans: 4.5 x 10-4 m 3]
[2008]
Q 5: A steel bar is 10 m in length at – 2.5 o C. What will be the change in its length at 25 oC? β for
steel = 3.3 x 10 – 5 K – 1 . [Ans: 3.025 x 10 – 3 m]
[2002 PE]
Q 6: A cylinder of diameter 1 cm at 30 o C is to be slide into a hole in a steel plate. The hole has a
diameter of 0.99970 cm at 30 o C. To what temperature must the plate be heated?
α = 1.1 x 10 – 5 C – 1. [Ans: 57.28 o C]
[2005]
Q 7: A brass ring of 20 cm diameter is to be mounted on a metallic rod of 20.02 cm diameter at
20 o C. To what temperature should the ring be heated? α = 1.9 x 10 – 5 C – 1. [Ans: 72.63 oC]
Q 6: State Boyle‟s law and Charles‟ law. Derive the general gas equation.
[1983][1991][1993][2000][2001][2006]
BOYLE‟S LAW:
“At constant temperature and for a fixed mass of a gas, the volume of a given mass of a gas
is inversely proportional to the pressure of the gas”.
Mathematically
V α
PV = K
With the help of above equation Boyle‟s law can also be stated as
“At constant temperature and for a fixed mass of a gas, the product of pressure and volume
is constant”.
CHARLES‟ LAW:
“At constant pressure and for fixed mass of a gas, the volume of a given mass of a gas is
directly proportional to the absolute temperature”.
Mathematically:
VαT
=K
With the help of above equation Charles‟ law can also be stated as
“At constant pressure and for a fixed mass of a gas, the ratio of volume and absolute
temperature is constant”.
GENERAL GAS EQUATION:

An equation relating all the three quantities i.e. pressure, volume and temperature
is called the general gas equation.
DERIVATION:
We obtain gas equation by combining Boyle‟s and Charles‟ law. If P, V and T are the
pressure, volume and temperature of gas respectively, then according to Boyle‟s law
V α -------------------------------- (i)
Also according to Charles‟ law

V α T ------------------------------- (ii)
Combining equation (i) and (ii), we get
Vα
= Constant
For one mole of gas this constant has a particular name “universal gas constant” and is
denoted by R.
=R
For “n” Number of moles the value of R becomes nR.
= nR
PV = nRT
This equation is known as the general gas equation.
RELATEDNUMERICALS
[1983]
Q 1: A tank containing 0.1 m 3 of nitrogen at room temperature and at a pressure of 8 x 10 6 N /
m 2 are connected through a valve to an empty tank of volume 0.4 m 3. The valve is opened
and the nitrogen is allowed to expand. After the system returns to room temperature, what
is the pressure of the tank? [Ans: 1.6 x 10 6 N/m 2]
[1991]
Q 2: One gram mole of a gas occupies a volume of 24.93 m 3 at a pressure of 500 N/m 2. Find the
temperature of the gas in centigrade. [Ans: 1226.45 oC]
[1996]
Q 3: A tank contains 20 liters of air at 30 oC and 5.01 x 10 5 N/m 2 pressure. What is the mass of
air and what volume it occupy at one atm pressure and at 0 o C? The average molecular
mass of air is 28.8 g / mol. [Ans: 114.3 g, 0.089 m 3]
[2000]
Q 4: Calculate the volume occupied by a gram mole of gas at 10 oC and pressure of one
atmosphere. 1 atm = 1.01 x 10 5 N/m 2. [Ans: 0.023 m 3]
[2003 P.M]
Q 5: An air storage tank whose volume is 110 lit contains 2 kg of air at a pressure of 15 atm.
How much air would have to be forced into the tank to increase the pressure to 18 atm,
assuming no change in temperature. [Ans: 0.4 kg]
[2009]
Q 6: A scientist stores 22 g of a gas in tank at 1200 atm. Overnight the tank develops slight
leakage and the pressure drops to 950 atm. Calculate the mass of the gas escaped.
[Ans: 4.59 g]
Q 7: An air storage tank whose volume is 112 liters contains 3 kg of air at a pressure of 18
atmospheres. How much air would have to be forced into the tank to increase the pressure
to 21 atmospheres, assuming no change in temperature? [Ans: 0.5 kg]
Q 8: Calculate volume occupied by a gram mole of a gas at 0oC& at a pressure of 1 atm.
[Ans: 0.0224 m 3]
Q 7: Write down the basic postulates kinetic molecular theory of gases.
[1985][1987][1990][1996][1998][2003 P.E][2007]
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES:
Basic assumptions of kinetic theory of gases are as under:
1. A gas consists of molecules. Depending on the gases gas each molecule consist of an atom or
a group of atoms. All the molecules of a gas in stable state are considered identical.
2. Any finite volume of a gas consists of very large number of these molecules. At S.T.P there
are 3 x 10 25 molecules in a cubic meter.
3. The molecules of a gas are separated by a large distance as compared to their own
dimensions.
4. The gases molecules are move in all directions. They collide elastically with each other and
with the wall of container.
5. The average kinetic energy of molecules are directly proportional to the absolute
temperature.
Q 8: Derive the equation P= ρ̅̅̅̅. [96][98][2003 P.M][2007][2009][2010][2012][2014][2018]
INTERPRETATION OF PRESSURE ON KINETIC THEORY OF GASES:

In order to derive an expression for pressure of an ideal gas from kinetic theory consider a
cubical vessel of length „L‟ of each side and
perfect elastic walls contained „N‟ number of
molecules of masses „m‟. Since gas molecules
move randomly therefore its velocity „V‟ can be
resolved into its rectangular components.
̅̅̅̅ = ̅̅̅̅̅ + ̅̅̅̅̅ + ̅̅̅̅̅-----(i)
Consider the motion of one molecule
along x – axis. The molecule moves with velocity
of „V1x‟and after colliding with the wall of
container it rebounds with the velocity of „– V1x‟.
Since F=
–
∴ F1x =
F1x =
F1x =2 m V1x. --------(ii)
Since S=Vt
∴ 2 L = V1x. t
; Putting in equation (ii)
(ii) ⇒ F1x =2 m V1x.
F1x =
This is the force applied by a single molecule along x axis. Therefore force applied by N
molecules along x axis will be
Fx = F1x + F2x + F3x + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + FNx
Fx = + + +------------ +
Fx = ( + + +---------------+ )
Now multiplying and dividing the right side of the above equation by N.
Fx = ( )
̅̅̅̅
Fx = ; Dividing both sides by L2
̅̅̅̅
=
̅̅̅̅
Px =
Px = ρ ̅̅̅̅ -------------------- (iii)

Similarly
Py = ρ ̅̅̅̅ -------------------- (iv)
And Pz = ρ ̅̅̅̅ -------------------- (v)
According to Pascal‟s principle
Px = Py = Pz = P ---------------- (vi)
By comparing equation (iii), (iv), (v) and (vi) we get
̅̅̅̅ = ̅̅̅̅ = ̅̅̅̅
By using above equation, equation (i) becomes
(i) ⇒ ̅̅̅̅ = ̅̅̅̅̅ + ̅̅̅̅̅ + ̅̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅ = 3 ̅̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅ = ̅ ; Putting in equation (iii)
(ii) ⇒ Px = ρ ̅
Px = ρ ̅̅̅̅
By using equation (vi), above equation becomes
̅̅̅̅
Q 9: Prove that K.E α T. [1985][1987][1990][2002][2006][2009][2010][2015]

PROOF:
According to the kinetic molecular theory, the pressure of gas is given by:
̅̅̅̅
Since ρ ; we putting in above
⇒ P= ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅
⇒ PV =
According to general gas law

PV = nRT; we putting in above
̅̅̅̅
⇒ nRT =
⇒ ̅̅̅̅ = ----------------- (i)
Since NA = also NA =
By comparing both we get,
⇒ = K; we putting in equation (i)
(i) ⇒ ̅̅̅̅ = 3 K T
By dividing both the sides by 2, we get

̅̅̅̅
=
̅̅̅̅̅̅ =
̅̅̅̅̅̅ = Constant . T
̅̅̅̅̅̅
Hence average kinetic energy of a gas molecule is directly proportional to the absolute
temperature of the gas.
Q 10: Prove Boyle‟s law and Charles‟ law on the basis of kinetic molecular theory of gases.
[1987][1998][2000][2002 P.E][2007][2008]
PROOF:
According to the kinetic molecular theory, the pressure of gas is given by:
̅̅̅̅
Since ρ ; we putting in above
⇒ P= ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅
⇒ V=
By multiplying and dividing by 2, the above equation becomes

̅̅̅̅
⇒ V=
̅̅̅̅̅
⇒ V=
̅̅̅̅̅
⇒ V=
⇒ V=
⇒ V= ---------------- (i)
FOR BOYLE‟S LAW:
For Boyle‟s law temperature and number of moles are fixed. Hence equation (i) becomes:
V=
Or
FOR CHARLES‟ LAW:

For Charles‟ law Pressure and number of moles are fixed. Hence equation (i) becomes:
V = (Constant) T
Or
RELATED QUESTIONS
[2000]
Q 1: Using the equation of pressure P = mnv̅̅̅̅, verify Boyle‟s law and Charles‟ law on the
basis of kinetic theory of gases.
[2002 PE]
Q 2: Verify Boyle‟s and Charles‟ law on the basis of kinetic theory of gases.
[2002 PM][2006]
Q 3: Using the equation of pressure ̅̅̅̅, prove that the absolute temperature of an ideal
gas is proportional to the average translational kinetic of the molecule.
[2003 PE][2007]
Q 4: State the basic assumptions of the kinetic molecular theory of gases.
[2003 PM]
Q 5: Show that the pressure of an ideal gas is ̅̅̅̅, where ρ is the density of gas.
[2007]
Q 6: Show that the pressure of an ideal gas is ̅̅̅̅, where ρ is the density of gas. Verify
Boyle‟s law on the basis of kinetic theory.
[2008]
Q 7: Using the relation ̅̅̅̅, deduce the expression of the Boyle‟s & Charles‟ law.
[2009][2010]
Q 8: Show that the average translational kinetic energy per molecule is is directly proportional
to the absolute temperature.
[2009][2010][2012]
Q 9: Derive a relation for pressure of an ideal gas in terms of its density mean square velocity.
RELATEDNUMERICALS
[1985][1998][2002 P.M]
Q 1: Find root mean square velocity of hydrogen gas molecule at 100 oC takes the mass of the
hydrogen molecule 3.32 x 10 – 27 kg. [Ans: 2156.6 m/s]
[1990]
Q 2: At certain temperature the average K.E of hydrogen molecule is 6.2 x 10 – 21 J. If the mass of
hydrogen molecule is 3.32 x 10 – 27 kg then find temperature and mean square velocity of
hydrogen molecule. [Ans: 299.5 K, 3.735 x 106 m/s]
[1996]
Q 3: Find the root mean square speed of the nitrogen molecule at 27 o C. Mass of nitrogen
molecule is 4.67 x 10-26 kg. [Ans: 515.7 m/s]
[2000]
Q 4: Determine the average value of kinetic energy of gas at 300 K. [Ans: 6.21 x 10 – 21 J]
[2004]
Q 5: Calculate density of hydrogen gas, considering it to be an ideal gas when the R.M.S of
hydrogen molecule is 1850 m/s at 0 oC and at 1 atm pressure. [Ans: 0.088 kg/m 3]
[2006]
Q 6: Calculate R.M.S speed of hydrogen molecule at 800 K. [Ans: 3158.6 m/s]
[2014]
Q 7: Find root mean square speed of oxygen molecule at 800 K. Its molar mass is 32 gm.
Q 8 a: Determine the average value of the kinetic energy of the particles of an ideal gas at 0 oC and
at 50 o C. [Ans: 5.65 x 10 – 21 J, 6.68 x 10 – 21 J]
Q 8 b: What is K.E per mole of an ideal gas at these temperature?[Ans: 3404.5 J/mol, 4026.2
J/mol]
Q 11: Define the following terms.
(i) Heat capacity. [2005][2007]
(ii) Specific heat capacity [1992][2005][2007]
(iii) Molar specific heat. [1984][1986][1989][1992][2005][2007]
(iv) Molar specific heat at constant pressure CP. [1999]
(v) Molar specific heat at constant volume CV. [1999]
HEAT CAPACITY:
Amount of heat required to rise the temperature of a substance through one Kelvin or one
degree Celsius is known as heat capacity.
In SI its unit is J/oC or J/oK. Mathematically it can be expressed as:
C=
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY:

Amount of heat required to rise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance through one
Kelvin or one degree Celsius is known as specific heat capacity.
In SI its unit is J/Kg oC or J/Kg oK. Mathematically it can be expressed as:
C=
MOLAR SPECIFIC HEAT:
Amount of heat required to rise the temperature of one mole of a gas through one Kelvin or
one degree Celsius is known as molar specific heat capacity.
In SI its unit is J/moloC or J/moloK. Mathematically it can be expressed as:
C=
MOLAR SPECIFIC HEAT AT CONSTANT PRESSURE ( CP):

one degree Celsius at constant pressure is known as molar specific heat at constant pressure.
MOLAR SPECIFIC HEAT AT CONSTANT VOLUME (CV):
one degree Celsius at constant volume is known as molar specific heat at constant volume.
Q 12: Derive CP – CV = R.
[1984][1986][1989][1992][1994][1999][2001][2003 P.E][2003 P.M][2004][2006][2008][2010]
PROOF:
Consider two isotherms of an ideal gas at
temperature T1 and ( T1 + Δ T ). Consider the gas is
initially at state „a‟ with temperature T1 and the
temperature of the gas is to be increased to ( T1 +
Δ T). From figure there are two paths, one is a → b path
during which pressure is constant and the other is a →
c path during which volume is constant.
CONSTANT PRESSURE PATH a → b

If gas is taken along the constant pressure path a
→ b. The temperature also increase by Δ T along this
path. Using the equation of isobaric process
Δ Q= Δ U + P Δ V
The heat transferred to the gas in this process is given by:
Δ Q = n CP Δ T; Putting in above equation
n CP Δ T = Δ U + P Δ V ---------------------(i)
According to general gas equation
PV = nRT
Or P Δ V = n R Δ T; Putting in equation (i)
(i) ⇒ n CP Δ T = Δ U + n R Δ T
Or Δ U = n CP Δ T – n R Δ T ------------------ (ii)
CONSTANT VOLUME PATH a → c:

If gas is taken along the constant volume path a → c. The temperature also increase by Δ T
along this path. Using the equation of isochoric process
Δ Q= Δ U
The heat transferred to the gas in this process is given by:
Δ Q = n CV Δ T; Putting in above equation
n CV Δ T = Δ U
Or Δ U = n CV Δ T ----------------- (iii)
By comparing equation (ii) and (iii) we get
n CV Δ T = n CP Δ T – n R Δ T
⇒ n CP Δ T – n CV Δ T = n R Δ T
⇒ n Δ T (CP – CV ) = n R Δ T
⇒ –
Hence the difference between molar specific heat of a gas at constant pressure and molar
specific heat of a gas at constant volume is equal to the universal gas constant.
RELATED QUESTIONS
[2001]
Q 1: Show that CP – CV = R
[2003 P.E][2004]
Q 2: Using the first law of thermodynamics, prove CP – CV = R, symbols have their usual
meanings.
[2003 P.M]
Q 3: Show that the difference between molar specific heat of a gas at constant pressure and
molar specific heat of a gas at constant volume is equal to the universal gas constant.
[2004]
Q 4: Express the relation for molar specific heat. Why are there two different molar specific heat
of a gas? Explain.
[2005][2007]
Q 5: Define heat capacity, specific heat and molar specific heat. Write down the mathematical
equations and their units. Establish the relation between molar specific heat and common
specific heat?
[2006]
Q 6: Using the first law of thermodynamics show that the sum of the molar specific heat at
constant volume & molar gas constant is equal to molar specific heat at constant pressure.
[2008]
Q 7: Employing the 1st law of thermodynamics in two isotherms at different temperatures
obtained in PV diagram show that CP – CV = R. Why is specific heat at constant pressure
greater than the specific heat at constant volume?
[2010]
Q 15: Using the fist law of thermodynamics in two isotherms of an ideal gas at different
temperatures, show that CP – CV = R.
RELATED QUESTIONS
Q 1: A 50 g piece of metal is heated to 100 oC and then dropped into the copper calorimeter of mass 400 g
containing 400 g of water initially at 20 o C. If the final equilibrium temperature of the system is 22.4
o
C, find specific heat of the metal. Specific heat of the copper is 386 J/ Kg oK. [Ans: 1134.68 J/Kg oK]
[2011]
Q 2: A 200 g piece of metal is heated to 150 oC and then dropped into an aluminum calorimeter of mass
500 g containing 500 g of water initially at 25 o C. Find the equilibrium temperature of the system if
the specific heat of metal is 128.1 J / Kg oK. Specific heat of aluminum is 903 J/Kg oK, while specific
heat of water 4200 J/kg oK [Ans: 299.24 K]
Q 13: Define thermodynamics and state first law of thermodynamics.
[1986][1989][1991][1994][1996][1998][1999][2002 P.M][2002P.E][2004][2008][2015]
THERMODYNAMICS:
The branch of physics which deals with the study of the transformation of heat energy into
mechanical energy is known as thermodynamics.
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS:
STATEMENT:
The increase in the total energy of the system in any process is equal to the amount of heat
energy enter into the system minus the amount of work done by the system.
EXPLANATION:
Let us consider a cylinder containing ideal gas which is fitted with a frictionless piston. If
ΔQ is the amount of heat energy enter into the system due to which internal energy of the system
increases by ΔU. If ΔW is the amount of work done by the system then first law of thermodynamics
can be expressed mathematically as:
Δ U = ΔQ – ΔW
APPLICATION OF THE 1ST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS:
1) ISOBARIC PROCESS:
A process in which the pressure of the system remains constant is known as isobaric
process.
EXPLANATION:
Let us consider a cylinder containing
ideal gas which is fitted with a frictionless
piston. If ΔQ is the amount of heat energy
enter into the system. If „F‟ is the amount of
force exerted by the molecule of a gas on the
piston and „d‟ is the displacement of piston,
then work done by the system will be:
ΔW=Fd
Since P= ⇒ F = P A; Putting in above
⇒ Δ W = P A d; Where „A‟ is the cross sectional area of the cylinder
∴ A d = Δ V; Putting in above equation
⇒ ΔW=PΔV
By using above equation first law of thermodynamics becomes
RESULT:
Above equation shows that during isobaric process
all heat provided to the system is used to increase in internal
energy of the system and doing some work against external
pressure.
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION:
On P – V graph, the graph for isobaric process
is a straight horizontal line called isobar.
2) ISOCHORIC PROCESS:
A process in which the volume of the system remains constant is known as isochoric
process.
EXPLANATION:
piston. If ΔQ is the amount of heat energy
enter into the system. Since volume is constant
therefore
ΔV=0
⇒ ΔW=0
+0
Δ Q = Δ U; This is the mathematical expression of
isochoric process.
RESULT:
Above equation shows that during isochoric process
all heat provided to the system is used to increase in internal
energy of the system.
On P – V graph, the graph for isochoric
process is a straight horizontal line called isochor.
3) ISOTHERMAL PROCESS:
A process in which the temperature of the system remains constant is known as isothermal
process.
EXPLANATION:
piston. If Δ Q is the amount of heat energy
enter into the system. At the same time we
decrease the pressure on the system due to
which gas is allowed to expand. Thus the
temperature of the system remains constant.
Therefore there will be no change in internal
energy of the system.
⇒ΔU=0
ΔQ=0+ΔW
⇒ ΔQ=ΔW
RESULT:
Above equation shows that during isothermal process all
heat provided to the system is used to doing some work.
On P – V graph, the graph for isothermal
process is a smooth curve called isotherm.
4) ADIABATIC PROCESS:
A process in which the no heats enter into the system or leave from the system is known as
adiabatic process.
EXPLANATION:
piston. If its initial temperature is T1 and system
is placed on insulator than gas expands and cools
off adiabatically by using internal energy of the
system and temperature falls to T2
Since there is no heat enter into the system or
leave from the system than
ΔQ=0
0=ΔU+ΔW
⇒ ΔU=−ΔW
RESULT:
Above equation show that during adiabatic process internal
energy of the system is used for doing work done on the system.
On P – V graph, the graph for adiabatic
process is a smooth curve called adiabatic curve.
RELATED QUESTIONS
[2000]
Q 1: What is thermodynamics? State and explain the first law of thermodynamics.
[2000][2002 P.M]
Q 2: On the basis of the first law of thermodynamics, explain
(i) Isobaric process (ii) Isothermal process.
[2002 P.E]
Q 3: Explain any one of the following: (i) Isobaric process (ii) Adiabatic process
[2004]
Q 4: State the first law of thermodynamics. Apply this law on:
(i) isobaric process (ii) isochoric process.
[2005]
Q 5: Briefly describe any two processes of thermodynamics. Draw the graph and give the
mathematical equation for each.
[2006]
Q 6: State first and second law of thermodynamics. Describe briefly isobaric or adiabatic process
with graphical representation.
[2008]
Q 7: State and explain 1st law of thermodynamics. On the basis of the 1st law explain isothermal
or isobaric process.
[2013]
Q 8: Give two statements of the second law of thermodynamics. On the basis of 1st law of
thermodynamics, explain isobaric process and derive its equation.
RELATEDNUMERICALS
Q 1: In a certain process 400 J of heat are supplied to a system & at same time 150 J of work are
done by the system. What is the increase in the internal energy of the system? [Ans: 250 J]
[1991]
Q 2: A cylinder contains an ideal gas below the gas in the cylinder in supplied 3000 J of heat and
the piston rises by 0.35 m while the internal energy of the gas increases by 400 J. Calculate
work done by the system. [Ans: 2600 J]
[1994][2003P.E]
Q 3: 1200 J of heat energy are supplied to the system at constant pressure. The internal energy of
the system increased by 750 J and the volume 4.5 m 3, find the work done against the piston
and pressure on the piston. [Ans: 450 J, 100 N/m 2]
[1996][2000][2002P.M][2009]
Q 4: When 2000 J of heat energy is supplied to a gas in cylinder at constant pressure of 1.01 x 10
5
N/m 2, the piston of area of cross section of 2 x 10 – 2 m 2 moves through 0.5 m calculate wok
done & the increase in the internal energy. [Ans: 1010 J, 990 J]
[2002]
Q 5: If one mole of monatomic gas is heated at constant pressure from –30 oC to 20 oC, find
change in internal energy & work done during process. [Ans: 623.5 J, 415.7 J]
Q 6: A system absorbs 1000 J of heat & delivers 600 J of work while losing 100 J of heat by
conduction to the atmosphere. Calculate change in internal energy of system. [Ans: 300 J]
Q 7: A thermodynamic system undergoes a process in which it internal energy decreases by 300
J. If at the same time 120 J of work is done on the system, find the heat transferred to or
from the system. [Ans: - 420 J]
Q 8: There is an increase of internal energy by 400 J when 800 J of work is done by a system.
What is the amount of heat supplied during this process? [Ans: 1200 J]
Q 14: State two laws of the 2nd law of thermodynamics and prove that they are equivalent.
[1984][1987][1990][1995][1997][1998][1999][2000][2002 P.M][2010][2013]
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS:
There are two statements of 2nd law of thermodynamics:
KELVIN STATEMENT:
It is impossible to derive a continuous supply of work by cooling a body to a temperature
lower than that of the coldest of its surrounding.
CLAUSIUS STATEMENT:
It is impossible to cause heat to flow from a cold body to a hot body without the expenditure
of energy.
EQUIVALENCE OF BOTH STATEMENTS:
Kelvin and Clausius both statements are equivalent.
Suppose the Kelvin statement is false that we could have a heat
engine with 100 % efficiency, that takes heat from a source
and convert it completely into work.
If we connect perfect heat engine to a refrigerator, we
can take heat from a hot body and convert completely to work.
This work can be used to operate refrigerator which convey
heat from cold body to hot body without any expenditure of
energy which is contrary to Clausius statement.
Q 15: What is heat engine? Describe working of a Carnot engine & derive an equation for its
efficiency.[84][87][90][95][97][99][2001][2002P.E][2005][2007][2009][2011][2014][2016][2019]
CARNOT ENGINE:
Carnot engine is an ideal heat engine which is free from all sorts of heat loses and friction. It
is conceived by a French Engineer, Sadi Carnot.
CONSTRUCTION:
Carnot engine consist of a gas cylinder having perfectly insulating walls and perfectly
conducting base. The cylinder contains an ideal gas. A perfectly insulated, weightless and
frictionless piston fitted in the cylinder.
CARNOT CYCLE:
The working substance is taken through the following cycle
of operations known as the Carnot
1) ISOTHERMAL EXPANSION:
In this process place the Carnot engine of initial temperature T1,
pressure P1 and volume V1 on a hot body. If Q1 is the amount of heat energy
entered into the system from hot body and we decrease the pressure from P1
to P2 simultaneously then the volume changes from V1 to V2 but the
temperature of the system remains T1.
2) ADIABATIC EXPANSION:
In this process we placed the Carnot engine on an insulator then
there will be no heat enter or leave from the system. If we decrease the
pressure of the system from P2 to P3 then the volume of the system changes
from V2 to V3 and temperature also falls from T1 to T2.
3) ISOTHERMAL COMPRESSION:
In this process we placed the Carnot engine on a cold body. If Q2 is
the amount of heat rejected by the system to the cold body through the
base and we increases the pressure from P3 to P4 simultaneously then
volume decreases from V3 to V4 but the temperature remains T2.
4) ADIABATIC COMPRESSION:
In this process we placed the Carnot engine on an insulator
then there will be no heat enter or leave from the system. If we
increase the pressure from P4 to P1 then the volume of the system
changes from V4 to V1 and temperature increases from T2 to T1.
EFFICIENCY OF CARNOT ENGINE:

Since efficiency of the engine is mathematically expressed as
η=
⇒ η=
According to Kelvin statement Q2 cannot equal to zero and efficiency can be 100 % if Q 2 is zero. Hence
efficiency of any engine must be less than the 100 %.
If we draw a graph between pressure and volume then a loop is obtained. This loop is
the combined graph of four processes of Carnot cycle. The area under the loop indicates the
amount of work done during Carnot cycle.
RELATED QUESTIONS
[2001]
Q 1: Derive an expression for the efficiency of a Carnot‟s engine. Draw a labeled graphical
representation of the Carnot cycle.
[2002 P.E]
Q 2: Describe the construction and working of a Carnot engine.
[2002 P.M]
Q 3: What is thermodynamics? Give two statements of the second law of thermodynamics.
[2003 P.M][2010]
Q 4: Give Kelvin and Clausius statement for the second law of thermodynamics and prove that
they are equivalent.
[2005][2011]
Q 5: What is a heat engine? Describe the working of a Carnot engine and derive the equation for
its efficiency.
[2007]
Q 6: Describe the complete operation of a Carnot engine and obtain an expression for its
efficiency.
[2009]
Q 7: What is Carnot engine? Describe its working cycle its working cycle. Prove that the
efficiency of a Carnot engine is less than 100 % above absolute zero temperature of the sink.
RELATEDNUMERICLS
[1987]
Q 1: The efficiency of heat engine is 50%. If the temperature of the cold reservoir is 300 K, find
the temperature of the hot reservoir. [Ans: 600 K]
[1990]
Q 2: A heat engine performs work 0.4166 watts in one hour and rejects 4500 J of heat energy to
the sink. What is the efficiency of the engine? [Ans: 25%]
[1995]
Q 3: A heat engine performs works at the rate of 500 KW. The efficiency of the engine is 30%,
calculate the loss of heat per hour. [Ans: 4.2 x 10 9 J]
[1997][2000]
Q 4: A Carnot engine whose low temperature reservoir is 7 oC has an efficiency of 40%. It is
desired to increase the efficiency to 50%. By how much degree must the temperature of
high temperature reservoir be increased? [Ans: 93.4 oC]
[1999]
Q 5: Find efficiency of a Carnot engine working between 100 oC and 50 oC [Ans: 13.4%]
[2001]
Q 6: An ideal heat engine operates in Carnot‟s cycle between temperature 227 oC and 127 oC and its absorbs 600 J of
heat energy, find (i) work done per cycle (ii) efficiency of the engine. [Ans: 20%, 120 J]
[2002 P.E]
Q 7: A heat engine performs 1000 J of work at the same time rejects 4000 J of heat energy to the
cold reservoir. What is the efficiency of the engine? If the difference of temperature b/w the
sink & the source of this engine is 75 oC, find temperature of its source. [Ans: 20%, 375 K]
[2003 P.E][2003 P.M][2004]
Q 8: The low temperature reservoir of Carnot engine is at – 3 oC and has an efficiency of 40%. It
is desired to increase the efficiency to 50%. By how many degrees should the temperature of
hot reservoir be increased? [Ans: 90 oC]
[2008]
Q 9: A Carnot engine performs 2000 J of work and rejects 4000 J of heat to the sink. If the
difference of temperature between the source and the sink is 85 oC, find the temperature of
source and sink. [Ans: 255 K, 170 K]
[2010][2015]
Q 10: A heat engine performing 400 J of work in each cycle has an efficiency of 25%. How much
heat is absorbed and rejected in each cycle? [Ans: 1600 J, 1200 J]
[2012][2016]
Q 11: A Carnot engine whose low temperature reservoir is 200 K has an efficiency of 50 %. It is
desired to increase it to 75 %. By how many degrees must temperature of low temperature
reservoir be decreased if temperature of higher reservoir remains constant? [Ans: 100 K]
[2013]
Q 12: The difference of temperature of hot and cold body is 120oC. If heat engine is 30 % efficient,
find the temperature of hot and cold body.
Q 16: Explain the concept of entropy. Also state the second law of thermodynamics in terms of
entropy. [2003 P.E][2009]
ENTROPY:
Entropy is a measure of molecular disorder. Mathematically entropy of any process can be
expressed as
In S.I unit of entropy is J/K.

SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND ENTROPY:
In terms of entropy, second law of thermodynamics can be stated as:
“When an isolated system undergoes a change the entropy of the system either remains
constant or it increases”.
RELATEDNUMERICALS
[1984]
Q 1: What entropy change involved in (a) Melting 20 g of ice? (b) Freezing 20 g of water? [Ans:
24.46 J/K, -24.46 J/K]
[2005]
Q 2: A 100 g copper block is heated in boiling water for ten minutes and then dropped into 150 g of water at 30 oC in
a 200 g calorimeter. If the temperature of water is raised to 33.6 o C. Determine the specific heat of the material
of calorimeter. (S for copper = 386 J/Kg oC)
[Ans: 409.77 J/Kg]
Q 3: A 2 kg iron block is taken from furnace when its temperature was 650 oC and place on a large block of ice at 0 o
C. Assuming that all the heat given up by the iron is used to melt the ice. How much ice is melted? [Ans: 1.93
Kg]
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

[2000][2007]
1. 273 oK = .
(a) 0oF (b) – 32 oF (c) 32 oF (d) None
[2000]
2. A system in which there is no transfer of mass and energy is called system.
(a) Isobaric (b) Isochoric (c) Isolated (d) None
[2000]
3. Quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one kg of water from 30 oC to 40 oC is
(a) 500 J (b) 420 J (c) 42000 J (d) None
[2000][2007]
4. Two ends of rod are at temperatures – 10 oC and – 30 oC respectively. Heat will flow from
(a) – 10oC to – 30oC (b) – 30 oC to – 10oC (c) Both a and b (d) None of
these
[2000][2004]
5. Co – efficient of linear expansion is times of co – efficient of volume expansion.
(a) 3 (b) 1/3 (c) 2 (d) 5
[2000]
6. is the disorder of the system.
(a) Entropy (b) Heat (c) Temperature (d) None
[2001]
7. The pressure exerted by the gases molecules on the walls of a vessel increase if the
(a) Temperature of gas decreases (b) Velocity of molecules decreases
(c) Collision of molecules with walls increase (d) None of these
[2001]
8. The net change in entropy of a system in a natural process is
(a) Positive (b) Negative (c) Zero (d) Infinity
[2001]
9. Which of the following statement is true?
(a) Heat can be converted completely to work (b) Work converted completely into heat
(c) Both work and heat are interconvertable (d) Neither heat nor work is converted
[2001]
10. The K.E of the molecules of an ideal gas at absolute zero temperature will be
(a) Infinity (b) Zero (c) Very high (d) Below zero
[2001]
11. In an isothermal process the internal energy of the system
(a) same (b) Zero (c) Decreases (d) Increases
[2001]
12. Real gas molecules do not strictly obey gas laws at
(a) High pressure and low temperature (b) Low pressure & high temperature
(c) High pressure and high temperature (d) None of these
[2002 P.E]
13. The product of P and V is constant if is constant.
(a) Volume (b) Pressure (c) Temperature (d) None
[2002 P.E]
14. The S.I unit of heat is
(a) Joule (b) Calorie (c) Centigrade (d) Fahrenheit
[2002 P.E][2003 P.M]
15. Zero on the Celsius scale is equal to
(a) 273 K (b) 32 K (c) 100 K (d) 212 K
[2002 P.E]
16. The internal energy of a system depends on
(a) Pressure (b) Volume (c) Temperature (d) Entropy
[2002 P.E]
17. The entropy of the universe always
(a) Constant (b) decreases (c) Increases (d) Both a & c
[2002 P.E]
18. The process during which no external work is performed is
(a) Isothermal (b) Isochoric (c) Isobaric (d) Adiabatic
[2002 P.M][2012]
19. The temperature on Fahrenheit scale corresponding to absolute zero is
(a) 32 o F (b) 180 o F (c) - 460oF (d) 212 oF
[2002 P.M]
20. The pressure exerted by a column of mercury 76 cm high at 0 oC is called
(a) 1 liter (b) 1 cm 3 (c) 1 atm (d) 1 N/m 2
[2002 P.M]
21. The universal gas constant per molecule in 1 mol is called constant.
(a) Plank‟s (b) Stefan‟s (c) Boltzmann‟s (d) Avogadro‟s
[2002 P.M]
22. The quantity of heat required for per degree rise in temperature of body is called Heat
(a) of vaporization (b) of fusion (c) Of diffusion (d) Capacity
[2002 P.M]
23. The P – V diagram is a vertical straight line shows change.
(a) Isobaric (b) Isochoric (c) Isothermal (d) Adiabatic
[2002 P.M][2004]
24. In an isobaric process the work done is equal to
(a) (b) (c) (d) n R ΔT
[2003 P.E][2003 P.M]

25. According to Charles‟ law
(a) PV = K (b) V/T = K (c) VT = K (d) P/V = K
[2003 P.E][2004][2007]
26. Temperature at which centigrade scale is equal (or coincides) to Fahrenheit scale is
(a) 0 o C (b) – 32 oC (c) – 40oC (d) – 273oC
[2003 P.E]
27. The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance through
1 oC is known as
(a) Specific heat (b) Latent heat (c) Calories (d) Joules
[2003 P.E]
28. The internal energy in an isothermal process
(a) Increase (b) Decrease (c) becomes zero (d) Same
[2003 P.E]
29. The maximum efficiency of heat engine is obtained by
(a) Increasing temperature of hot & cold body, keeping other factors constant
(b) Decreasing T of sink & increasing T of source, keeping other factors constant
(c) Decreasing the temperature simultaneously. (d) None of these
[2003 P.E]
30. The change of entropy is given by
(a) (b) (c) (d) None
[2003 P.M][2006]
31. One cubic meter is equal to
(a) 10 6 cm 3 (b) 10 2 cm 3 (c) 10 3 cm 3 (d) None
[2003 P.M]
32. If pressure of gas is doubled, keeping the temperature is constant, the volume of the gas is
(a) reduced to ¼ (b) Doubled (c) reduce to ½ (d) None of these
[2003 P.M]
33. The process during which volume of the system remains constant is
(a) Isothermal (b) Isochoric (c) Isobaric (d) Adiabatic
[2003 P.M]
34. Boltzmann‟s constant is equal to
(a) RNA (b) R / NA (c) NA / R (d) √ / NA
[2004]
35. During an adiabatic change, the pressure and volume formula of a gas is given by
(a) PV = K (b) P γ V = K (c) (PV) γ = K (d) P V γ = K
[2004]
36. The unit of specific heat is
(a) J / Kg o C (b) J / Kg (c) J Kg K (d) J Kg o C -1
[2005]
37. RMS velocity of gas molecule at absolute zero temperature is
(a) 9 x 10 6 m/sec (b) 3 x 10 3 m/sec (c) 273 m/sec (d) zero
[2005]
38. The value of Boltzmann constant is
(a) 1.38 x 10 -23 JK- 1 (b) 2.185 x 10 -12 JK – 1 (c) 1.62 x 10 – 22 JK -1 (d) 3.85 x 10- 23
[2005]
39. Heat required to produce a unit change in the temperature of a unit mass of a substance is
(a) Heat capacity (b) Molar heat (c) Specific heat (d) Latent heat
[2005]
40. The difference of molar specific heat at constant pressure and at constant volume per mole
is
(a) Heat constant (b) Boltzmann constant (c) Gas constant (d) None
[2005]
41. A domestic pressure cooker is based on process
(a) Adiabatic (b) Isobaric (c) Isochoric (d) Isothermal
[2005]
42. The absolute temperature corresponding to 212 oF is
(a) 485 o K (b) 373 o K (c) 161 o K (d) None
[2006]
43. In Celsius scale 1oC in magnitude is equal to
(a) 32 oF (b) 16oF (c) 0oC (d) 1.8oF
[2006][2012]
44. The maximum work done can be measured in the process calledprocess.
[2006]
45. The change in the disorder of the system is equal to
[2006]
46. In C.G.S system one calorie of heat is equal to
(a) 11.184 J (b) 2.184 J (c) 3.184 J (d) 4.184 J
[2006]
47. The efficiency of Carnot engine is given by
[2007]
48. The volume of a given gas at constant pressure becomes zero at
(a) 273 K (b) 273 oC (c) – 273 K (d) – 273 oC
[2007]
49. According to kinetic theory of gas the absolute temperature of a perfect gas is
(a) Inversely proportional to the K.E of the molecules.
(b) Independent of the kinetic energy of the molecules.
(c) Equal to the kinetic energy of the molecules.
(d) Directly proportional to the average translational kinetic energy of the molecules
[2007]
50. The area of Carnot cycle represents
(a) Useful work (b) Loss due to leakage (c) Heat rejected (d) None of these
[2008][2011]
51. The K.E per mole of a gas is
(a) 3/2 KT (b) 2/3 KT (c) 3/2 RT (d) nRT
[2008]
52. If the volume of a given mass of a gas is doubled without changing its temperature, the
pressure of the gas is
(a) Reduced to ½ of initial value (b) Same as the initial value
(c) Reduced to ¼ of the initial value (d) Doubled of the initial value
[2008]
53. A bimetallic thermostat works on the principle of
(a) Linear expansion (b) Bulk expansion
(c) Differential linear expansion (d) All of these
[2008]
54. The area bounded by an isothermal and an adiabatic curve in a PV diagram for a heat
engine represents
(a) Useful work (b) Loss due to leakage (c) Heat rejected (d) None
[2008]
55. Entropy has been called the degree of disorder because
(a) Entropy of the system remains constant (b) Entropy of system always increase
(c) Entropy of system always decrease (d) None of these
[2008]
56. A thermodynamic process in which the change in volume of the system is zero tells
(a) Work done by the system is maximum (b) Work done on & by the system is zero
(c) Work done on the system is maximum (d) None of the above
[2009]
57. Heat energy cannot be measured in
(a) J (b) B.T.U (c) Kelvin (d) Calorie
[2009]
58. Boyle‟s law holds good for an idea gas in a process called
[2009]
59. According to the second law of thermodynamics 100 percent conversion of heat energy into
work is
(a) Possible (b) Impossible
(c) Possible when condition is ideal (d) Possible when condition isn‟t ideal
[2009]
60. If no heat floes into or out of a system, the process is called
(a) Isobaric (b) Isothermal (c) Isochoric (d) Adiabatic
[2009]
61. The molar heat capacities of polyatomic gases as compared to monatomic gases are
(a) Greater (b) Smaller (c) Same (d) Infinity
[2009]
62. Thermostat is a device used to keep the constant
(a) Temperature (b) Entropy (c) Heat constant (d) Pressure
[2010]
63. Two steam engines A and B have their sources at 600oC and 400oC and their sinks at 300 oC
and 200oC respectively
(a) They are equally efficient (b) A is more efficient than B
(c) B is more efficient than A (d) None of these
[2010]
64. On Fahrenheit scale the temperature of 50oC will be
(a) 40 oF (b) 10 oF (c) 122 oF (d) 105 oF
[2011]
65. In adiabatic expansion, the internal energy of gas
(a) remains same (b) Decreases (c) Increases (d) zero

CH 11 Heat

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CH 11 Heat

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Prepared By: XII – PHYSICS

Sir Danish Ahmed 1 CH – 11

When a body is heated through a temperature ΔT then the volume

Q 5: Explain the construction and working of bimetallic thermostat. [2002 P.E][2008]

GENERAL GAS EQUATION:

Also according to Charles‟ law

For “n” Number of moles the value of R becomes nR.

Q 8: Derive the equation P= ρ̅̅̅̅. [96][98][2003 P.M][2007][2009][2010][2012][2014][2018]

INTERPRETATION OF PRESSURE ON KINETIC THEORY OF GASES:

F1x =2 m V1x. --------(ii)

; Putting in equation (ii)

(ii) ⇒ F1x =2 m V1x.

Px = ρ ̅̅̅̅ -------------------- (iii)

̅̅̅̅̅ = ̅ ; Putting in equation (iii)

By using equation (vi), above equation becomes

Q 9: Prove that K.E α T. [1985][1987][1990][2002][2006][2009][2010][2015]

Since ρ ; we putting in above

According to general gas law

⇒ ̅̅̅̅ = ----------------- (i)

By comparing both we get,

By dividing both the sides by 2, we get

Since ρ ; we putting in above

By multiplying and dividing by 2, the above equation becomes

FOR CHARLES‟ LAW:

SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY:

MOLAR SPECIFIC HEAT AT CONSTANT PRESSURE ( CP):

CONSTANT PRESSURE PATH a → b

CONSTANT VOLUME PATH a → c:

EFFICIENCY OF CARNOT ENGINE:

In S.I unit of entropy is J/K.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

[2003 P.E][2003 P.M]

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