LESSON 4: PROKARYOTIC VS.

EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Prokaryotic cell
❖ Prokaryote - is used to refer to the organism itself
❖ Prokaryotic - used when you are describing its cell: prokaryotic cell
❖ Simplest and most ancient cells
❖ Lack of nucleus. DNA is located in nucleoid region
❖ Open unit with no compartments. No membrane bound organelles
❖ Ribosomes are scattered throughout cytoplasm
❖ Has cell consisting of complex polysaccharides
❖ Possess one or more flagella

Eukaryotic cell
❖ Evolved from prokaryotic cells

LESSON 5: DIFFERENT CELL TYPES IN PLANT AND ANIMAL TISSUES

Objectives
❖ Classify different cell types (plant/animal tissues) and specify the function(s) of each.

How can a tiny seed grow into an adult plant?

❖ It has something to do with their cells. They have cells that are specialized for them to
grow from a seed to a plant.

DIFFERENT CELL TYPES IN PLANT TISSUES

❖ Meristematic cells
➢ The cells which plants use to grow. Undifferentiated
➢ Primary function is to form new cells
❖ Parenchyma cells
➢ Do most of the work for the plant
➢ Form two layers of mesophyll where photosynthesis and gas exchange take
place
 ➢ Responsible for storing starch, fat, and water in roots and seeds
➢ Make up most of the structure of a fruit
➢ Create structures to heal wounded areas

How can a plant withstand winds?

❖ They can withstand wind because of their flexible structure

❖ Collenchyma cells
➢ Provide flexible structure to the plant.
➢ Have thick cell walls making plant stiffer
❖ Sclerenchyma cells
➢ Dead cells in areas no longer growing
➢ Provide the most support for the support for the plant by creating woody tissue in
stems and trunks

DIFFERENT CELL TYPES IN ANIMAL TISSUES

❖ Stem cells
➢ Have the ability to become any type of cell because they are not specialized
➢ Ancestors of all the cells in the body
❖ Bone cells
➢ Have 4 main types
➢ Osteogenic cells - stem cells - develops into osteoblast
➢ Osteocyte - maintains bone tissue
➢ Osteoblast - forms bone tissue
➢ Osteoclast - functions in resorption the destruction of bone matrix
➢ (matrix is the intercellular in the bone)
❖ Blood cells
➢ Types of blood cells:
➢ Red blood cells/RBC - carry oxygen around the body
➢ White blood cells - part of the immune system (includes neutrophils and
basophils and other types)
➢ Platelets - help blood clot to prevent blood loss after injury
❖ Muscle cells
➢ Helps muscles to contract
➢ Contains many mitochondria during muscle contraction
➢ Type of muscle cells
➢ Cardiac muscle - pumping of blood
➢ Skeletal muscle - for movement
➢ Smooth muscle - for peristalsis (movement of delivering food)
❖ Sperm cells or Spermatozoa (XY)
➢ Cannot divide
➢ Haploid cell
➢ Penetrate and fertilize egg in order to create new genetic material
❖ Egg cells (XX)
 ➢ The ovum is the largest human cell
➢ Also haploid so that the chromosomes from the sperm and egg can combine to
create a diploid cell during the process of fertilization
❖ Fat cells or adipocytes
➢ A major cell component of adipose tissue
➢ Adipocytes contain droplets of stored fat (triglycerides) that can be used for
energy
❖ Nerve cells or neurons
➢ Form the communication system of the body
➢ Dendrites receive impulses; axon transmit impulses
❖ Cartilage cells or chondrocytes
➢ Resist compressive forces, enhance bone resilience, and provide support on
bony areas where there is a need for flexibility
➢ Types
➢ Elastic cartilage - most flexible
➢ Hyaline cartilage - 2nd most flexible
➢ Fibro-cartilage - least flexible
❖ Skin cells
➢ Most common type of skin cell is keratinocyte, whose primary function is to form
a tough, waterproof layer against UV radiation, harmful chemicals, and infectious
agents
➢ 3 layers of skin from top to bottom
➢ Epidermis - keratinocytes, langerhan cells, melanocytes
➢ Dermis - is the fibrous connective tissue or supportive layer of the skin
➢ Subcutis - mainly consists of fat cells, nerves and blood cells
❖ Epithelial cells (outer layer of lungs)
➢ 3 types of epithelial cells
➢ Squamous - flattened and thin
➢ Cuboidal - boxy and as wide as it is tall
➢ Columnar - rectangular and taller than it is wide
❖ Endothelial cells
➢ They are flat in structure
➢ They are between 1 and 2
➢ They have a central nucleus
➢ They are connected to one another via intercellular junctions
➢ Endothelial cells express different surface proteins, depending on whether they
are forming veins or arteries

LESSON 6: CELL MODIFICATIONS THAT LEAD TO ADAPTATION

Objectives
❖ Describe some cell modifications that lead to adaptation to carry out specialized
functions
❖ Microvilli
➢ They are fingerlike cytoplasmic extensions of the apical surface which increase
surface in epithelial cells
➢ Numerous and often regularly arranged and found in absorptive epithelia - lining
of digestive tract
➢ For absorption
❖ Cilia
➢ Appears as short hair like structures or projections
➢ Function is for movement or motility
■ Beats in coordinated rhythmic wave like manner that promotes movement
of materials in the surface lining of respiratory tract
■ Line the primary bronchus to remove microbes and debris from the
interior of the lungs
❖ Flagella
➢ They have the same axial structure with cilia but much longer that also functions
with movement
➢ Present in the of spermatozoa