Sindxa

Subject Index
Index Terms Links
A
Abrasive blast cleaning 322
Absorptive index, of unalloyed copper 450
Acceleration (activation) 147
Acetate solution, corrosion by 412
Acetate solvents
corrosion ratings, cast copper alloys 98(T)
corrosion ratings, wrought copper alloys 393(T)
Acetic acid
corrosion by 405(T)
Acetone
Acetylene
Acid corrosion 404(F,T)
Acid dipping 326(F) 332
Activation energy, for volume diffusion 235
Adhesive bonding 303 318(F,T)
Admiralty metal brass. See also Brasses, tin.
composition 7
description 7
Aesthetics, copper and copper alloy consumption in U.S. (1977) 3(T)
Age hardening. See Precipitation heat treatment.
Aging 249 255
of beryllium copper-nickel 72C 563
of beryllium copper 21C 562
of bronzes, aluminum, wrought 513
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Index Terms Links
Aging (Cont.)
of copper alloys, high-copper 471 473 475(F) 476 477
529 530(F) 532 533 534(F)
535 536(F)
of copper-nickels 560
of coppers, 99.3 min 467
effect on electrical conductivity 4
equipment 250 254(F)
interrupted 255
Agitation 12
Air bending in a press brake 209(F)
Alcohols
corrosion by 409 411(T)
Aldehydes
Alkaline cleaning 325(T)
Alkalis, corrosion by 407(T)
Alkylamines, corrosion ratings, wrought copper alloys 393(T)
Alloying, effect on electrical conductivity 4(F)
Alloy terminology 6
Alpha-beta brass
composition 7
description 7
Alpha-brass 247
corrosion 419(T) 421(F) 424(F)
extrusion 221
stress-corrosion cracking 419(T) 421(F)
techniques used for studying stress-corrosion cracking of 426(T)
Alpha phase 103
of copper-aluminum alloys 48(F) 51
of copper-beryllium alloys 53
of copper-tin alloys 46
description 7
effect on copper-zinc alloys 37(F) 39(F,T)
Alumina, corrosion ratings, wrought copper alloys 393(T)

Index Terms Links
Aluminum
alloying element effect on electrical conductivity of copper 182(F)
atom diameter size difference 36(T)
content effect on stress-corrosion cracking 423(F)
content effect on weldability 278
corrosion ratings, atmospheric 10- and 20- year exposures 396(T)
effect on electrical conductivity of oxygen-free
high-conductivity copper 4(F)
effect on electrical resistivity as solute addition 4(T)
physical properties 31(T)
solubility in copper 36(T)
solubility limits in copper alloys 4(T)
unalloyed, physical properties 4(T) 5(T)
Aluminum alloys
copper as alloying element 168
machinability 6(F) 265(F)
physcial properties 4(T) 5(T)
Aluminum brass. See Brasses.
Aluminum bronze. See Bronzes, aluminum.
Aluminum bronze hardfacing alloys 150(T)
Aluminum chloride
Aluminum hydroxide, corrosion ratings, wrought copper alloys 393(T)
Aluminum sulfate, corrosion ratings, cast copper alloys 98(T)
Aluminum sulfate/alum, corrosion ratings, wrought copper alloys 393(T)
American Wire Gauge (AWG) system 68 70(T) 71(T) 72(T) 73(T)
74(T) 75(T)
Amines, corrosion by 412
Amine system service, corrosion 408(T) 409
Ammonia
causing stress-corrosion cracking 391
corrosion by 412(T)
in SCC test environment 424(F) 425(F) 426(F) 427
Ammonia, aqueous 419
Ammonia, dry

Index Terms Links
Ammonia, moist
Ammonium chloride
Ammonium compounds, causing stress-corrosion cracking 391
Ammonium hydroxide
corrosion by 94 407
Ammonium nitrate
Ammonium sulfate
Ammonium sulfide, for corrosion testing 416
Ammunition 195 198(F)
Anhydrous ammonia (NH3), corrosion by 408(T)
Aniline and aniline dyes
Anneal, definition 8
Annealing 5 6 242(F) 243(F) 248(T)
249(T) 250(F) 251(F,T)
of brasses (C20100–C28000) 482(F) 483(F) 484(F) 485 486(F)
487(F) 488(F) 489 490(F)
of brasses, leaded (C31200–C38500) 490 491 492 493 494(F)
495(F) 496 497(F) 498
of brasses, tin (C40400–C48600) 498 499 500 501 502
503(F) 504 505(F) 506
of bronzes, aluminum (C60800–C64210) 510 511 512 513 514
515 516 517(F) 518 555
557 558 559
of bronzes, manganese (C86100–86800) 540 541 542
of bronzes, phosphor (C50100–C52480) 507 508 509

Index Terms Links
Annealing (Cont.)
of bronzes, silicon (C64700–C66100) 518 519
castings 247
of copper alloys, high-copper (C16200–C19900) 470 471 475 476 478
479 480(T) 481
of copper-beryllium alloys 47(T) 52(F) 53
of copper-nickels (C70100–C72950) 522 523 524 525
of copper-zinc alloys 41(T) 43(F) 45
of coppers, 99.3 min. (C10100–C15815) 453 456 457 459(F) 460
462 463(F) 464 465 466
467 468 469
definition 8
of nickel silvers (C73500–C79830) 526 527 528
of other copper-zinc alloys (C66300–C69710) 520 521

precautions 246
sheet and strip 77(F,T)
strip, grain size ranges and applications for drawing and
stretch forming 203(T)
temperatures 244 249(T)
tinned/solid/round wire 69 75(T)
to temper 246 251(T)
unalloyed copper 447 448(F)
wire 69(T)
wrought products 243 249(T) 250(F) 251(F)
Annealing twins 350(F)
Antifouling paints 119 166
Antimony
Aqueous corrosion, testing 414 (T)
Architectural bronze, description 7
See also Brasses, leaded.
Arc welding 276(T)
Area ratio 387

Index Terms Links
Arsenic
content effect on phosphorus-deoxidized arsenical copper 7
content effect on stress-corrosion cracking 423
Arsenical copper. See also Copper, 99.3 min. corrosion 414
Asphalt
Atmosphere, corrosion by 395(F,T) 412(T)
Atmosphere, industrial, corrosion ratings, wrought copper alloys 393(T)
Atmosphere, marine, corrosion ratings, wrought copper alloys 393(T)
Atmosphere, protective 251
Atmosphere, rural, corrosion ratings, wrought copper alloys 393(T)
Atmospheric testing 415
Atomization
of bronze powders 233(F)
of copper alloy powder 232(F)
copper powder production 105 106(T) 223(F) 229(F,T)
Autocatalytic plating. See Electroless copper plating.
B
Barium carbonate, corrosion ratings, wrought copper alloys 393(T)
Barium chloride
Barium hydroxide, corrosion ratings, wrought copper alloys 393(T)
Barium sulfate, corrosion ratings, wrought copper alloys 393(T)
Barium sulfide, corrosion ratings, cast copper alloys 98(T)
Bars
bending of 208(F)
mechanical properties castings 94
rotary swaging 211(F)
Base-metal erosion 6
Bath smelting 11(F)

Index Terms Links
Bearings 162(T)
bronze P/M, compacting pressure and compression ratios 235(T)
bronze P/M, microstructure 108(F,T)
bronze P/M, self-lubricating 107(F,T)
bronze P/M sintered, MPIF specifications properties and
compositions 108 109(T)
bronze self-lubricating, shapes 108(F)
diluted bronze, MPIF specifications, properties and
compositions 108 110(T)
iron-copper-carbon, specification 108
microbearings 234
P/M processing 225 237
Beer
corrosion by 409
Beet sugar syrup
Bellows, flexible hose 195 197(F)
Bending 199(F,T)
rod, bars, and shapes 208(F)
Bending fatigue curves 441(F) 442(F) 443(F) 444(F)
Bending pressure 210(F)
Bending stress 441
Bend test 415
Benzene
corrosion by 409
Benzine
Benzoic acid, corrosion ratings, wrought copper alloys 393(T)
Benzol
corrosion by 409
Beryllide phase, of copper alloys high-copper, wrought 356

Index Terms Links
Beryllides 356
Beryllium
effect on electrical conductivity of oxygen-
free high-conductivity copper 4(F)
Beryllium-containing alloys, pickling 321
Beryllium copper. See also Copper alloys, high-copper.
Beryllium copper
composition 7
description and properties 7
heat treatment 253(F,T) 258(F,T) 259(F)
Beta-brass
environments causing stress corrosion cracking 419(T)
extrusion 221
forgeability 215
stress-corrosion cracking 422(T)
Beta phase
of copper alloys, high-copper 357
of copper-beryllium alloys 53
of copper-zinc alloys 37(F) 39(F,T)
description 7
Beta-prime phase
of copper-aluminum alloys 52
of copper-zinc alloys 37(F) 39(F,T)
Biofouling 166 385 401 402(F)
and bronzes, aluminum 92
and copper-nickels 92
Bioleaching 12
Bismuth
content effect on copper alloy machinability 266
content effect on weldability 278 299

Index Terms Links
Bismuth (Cont.)
Black liquor, sulfate process, corrosion rations, wrought copper alloys 393(T)
Black nickel 329
Bleaching powder (wet), corrosion ratings, wrought copper alloys 393(T)
Blister copper 10 11(F) 33
Blow holes 148 149(F)
Boiling point
of brasses 482
of unalloyed copper 448
Borax
as wet cover flux 175 176(T)
Bordeaux mixture, corrosion ratings, wrought copper alloys 393(T)
Boric acid
Boring 271(T) 272(F)
Bornite 10
Boron
deoxidation of copper 183
deoxidation of copper alloys 182(F)
Bottom setting 220
Boundary lubrication 107
Brasses (C201xx–C280xx) 64 85 90
alloying elements effect 64
applications 64
applications, marine and marine-related service 166(T)
brazing 303(T) 304
color description 6(T)
commercial forms 55(T)
composition 3 7 14(T) 18(T) 55(T)
57(T) 277(T) 297(T)
corrosion 64 386(F) 389 396(F) 397
398 405 408(T) 412 413
414
cross-reference for international alloy designations 29(T)

Index Terms Links
Brasses (C201xx–C280xx) (Cont.)

dealloying 5
dendrite arm spacing 361(F)
description 7
electrical conductivity 64
environment causing stress-corrosion cracking 419(T)
forgeability 214 490
formability 204 487 490
heat treatment 246 247 248 482 483
484(F) 485(F) 486(F) 487(F) 488(F)
489 490(F)
machinability 55(T) 64 85 90 482
483 485 487 489 490
mechanical properties 5(F) 55(T) 58(T) 61(T) 164(T)
440 481 482(F,T) 483(F,T) 484(F,T)
485(F,T) 486(F,T) 487(F,T) 488(F) 489(F,T)
490(F)
microstructure 64 481 485 486 488(F)
non-leaded machinable 240(F)
physical properties 4(T) 5(F) 57(T) 277(T) 297(T)
481 482(F,T) 483(F,T) 484(T) 485
486(T) 487(F,T) 488 489(F,T) 490(F)
pickling 321(T)
plating 136(T)
powder, applications 106(T) 110 113(F)
powder, compacting pressure and compression ratios 235(T)
powder, composition 112(T)
powder, mechanical properties 112(T)
powder, parts 110 112(T) 113(F)
powder, physical properties 107(T) 112(T) 233(T)
powder, prealloyed 105
powder, production 233(F,T)
previous trade name 18(T)
sintering 236(T) 238(F)
soldering 303(T)
stress-corrosion cracking 5 419(F) 422(T)
subcategories 90
techniques used for studying stress-corrosion cracking 426(T)
UNS designation number range 14(T)

Index Terms Links
Brasses (C201xx–C280xx) (Cont.)

UNS number 6(T)
weldability 276(T) 277(T) 280(T) 285(T) 288
296 297(T) 298(T) 487 490
weldability, dissimilar metals 295(T)
Brasses (C68000–C691xx)
alloying elements effects 65
applications 166(T)
composition 14(T) 21(T) 56(T) 297(T)
corrosion 65 412(T) 419(T) 422(T) 426(T)
formability 520
heat treatment 520
machinability 56(T)
mechanical properties 56(T) 65 520(T)
physical properties 297(T) 520(T)
Brasses, aluminum
composition 277(T)
corrosion 386 389 397
weldability 276(T) 277(T)
Brass, arsenic-aluminum, corrosion 414(T)
Brasses, high-strength. See Bronzes, manganese and
Bronzes, leaded manganese.
Brasses, high-tensile, melt refining 175(T)
Brasses, high-zinc
corrosion 393(T)
weldability 285(T)
Brasses, leaded (C312xx–C385xx) 64
applications 3 8
brazing 303(T) 304
55(T) 57(T)
corrosion 64

Index Terms Links
Brasses, leaded (C312xx–C385xx) (Cont.)

forgeability 215(T) 495 497
formability 490 491 492 493 494
495 496 497
heat treatment 490 491 492 493 494(F)
495(F) 496 497(F) 498
493 494 495 496 497
mechanical properties 5(F) 55(T) 58(T) 61(T)
mechanical properties 490 491(T) 492(F,T) 493(T) 494(F,T)
495(F,T) 496(T) 497(F)
microstructure 493 495 496 497
physical properties 5(F) 57(T) 490 491(T) 492(F,T)
493(T) 494(F,T) 495(F,T) 496(T)
powder, prealloyed 105
previous trade name 18(T) 19(T)
soldering 303(T)
weldability 490 491 492 493 494
495 496 497
Brasses, leaded nickel, corrosion ratings in various corrosive media 98(T) 99(T) 100(T)
Brasses, low-fuming
as filler metal for GMAW 280(T)
weldability 280(T)
Brasses, low-zinc
corrosion 393(T)
weldability 285(T)
weldability, dissimilar metals 294(T) 295(T)
Brasses, manganese (C66400–C669xx)
corrosion 65 412(T)
machinability 56(T)
mechanical properties 56(T) 65 519(T)
physical properties 297(T) 519
previous trade names 21(T)
weldability 297(T)

Index Terms Links
Brasses, red and leaded red (C83300–C83810) 90

applications 90 102
brazing 304
casting processes used 86(T)
composition 8 14(T) 23(T) 86(T)
corrosion ratings in various corrosive media 98(T) 99(T) 100(T)
cross-reference of designations 30(T)
crystal structure 90
degassing 181
descriptive names and designations 86(T)
forms available 8
freezing ranges 192
heat treatment 536
machinability 101(T) 536 537 538
mechanical properties 95(T) 97(T) 98(T) 536 537(F)
538
melting 184
melt refining 175 176(T)
physical properties 90 95(T) 101(T) 536 537(F)
538(F)
pouring temperatures 185(T)
Brasses, semi-red and leaded semi-red (C84200–C84800) 90
applications 90 102
composition 14(T) 23(T) 86(T) 90
machinability 101(T) 538
mechanical properties 95(T) 97(T) 98(T) 538
melting 184
microstructure 90
physical properties 95(T) 101(T) 538
pouring temperature 185(T)

Index Terms Links
Brasses, semi-red and leaded semi-red (C84200–C84800) (Cont.)

Brasses, silicon (C69400–C699xx)
composition 14(T) 21(T) 56(T) 57(T) 297(T)
corrosion 65
forgeability 521
formability 521
heat treatment 521
machinability 56(T)
mechanical properties 56(T) 58(T) 61(T) 65 521(T)
physical properties 57(T) 297(T) 521(T)
weldability 297(T) 521
Brasses, silicon (C87300–C87800) 91
applications 91 163(T) 166
casting processes used 87(T) 545
composition 14(T) 24(T) 87(T)
gases present 180(T)
heat treatment 544 545 546
mechanical properties 95(T) 97(T) 98(T) 543 544
545(F) 546
melting 184
physical properties 91 95(T) 101(T) 543 545
546(F)

Index Terms Links
Brasses, special
applications 162
corrosion 393(T)
Brasses, tin (C40400–C48600) 64
brazing 304
composition 14(T) 19(T) 56(T) 57(T) 277(T)
297(T)
corrosion 13 64 386 389 412(T)
414(T)
fabrication 13
forgeability 215(T) 504 505 506
formability 204 498 499 500 501
502 504 505 506
heat treatment 498 499 500 501 502
503(F) 504 505(F) 506
501 502 504 505 506
mechanical properties 56(T) 58(T) 61(T) 498(T) 499(T)
500(T) 501(T) 502(T) 503(F,T) 504(T)
505(F,T) 506(F,T)
microstructure 504 505 506
physical properties 57(T) 277(T) 297(T) 498(T) 499(T)
500(T) 501(T) 502(T) 503(F,T) 504(T)
505(T) 506(T)
weldability 276(T) 277(T) 280(T) 285(T) 297(T)
498 499 500 501 502
504 505 506
Brasses, white, melting 184

Index Terms Links
Brasses, yellow and leaded yellow (C85200–C85800) 90

applications 90
brazing 304
bright dipping 320
composition 14(T) 23(T) 87(T) 90
corrosion 98(T) 99(T) 100(T) 398
machinability 101(T) 539 540
mechanical properties 95(T) 97(T) 98(T) 539
melting 184
melt refining 175(T)
microstructure 90
physical properties 95(T) 101(T) 539 540
pouring temperature 185(T)
Brazing 6 303(T) 304(F,T) 346(F)
atmospheres 307 308(T)
brasses 303(T) 304
brasses, leaded 303(T) 304
brasses, red 304
brasses, tin-containing 304
brasses, yellow 304
bronzes, aluminum 303(T) 304
bronzes, phosphor 303(T) 304
bronzes, silicon 303(T) 304
copper alloys, high-copper 303(T)
copper-nickels 303(T) 304
coppers, 99.3 min 303(T) 468
dip brazing 306(T) 312(F)
dissimilar alloys 304
filler metals 304(T) 308 311
fluxes 305 306(T) 309
furnace brazing 305(F,T)

Index Terms Links
Brazing (Cont.)
furnaces 307
induction 306(T) 309(F)
joint clearance and design 305(T)
nickel silvers, wrought 303(T) 304
process selection 305(F,T)
resistance 306(T) 311(F)
surface preparation 305
torch brazing 306(T) 307(F)
Breaking strength, of hard-drawn copper and copper alloy round wire 69 71(T)
Bright dipping 320(T) 326 327(F) 332
Bright rolling 322(T)
Brinell hardness
equivalent hardness numbers for cartidge brass 589(T)
equivalent hardness numbers for coppers 588(T)
international temper designations 28
Brines, corrosion rating, wrought copper alloys 393(T)
British standard, alloy designation system 28(T) 29(T) 30(T)
Bromine, corrosion by 410
Bromine, dry, corrosion ratings, wrought copper alloys 393(T)
Bromine, moist, corrosion ratings, wrought copper alloys 393(T)
Bronzes
corrosion 405
description 7
diffusion constant in copper 235(T)
mechanical properties 440
plating 136 139(T)
powder
applications 106(T) 107(F,T)
compacting pressure and compression ratios 235(T)
composition 112(T)
mechanical properties 112(T)
physical properties 107(T) 112(T) 233(T)
porous filters 109 111(F,T)
prealloyed 106 238 239(F)
pressing characteristics 107(F)
production 233(F,T)
spherical 89/11 233(F) 234
structural parts 110 112(F,T)

Index Terms Links
Bronzes (Cont.)
sintering 236(T) 237(F) 239(F)
Bronzes, alpha-aluminum 262(F)
Bronzes, aluminum (C60800–C64210 and C95200–C95900) 91
applications 65 91 93 103 163(T)
166
brazing 303(T) 304
composition 3 14(T) 20(T) 25(T) 56(T)
57(T) 89(T) 91 277(T) 297(T)
corrosion 93 98(T) 386 393(T) 396(F)
398 400(T) 405 414 555
556 557 558 559
cross-reference for international alloy designations 29(T) 30(T)
description 7
extrusion 221
fabrications 13
feeding range 190
as filler metal for SMAW 280(T)
forgeability 215(T) 217 511 513 514
516
formability 204 510 511 513 514
515 516 517 518
hardfacing alloys used as wear-resistant coatings 150(T)
heat treatment 248 262(F,T) 510 511 512
513 514 515 516 517(F)
518 555 557 558 559
machinability 56(T) 101(T) 510 511 512
513 514 515 516 517
555 556 557 558 559

Index Terms Links
Bronzes, aluminum (C60800–C64210 and C95200–C95900) (Cont.)

96(T) 97(T) 98(T) 433(F) 440
509 510 511(T) 512(T) 513(T)
514 515(T) 516 517(F,T) 555(F)
556(F) 557(F) 558
melting 184
melt refining 175
microstructure 91 510 511 512 514
515 516
physical properties 13 57(T) 65 93 96(T)
101(T) 277(T) 297(T) 510 511(T)
512(T) 513(T) 514 515(T) 516
517(T) 555 556 558 559
pickling 321
soldering 303(T) 313
UNS number 6(T)
weldability 65 276(T) 277(T) 280(T) 285(T)
287 289(F,T) 296 297(T) 298(T)
299 510 511 513 514
515 516 517 518
Bronzes, arsenic-aluminum, corrosion 414(T)
Bronzes, electrical 68
Bronzes, leaded nickel, corrosion 98(T) 99(T) 100(T)
Bronzes, leaded phosphor (C53400–C54400)
applications 65
formability 509
physical properties 57(T) 65 509(T)
weldability 509

Index Terms Links
Bronzes, leaded tin (C92200–C94500) 91

applications 91 163(T) 166(T)
composition 14(T) 24(T) 25(T) 88(T) 91
heat treatment 548 549 550 551 552
553 554
machinability 101(T) 547 548 549 550
551 552 553 554 555
mechanical properties 96(T) 97(T) 98(T) 164(T) 547(F)
549(F) 550(F) 551 552(F) 553(F)
554
melting 184
melt refining 175
physical properties 96(T) 101(T) 547 548 549
550(F) 551 552(F) 554
weldability 548 549 550 551 552
553 554
Bronzes, manganese and leaded manganese
(C67000–C678xx and C86100–C86800) 91
applications 8 91 93 163(T) 165(T)
casting processes used 87(T) 187 192(F) 541
57(T) 87(T) 91 277(T) 297(T)
corrosion 65
feeding range 190
forgeability 215(T)
heat treatment 248 540 541 542 543

Index Terms Links
Bronzes, manganese and leaded manganese

(C67000–C678xx and C86100–C86800) (Cont.)
543
94 95(T) 97(T) 98(T) 540
541(F) 542(F) 543(F) 544(F)
melting 184
microstructure 91
physical properties 57(T) 94 95(T) 101(T) 185(T)
277(T) 297(T) 540 541 542
543 544(F)
product forms 8
weldability 276(T) 277(T) 280(T) 297(T)
Bronzes, nickel-aluminum
applications 166(T)
feeding range 190
Bronzes, nickel-tin (C94700–C94900) 91
applications 91
machinability 101(T)
mechanical properties 91 96(T) 97(T) 98(T)
Bronzes, phosphor (C50100–C52480)
applications 65 103 166(T)
brazing 303(T) 304
57(T) 277(T) 297(T)
corrosion 386 393(T) 407 408(T)
description 8

Index Terms Links
Bronzes, phosphor (C50100–C52480) (Cont.)

fabrication 13
formability 202 204 507 508 509
heat treatment 242(F) 243 246 507 508
509
mechanical properties 5(F) 56(T) 58(T) 61(T) 65(F)
506(T) 507(T) 508(T) 509(T)
melt refining 175 178(F)
physical properties 5(F) 57(T) 65(F) 277(T) 297(T)
506(T) 507(T) 508(T) 509(T)
product forms 8
soldering 303(T)
solidification structures 367
weldability 276(T) 277(T) 280(T) 285(T) 288(T)
294 295(T) 296 297(T) 298(T)
299 507 508 509
Bronzes, silicon (C64700–C66100)
545
physical properties 57(T) 65 91 95(T) 101(T)
277(T) 297(T) 518(T) 519(T) 543
544 545(F)
Bronzes, silicon (C87300–87800)
97(T) 98(T) 440 518(T) 519(T)
543 544 545(F)
Bronzes, silicon (C64700–C66100 and C87300–C87800) 91
applications 65 91 166(T)
brazing 303(T) 304

Index Terms Links
Bronzes, silicon (C64700–C66100 and C87300–C87800) (Cont.)

56(T) 57(T) 87(T) 277(T) 297(T)
corrosion 98(T) 99(T) 100(T) 386 393(T)
397 398 405 407(T) 412(T)
description 8
forgeability 215(T) 518 519
formability 204 518
heat treatment 242 248 518 519 544
545
melting 184
UNS number 6(T)
weldability 65 276(T) 277(T) 280(T) 285(T)
287 291(T) 294(T) 295(T) 296
297(T) 298(T) 299 518 519
Bronzes, tin (C90200–C91700) 91
applications 91 103 163(T) 166(T)
corrosion 98(T) 99(T) 100(T) 386
degassing 181
freezing ranges 192
machinability 101(T) 546 547
mechanical properties 94 96(T) 97(T) 98(T) 164(T)
440 546 547
melting 184

Index Terms Links
Bronzes, tin (C90200–C91700) (Cont.)

melt refining 175(F)
powder, applications 109
Brush materials, copper-base 113 115(T)
Brush plating 127
Buffing 323(T) 327
compound removal before plating 326(F)
Builder’s hardware 195 197(F)
Bulge height 195
Bull blocks 69
Bunchers 71
Burnishing 322 323 327
Bushings, P/M processing 237
Butane
Butyric acid, corrosion rates of copper and copper alloys 407(T)
C
Cadmium
effect on electrical conductivity of oxygen-
free high-conductivity copper 4(F)
Cadmium copper
composition 7
description 7
Cadmium electroplating 328
Cakes 68

Index Terms Links
Calcium
Calcium bisulfate
Calcium chloride
corrosion by 408(T)
Calcium hydroxide
Calcium hypochlorite
Cane-sugar syrups
Cannizzaro reaction 140
Carbolic acid (phenol), corrosion ratings, wrought copper alloys 393(T)
Carbon
as copper deoxidizer 183
and degassing 177 180(T)
pure, physical properties 5(T)
Carbonated beverages
Carbon dioxide
corrosion by 410
corrosion ratings, cast copper alloys 98(T) 99(T)
Carbonic acid, corroding copper alloys 100
Carbon monoxide, corrosion by 410
Carbon steel
corrosion ratings, atmospheric 10- and 20-year exposures 396(T)

Index Terms Links
Carbon tetrachloride
Cartridge brass. See also Brasses (C205xx –C280xx).
composition 7
equivalent hardness numbers 589(T)
hardness numbers, equivalent values 589(T)
product forms 7
Cast copper alloys. See Copper alloys (cast).
Casting 5
alloying additions effects 17
of brasses, silicon (C87300–C87800) 545
of bronzes, manganese (C86100–C86800) 541
of bronzes, silicon (C87300–C87800) 545
characteristics 171(T)
536
copper and copper alloys 92(T)
of copper-nickels (C96200–C96950) 560
degassing 176(F,T)
electromagnetic 361
feeding 190(F,T)
flow rates 187(F,T)
fluxing 174(F,T) 177(F) 178(F) 179(F)
gating 187(F,T)
grain refining 183(F)
of nickel silvers (C97300–C97800) 560
process selection 186(T)
production processes 184(T)
solidification ranges 171(T)
Castings, annealing of 247
Cast irons, copper as alloying element 168
Castor oil, corrosion ratings, wrought copper alloys 393(T)
Catalyst predip 146
Catalyst promotion (conditioning) 146

Index Terms Links
Catalyzation (sensitization) 146

Cathode copper, description 7
Cathodes 67 68(F)
Cavitation 388 389(F)
characteristics and preventive measures 387(T)
Cell size 360
Cellular precipitation 357
Cementation 12 232(T)
Centrifugal casting 187
technical factors in casting method choice for copper alloys 186(T)
Ceramic dual-in-line packages (CERDIPs) 160
Chalcocite 10
Chalcopyrite 10
Chemical cleaning 324(T)
Chemical etching, for microexamination 338(T)
Chemical polishing 325
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) 127
Chills 93 190 191(F) 192 193
Chill test 177
Chloracetic acid, corrosion ratings, wrought copper alloys 393(T)
Chlorate solutions, corrosion by 413
Chloride solutions, corrosion by 413
Chlorine
corrosion by 401(F) 410
Chloroform, dry, corrosion ratings, wrought copper alloys 393(T)
Chromic acid
Chromium
Chromium coppers. See also Copper alloys, high-copper (C16200–C19900).
description 7
heat treatment 257(T)
Chromium electroplating 328(T)

Index Terms Links
Chvorinov’s equation 191

Chvorinov’s rule 191
Citrate solutions, corrosion by 413
Citric acid
Cladding 299(F,T)
Cleaning 320(T)
of sheet and strip 78
Coatings 127(F,T)
acrylic 331
alkyd 332
cellulose acetate butyrate 332
copper alloy plating 136(T)
copper plating 127(F,T)
corrosion-resistant copper alloy 150
electroless copper plating 139(F,T)
epoxy 332
for wire 70 72
lacquer 331
nitrocellulose 331
organic 331
polyvinyl fluoride film 332
silicone 332
to prevent corrosion 412 414
urethane 332
vinyl 332
wear-resistant copper alloy 150(T)
Cobalt
Cobalt beryllides 444
Coinage 167(F) 195 197(F)
Coining 202(F) 203 220(F)
Cold drawing, of tubular products 81
Cold extrusion 218(F)
Cold heading 219(F) 220(F)

Index Terms Links
Cold pressure welding 300(F) 301(F)

Cold rolling, sheet and strip 76(F)
Cold welding 300(F) 301(F)
Cold working 196 198(F)
definition 9
Colemanite 175
Color 5 6(T)
of coppers, 99.3 min., wrought 459
Color buffing, equipment requirements, speed, and lubricants 324(T)
Color dip 320
Coloring 332 333(T)
Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN), alloy designation system 28(T) 29(T) 30(T)
Commercial bronze. See also Brasses.
composition 7
forms available 7
Commercially pure copper. See Copper, commercially pure.
Commutator bars 311
Compaction, of copper alloy powders 106
Composite connectors 143 144(F)
Composites 122(F,T)
Composition, effect on electrical conductivity 4(F,T)
Compression bending 209(F)
Compressive strength
of brasses, red and leaded red 98(T) 537(F) 538
of brasses, semi-red and leaded semi-red 98(T) 538
of brasses, silicon (C87300–C87800) 98(T) 543 544 545
of brasses, yellow, and leaded yellow 98(T)
of bronzes, aluminum 98(T) 511 512 513 514(T)
515 516 556 557 558
of bronzes, leaded tin (C92200–C94500) 98(T) 547 548 549(F) 551
552(F) 553 554
of bronzes, manganese, and leaded manganese 98(T) 540 541 542(F)
of bronzes, nickel-tin 98(T)
of bronzes, silicon (C87300–C87800) 98(T) 543 544 545
of bronzes, tin (C90200–C91700) 98(T) 546
of copper and copper alloys, cast 94 98(T)

Index Terms Links
Compressive strength (Cont.)

of copper alloys, high-copper 98(T)
of copper-bismuth and copper-bismuth-selenium alloys 98(T)
of copper-nickels 98(T) 559
of coppers, leaded 98(T)
of coppers, 99.3 min 98(T)
of nickel silvers, cast 98(T)
of special alloys (C99300–C99750) 98(T) 562
Compressive yield strength, of copper alloys,
high-copper (C81400–C82800) 533
Condensers 161(T) 385 386 389 391
corrosion 398 403 408 414(T) 427
Condition, effect on electrical conductivity 4(F)
Conductive foils, electromagnetic interference shielding
capacity, cost, advantages, and disadvantages 143(T)
Conductive paints, electromagnetic interference shielding
Conductive plastics, electromagnetic interference shielding
Conductive tapes, electromagnetic interference shielding
Conductors. See also Wire and cable 68(F) 72(T) 73(T) 74(T) 155(F)
Connectors 159(F) 160
Constantans 158(F,T)
Contact materials 122(F,T) 157(T) 229
copper-base 113 115(T)
silver electroplating 330
Continuous casting 187
Continuous graphite fiber-reinforced copper composites 122(T)
Continuous induction welding 5
Continuous tungsten fiber reinforced copper composites 122(F)
Contour roll forming 200(T) 204
Cooling rate, effect on microstructure 363(F)
Cooling tower water tests, simulated 415(T)
Copper. See also Blister copper; Brasses, and
groupings under Brasses; Bronzes, and groupings under
Bronzes; Coppers, 99.3 min.; Copper alloys (cast); Copper
alloys, high-copper; Copper alloys, leaded coppers; Copper
alloys, special cast alloys; Copper-nickels; Nickel silvers;

Index Terms Links
Copper (Cont.)
and Powder metallurgy processing 6
as alloying element 168
composition 3
consumption end uses by function in U.S. (1997) 3(T)
corrosion 398(T)
corrosion in refined organic acid 407(T)
corrosion in various soils 397(F)
corrosion ratings, atmospheric 10- and 20-year exposures 396(T)
corrosion resistance 3
descriptive terminology 6
designators in Comité Européen de Normalisation system 28(T)
diffusion constant in copper 235(T)
fabrication 5(F)
fabricator classes 10(F) 13
group 3
high-conductivity 30(T) 68
history and development 3
mechanical properties 5(F)
phosphorus-deoxidized, low-residual phosphorus 34
physical properties 3(F,T) 31(T)
product forms 10
production 3 10(F)
production from oxidized minerals 12
production from scrap 10(F) 12
production from sulfide materials 10(F)
sintering 236(T)
solubility of solutes in 35 37(T) 38(F)
workability 5
Copper alloy plating 136(T)
Copper alloy powders. See also Powder metallurgy processing 105(F,T)
applications 106(T) 110
brass 110 112(T) 113(F)
bronze 107(F,T) 111(F) 112(F,T)
characteristics 106(T)
compaction 106
copper-lead 112
copper-nickel 111

Index Terms Links
Copper alloy powders (Cont.)

nickel silver 110 112(T)
nonstructural applications 106(T) 118
pressing characteristics 107(F)
processing route 105 106(F,T)
production of 232(F,T)
production quantity 105
secondary operations performed 106
sintering 106
Copper alloys
alloying elements and their effects 31 54 369
applications 3 13 153(F,T) 195 196(F)
197(F) 198(F) 385
building construction 153(F,T)
consumer and general products 167(F)
electrical 156(F,T)
electronic equipment 159(F,T)
end-use markets 153(F,T)
industrial machinery and equipment 161(T)
plastic injection molds 164(T)
transportation sector 165(F,T)
classification scheme 385(T)
cold-worked 3
color 5 6(T)
composition 55(T)
consumption end uses by function in U.S. (1997) 3(T)
corrosion resistance 15
descriptive terminology 7
designation system 54
designators in Comité Européen de Normalisation system 28(T)
dispersion strengthening 66
fabrication 3 5(F)
fabricator classes 10(F) 13
families 54(F,T)
groups 3
machinability 15 55(T)
mechanical properties 3 15 55(T)

Index Terms Links
Copper alloys (Cont.)

mechanical properties, rod form 58(T) 61(T)
physical properties 3(F,T) 15 57(T) 64(T)
precipitation hardening 66 67(F)
product forms 10 55(T)
solution hardening 65(F)
spinodal hardening 66
temper designations 195(T) 196
workability 5
work hardening 66(F)
Copper alloys (cast) 85(F,T)
alloying element effects on mechanical properties 93
applications 102(F)
castability 92(T)
corrosion resistance 94 98(T)
cost considerations 101
families 85(F,T)
foundry properties for sand casting 92(T) 93
mechanical properties 93 95(T) 97(T) 98(T)
physical properties 94 98(T) 101(T)
selection criteria 92(F,T)
vs. wrought compositions 85 86(T)
water-velocity guidelines for castings 91(T) 92
Copper alloys, high-copper (C16200–C19900)
mechanical properties, wrought 5(F) 6 54 55(T) 58(T)
61(T) 64 65(F) 440 442(F)
443(F,T) 444(F) 445(F) 470(T) 471(T)
472(T) 473(T) 474(T) 475(F,T) 476(T)
477(T) 479(T) 480(T) 481(T)
physical properties, wrought 4(T) 5(F) 6 57(T) 65(F)
277(T) 297(T) 470(T) 471(T) 472(T)
474(T) 475(F,T) 476(T) 477(T) 479(T)
480(T) 481(T)
Copper alloys, high-copper (C81400–C82800)
heat treatment 253(F,T) 258(F,T) 259(F) 470 471
473 475(F) 476 477 478

Index Terms Links
Copper alloys, high-copper (C81400–C82800) (Cont.)

479 480(T) 481 529 530(F)
531(F) 532 533 534(F) 535
536(F)
incipient melting temperature 533 534
mechanical properties, cast 85 95(T) 97(T) 98(T) 529
530(T) 531(T) 532(T) 533(T) 534(F)
535(F) 536(F,T)
melting temperature 184 530 531 532 533
535 536
neutron irradiation effect 531 532 533 534 535
physical properties, cast 85 95(T) 101(T) 529 530(T)
531(F,T) 532 533(T) 534(F) 535(F)
536(T)
solution temperature 530 531 532 533 535
536
volume change on freezing 529
Copper alloys, high-copper (C16200–C19900 and C81400–C82800) 54 64 65(F) 85
applications 85 163(T) 430
brazing 303(T)
casting processes used 86(T) 530 531 532 533
535 536
23(T) 55(T) 57(T) 86(T) 277(T)
297(T) 356 357(T)
corrosion resistance 13 385
fabrication 13
forgeability 215(T) 478
formability 204 470 471 473 476
477 478 479
health and safety 354
474 477 478 479 480
529 530 531 532 533
534 535 536
metallography and microstructures of 354(F,T)

Index Terms Links
Copper alloys, high-copper (C16200–C19900 and C81400–C82800) (Cont.)

microexamination 354 355(T)
microstructure 356(F) 471 474 476 533
535
preparation before plating 326(F) 327
product forms 354
soldering 303(T)
weldability 276(T) 277(T) 284(T) 296 297(T)
298 470 471 473 476
477 478 479 480 530
Copper alloys, leaded coppers (C98200–C98800) 92
applications 92 163(T)
composition 14(T) 90(T)
mechanical properties 96(T) 97(T) 98(T)
weldability 298
Copper alloys, special cast alloys (C99300–C99750) 3 92
applications 92
heat treatment 561
weldability 276 561

Index Terms Links
Copper-aluminum alloys. See also Bronzes, aluminum 46(T) 47(F) 48(F) 49(F) 50(F)
51
advantages of rapid solidification 363(T)
aluminum as solid-solution strengthener of copper 47(F) 51
binary phase diagram 48(F) 51 370(F)
cooling rate effect on hardness 49(F) 52
crystal structure data 370(F)
designations in Comité Européen de Normalisation system 28(T)
heat treatment effect on hardness 46(T) 52
heat treatment effect on mechanical properties 46(T) 52
microstructure 48(F) 49(F) 50(F) 51 121(F)
quenching temperature effect on hardness 48(F) 52
tempering effect on hardness 49(F) 52
Copper-aluminum-iron alloys, phase diagram 379(F)
Copper-aluminum-manganese alloys, phase diagram 380(F)
Copper-aluminum-nickel alloys
applications 122
composition 121
for shape memory alloys 121
shape memory properties 121(T)
Copper-aluminum-silicon alloys, corrosion 405
Copper-aluminum-zinc alloys, phase diagram 380(F) 381(F)
Copper-ammonia system, potential/pH diagram 420(F)
Copper-antimony alloys, binary phase diagram and crystal structure data 376(F)
Copper-antimony-tin alloys, phase diagram 382(F)
Copper-arsenic alloys, binary phase diagram and crystal structure data 370(F)
Copper-base brush materials 113 115(T)
Copper-base contact materials 113 115(T)
Copper-base dispersion-strengthened materials 115(F,T)
Copper-base friction materials 112(T) 114(F)
Copper-base leaded alloys 46(F)
machinability 46(F) 47(F) 50
microstructure 46 (F)

Index Terms Links
Copper-beryllium alloys 49(T) 50(F) 51(F) 52(F)

age-hardening 51(F) 53
alloying additions effects 53
binary phase diagrams 50(F) 53 66 67(F) 371(F)
cold working effect on aging response 52(F) 53
crystal structure 371(F)
heat treatment 47(T) 49(T) 52(F) 53
microstructure 52(F) 53
precipitation hardening 51(F) 53
recrystallization temperature 53
solution annealing 52(F) 53
Copper-beryllium + (zirconium, chromium, magnesium,
nickel, titanium) alloys, advantages of rapid solidification 363(T)
Copper-bismuth alloys and copper-
bismuth-selenium alloys (C89320–C89940) 91
applications 91
binary phase diagram and crystal structure data 371(F)
mechanical properties 95(T) 97(T) 98(T)
Copper-Bond 318
Copper-cadmium alloys, binary phase diagram and crystal structure data 371(F)
Copper chloride, corrosion ratings, wrought copper alloys 393(T)
Copper-chromium alloys
Copper-clad brazing sheet 124(F,T)
applications 124
Copper-cobalt alloys, binary phase diagram and crystal structure data 372(F)

Index Terms Links
Copper, commercially pure 31(F)

annealing effect 33(F)
cold working effect 33(F)
drawability 36(T)
impurities effect on conductivity 31(F)
lead content effect 34
oxygen content 34(T)
phosphorus effect 31 34
recrystallization temperature 35 36(F)
silver additions effect 35 36(F)
work hardening 36 38(F)
Copper Development Association (CDA), designation
system of CDA numbers 14
Copper-gallium alloys
Copper-germanium alloys
Copper-gold alloys
Copper graphite, powder, compacting pressure and compression ratios 235(T)
Copper industry
applications 10(F) 13(T)
flow chart 10(F)
markets 10(F) 13(T)
product forms available 10
supply and consumption information sources 13
Copper-infiltrated steels 114(T) 116(F,T)
composition ranges 115(T)
Copper-iron alloys
Copper-iron-nickel alloys, phase diagram 381(F)
Copper-lead alloys
applications 163(T)

Index Terms Links
Copper-lead alloys (Cont.)

binary phase diagram 34 35(F) 374(F)
microstructure 46(F)
P/M parts 112
P/M parts, applications 106(T)
Copper-lead-tin alloys, powder, applications 106(T)
Copper-lead-zinc alloys, phase diagram 382(F)
Copper-manganese alloys
Copper-manganese-nickel resistance alloys 158(F,T)
Copper-matrix composites 122(F,T)
mechanical properties 122(F)
Copper-nickel resistance alloys 158(T)
Copper-nickels
applications 3 65 92 106(T) 162
167
binary phase diagram 360 373(F)
brazing 303(T) 304
25(T) 56(T) 57(T) 89(T) 92
277(T) 297(T)
corrosion 13 386 389 393(T) 396(F)
398 400(F,T) 402 405 408(T)
560
extrusion 221

Index Terms Links
Copper-nickels (Cont.)
fabrication 13
feeding range 190
forgeability 215(T)
formability 204 522 523 524 525
heat treatment 242 522 523 524 525
560
interdiffusion 236
524 525 559 560
mechanical properties, cast 96(T) 97(T) 98(T) 559 560
mechanical properties, wrought 56(T) 58(T) 61(T) 65 521(T)
522(F,T) 523(F,T) 524(T) 525(T)
melting 184
melt refining 175
microstructure 267
physical properties, cast 92 96(T) 101(T) 559 560
physical properties, wrought 57(T) 65(F) 277(T) 297(T) 521(T)
522(F,T) 523(T) 524(T) 525(T)
pickling 321
P/M parts 111
soldering 303(T)
UNS number 6(T)
weldability 276(T) 277(T) 280(T) 281 285(T)
292(T) 296 297(T) 299 522
523 524 525 559
Copper-nickel-tin alloys
phase diagram 381(F)
spinodal hardening 260
Copper-nickel-zinc alloys
phase diagram 382(F)

Index Terms Links
Copper nitrate, corrosion ratings, wrought copper alloys 393(T)

Copper oxide, reduction 224(F,T)
Copper-oxygen alloys
binary phase diagram 32(F) 177 179(F) 373(F)
microstructure 32 33(F) 343(F)
Copper-palladium alloys, binary phase diagram and crystal structure data 374(F)
Copper-phosphorus alloys and copper-silver-phosphorus
alloys (C55180–C55284)
mechanical properties 58(T) 61(T)
Copper plating 127(F,T)
baths 128(F,T)
characteristics of plate 135
cost 136 137(F)
equipment 135(T)
in multiplate systems 136
specifications and standards 129 130(T)
surface preparation 129(T)
wastewater control and treatment 135
Copper plating baths 127(T)
acid 128(T)
acid copper fluoborate 129(T) 130 134(T)
acid copper sulfate 129(T) 130 134 135(T) 136
alkaline 127(T)
alkaline noncyanide 128(T) 130 133 135(T)
alkaline pyrophosphate 128(T) 130 133 135(T)
composition and operating variables 128(T) 129(T) 130(T) 131
dilute cyanide 127 128(T) 131 135(T)
potassium cyanide high-efficiency 127(T) 132(F) 135(T) 136
Rochelle cyanide 127 128(T) 131(F) 135(T) 136
sodium cyanide high-efficiency 127(T) 132(F) 135(T) 136
Copper, powder, applications 106(T) 225 231
Coppers, leaded
mechanical properties 97(T) 98(T)

Index Terms Links
Coppers, leaded (Cont.)

weldability 298
Coppers, 99.3 min. (C10100–C15815)
mechanical properties, wrought 55(T) 58(T) 61(T) 433(F) 453
454(F,T) 455(F,T) 456(F,T) 457(T) 458
459(F) 460(F) 461(T) 462(T) 463
464(T) 465(T) 466(F,T) 467(T) 468(T)
469(T)
Coppers, 99.3 min. (C80100–C81200), mechanical properties, cast 95(T) 97(T) 98(T) 529
Coppers, 99.3 min. (C10100–C15815 andC80100–C81200).
See also Unalloyed copper in the Alloy Index.
applications 3 54 85 369
brazing 303(T)
55(T) 57(T) 85 86(T) 277(T)
297(T)
corrosion 54 98(T) 99(T) 100(T) 385
393(T) 398 414(T) 453 460
description 15(T) 16(T)
descriptive names and designations 15(T) 16(T) 86(T)
forgeability 215(T) 453 460 462 463
465
formability 453 460 462 463 464
465 467 468 469
heat treatment 453 456 457 459(F) 460
462 463(F) 464 465 466
467 468 469
hot working 453 456 457 460 462
463 464 465 466 467

Index Terms Links
Coppers, 99.3 min. (C10100–C15815 andC80100–C81200) (Cont.)

468
460 462 463 464 465
466 467 468 529
melting 184
physical properties, cast 95(T) 101(T) 529
physical properties, wrought 4(T) 5(T) 54 57(T) 277(T)
297(T) 453 454(T) 455(T) 456(T)
457(T) 458 460(F) 461(F,T) 462
463 464(T) 465(T) 466(T) 467
468(T) 469(T)
UNS number 6(T)
weldability 85 276(T) 277(T) 280(T) 281(F,T)
285(T) 295 297(T) 298 453
460 462 463 464 465
467 468 469
Copper-selenium alloys, binary phase diagram and crystal structure data 376(F)
Copper-silicon alloys. See also Bronzes, silicon.
corrosion 386 408
Copper-silver alloys, binary phase diagram and crystal structure data 369(F)
Copper-silver-cadmium alloys, phase diagram 379(F)
Copper-silver eutectic, techniques used for studying
Copper-silver-gold alloys, phase diagram 378(F) 379(F)
Copper sulfate
Copper sulfide (digenite), binary phase diagram and crystal structure data 375(F)
Copper-sulfur alloys, binary phase diagram and crystal structure data 375(F)
Copper-tellurium alloys, binary phase diagram and crystal structure data 377(F)

Index Terms Links
Copper-tin alloys. See also Bronzes, phosphor.

aging 41(T)
applications 46
binary phase diagram 44(F) 46 377(F)
cooling rate effect 45(F) 46
corrosion 408
hardness 43(F) 45
microstructure 45(F) 46 121(F)
tin as solid-solution strengthener of copper 47(F)
Copper-tin-lead alloys
Copper-tin-phosphorus alloys
Copper-tin-zinc alloys, phase diagram 382(F)
Copper-tin-zinc-lead alloys
Copper-titanium alloys, advantages of rapid solidification 363(T)
Copper-tungsten alloys, powder, applications 106(T)
Copper-zinc alloys. See also Brasses 35(F,T)
beta phase effect on structure 37(F) 39
binary, designations in Comité Européen de Normalisation system 28(T)
binary phase diagram 35 37(F) 39 40(F) 377(F)
complex, designations in Comité Européen de Normalisation system 28(T)
cooling rate effect on hardness 40 41(F)
corrosion 398 407
crystal structure 39(F) 377(F)
drawing 36(T) 39(F)
ductility affected by critical temperature 40 41(F)
grain size effect 36 38(F)
heat treatment 36 38(F) 41 42(F) 45
mechanical properties 36 37(F) 40 41(F,T) 43(T)
microstructure 40 41(F) 42(F) 43(F) 45

Index Terms Links
Copper-zinc alloys (Cont.)

121(F)
work hardening 36 38(F)
zinc as solid-solution strengthener of copper 47(F)
Copper-zinc alloys, other
(C66400–C669xx) See Brasses, manganese.
(C67000–C678xx) See Bronzes, manganese.
(C68000–C691xx) See Brasses.
(C69400–C699xx) See Brasses, silicon.
Copper-zinc-aluminum alloys
applications 122
composition 121
for shape memory alloys 121
shape memory properties 121(T)
Copper-zinc-lead alloys, designations
in Comité Européen de Normalisation system 28(T)
Copper-zinc-manganese alloys, techniques used for studying
Copper-zinc-nickel alloys. See also Nickel silvers.
Copper-zinc-tin alloys 43(T) 45(F) 46
applications 46
mechanical properties 43(T) 46
ternary phase diagram 45(F) 46
Copper-zirconium alloys
powder, microstructure 351(F)
Copper-zirconium-phosphorus alloys, advantages of rapid solidification 363(T)
Coring 242
Corner setting 220
Corn oil, corrosion ratings, wrought copper alloys 394(T)

Index Terms Links
Corrosion. See also Stress-corrosion cracking 385(F,T)

acid 404(F,T)
alloy composition effect 385(T)
atmospheric 94 395(F,T)
biofouling 402(F)
of brasses (C20100–C28000) 64 487 490
of brasses, leaded (C31200–C38500) 64 496
of brasses, tin (C40400–C48600) 64 504 505 506
513 514 515 516 517
555 556 557 558 559
of bronzes, leaded tin 91
of bronzes, tin 91
by groundwater 397 398(F,T)
by soils and groundwater 397(F)
by specific environments 441(T)
cast copper and copper alloys 94 98(T)
cavitation 388 389(F)
of copper alloys, high-copper (C16200–C19900) 471 472(T) 473 474(T) 479
531 534
of copper-nickels (C70100–C72950) 92 522 524 525 560
coppers, 99.3 min 54 453 460
of copper-zinc alloys (C66300–C69710) 65 520
corrosion fatigue 391(F)
crevice 388 389(F) 415
dealloying 390(F) 391(F)
erosion-corrosion 388 389(F)
factors influencing wrought alloy selection in specific environments 392
fretting 389
galvanic 387 388(T) 400(T)
gas 410(F) 412(T)
general 387
of heat exchangers and condensers 162
impingement 388(F)
intergranular 389
of lead frames 161
liquid cast coppers and copper alloys 94 98(T)

Index Terms Links
Corrosion (Cont.)
oxide film 385
oxidizing conditions more damaging 385
pitting 388 389(F)
ratings, cast copper alloys in corrosive media 98(T)
ratings of wrought copper alloys in corrosive media 392(T)
resistant coatings of copper alloys 150
salt 408(T)
testing 414(T)
testing, specifications 414
of tubular products 154 155(T)
types 387(F,T)
velocity effects 399(F,T)
water as cause 398(F,T)
water line attack 388
Corrosion fatigue 391(F)
Corrosion resistance. See also Coatings 4 15
copper and copper alloy consumption in U.S. (1997) 3(T)
Corrosion-resistant copper alloy coatings 150(T)
Cottonseed oil
Creep, of soldered joints 316(F) 317(F,T)
Creep-rupture characteristics
of alloys, high-temperature 431 433(F)
of brasses (C20100–C28000) 484 485(F) 486 488(F)
of brasses, tin (C40400–C48600) 503(T)
of bronzes, aluminum (C95200–C95900) 555(F) 556 557(F) 558
of bronzes, leaded tin (C92200–C94500) 547 550(F) 552 553(F)
of copper alloys, high-copper (C16200–C19900) 479(T)

of copper-nickels (C70100–C72950) 524
of coppers, 99.3 min. (C10100–C15815) 453 455(T) 458 462(T) 466(F)
467(T)
Creep strength, of brasses, red (C83300–C83810) 537

Index Terms Links
Creep stress
of brasses, semi-red (C84200–C84800) 538
of bronzes, manganese (C86100–C86800) 540 541(F) 542 543(F) 544(F)
Creosote
corrosion by 409
Crevice corrosion 388 389(F) 415
Critical temperature 37(F) 39 40
Cryogenics 430(F,T) 432(T)
Cupronickels. See Copper-nickels.
Cuprous oxide 385
Cutting, of sheet and strip 79(F)
D
Damping capacity, of brasses, wrought 486 488(F)
Dealloying. See also Dealuminization; Denickelification; Dezincification. 5 390(F) 391(F) 392 397
415 427 428
Dealuminization 350(F)
Decorative plating-on-plastic (POP) 142 145 146 147 148
149
Deep-drawing brass, description 7
Deformation twinning 66
Degassing 176(F,T)
auxiliary methods 180
inert gas fluxing 178 180(F) 181(F)
methods 178(F)
oxidation-deoxidation practice 178 180(F)
solid degassing fluxes 179 181(F)
testing for gases 177 179(F) 180(F)
vacuum method 180
zinc flaring 178 180(F)
Degree of order 40
Delta phase, in copper-tin alloys 46
Dendrite arm spacing 360(F)
Dendrites 85 360(F,T)

Index Terms Links
Denickelification 390 391(F)

Densification 236(F,T)
Density
of brasses (C20100–C28000) 57(T) 482 483 484 485
486 488 489
of brasses, leaded (C31200–C38500) 57(T) 490 491 492 493
494 495 496 497
of brasses, red (C83300–C83810) 536 537 538
of brasses, silicon (C87300–C87800) 543 544 545 546
of brasses, tin (C40400–C48600) 57(T) 498 499 500 501
502 503 504 505 506
of brasses, yellow (C85200–C85800) 539
of brass P/M parts 110 112(T)
of bronzes, aluminum (C60800–C64210) 57(T) 510 511 512 513
514 515 516 517 555
556 557 558 559
of bronzes, leaded phosphor (C53400–C54400) 57(T) 509
of bronzes, leaded tin (C92200–C94500) 548 549 550 551 552

554
of bronzes, manganese (C86100–C86800) 540 541 542 543
of bronzes, phosphor (C50100–C52480) 57(T) 506 507 508 509

of bronzes, silicon 57(T) 518 519 543 544
545
of bronzes, tin (C90200–C91700) 546 547
of bronze filter materials 111(T)
of bronze P/M filters 109
of copper alloys, high-copper (C16200–C19900) 57(T) 470 472 473 474
476 477 478 479 480
529 530 531 532 533
535
of copper and copper alloys, wrought 57(T)
of copper-base P/M structural materials 112(T)
of copper-containing electrical contacts 115(T)
of copper-infiltrated iron and steel 116(T)

Index Terms Links
Density (Cont.)
copper-lead P/M parts 112
copper-nickel P/M parts 111
of copper-nickels (C70100–C72950) 57(T) 521 522 524 525
559
of coppers, 99.3 min. (C10100–C15815) 57(T) 453 456 457 458
460(F) 461 463 464 465
466 467 468 469 529
of copper-zinc alloys 57(T) 519 520 521
of diluted bronze sintered bearings 110(T)
effect on bronze P/M compact strength 107(F)
of electrolytic copper powder 225(T) 229(F)
of graphite-copper brush materials 115(T)
of nickel silvers 57(T) 525 526 527 528
560 561
of P/M copper parts 105
of P/M products 222 230
of powder compact 234(F,T)
of pure copper P/M parts 107(F)
of sintered bronze bearings 109(T)
of special alloys (C99300–C99750) 561 562
of unalloyed copper 446(T) 447(F)
Deoxidation of copper alloys 181(F)
Deoxidized copper, high residual phosphorus (DHP).
See Coppers, 99.3 min.
Deoxidized low-phosphorus copper. See also Coppers, 99.3 min.
oxygen content 34(T)
Designation systems
for copper and copper alloys 14(T) 15(T) 23(T)
for tempers 14 26(T)
Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN), temper designation system 28
Dew point 251
Dezincification 5 93 100 349(F) 386(F)
390(F) 391(F) 392 403
of admiralty metal brass 7
after chromium electroplating 328

Index Terms Links
Dezincification (Cont.)
by sulfur compounds 410
and electrolytic alkaline cleaning 325
and soil corrosion 397
and stress-corrosion cracking 392
Die casting 187
technical factors in casting method choice for copper alloys 186(T)
Dies, special 206
Diffusion 235
Diffusion bonding 299
Diffusion coefficients 235(F)
Diffusion welding 299
Dip brazing 306(T) 312(F)
Directional solidification 190(F) 192
Discontinuous precipitation 357
Dislocation slip systems 5
Dispersion hardening 5(F)
Dispersion-strengthened copper powder, applications 106(T)
Dispersion strengthening, of copper and copper alloys, wrought 66
Dissimilar metals
brazing 304
welding 294(T) 295(T)
Dissociated ammonia 251 252
Domain boundary 39 40(F)
Domains 39 40(F)
Downtherm “A,” corrosion ratings, wrought copper alloys 394(T)
Draw bending 209(F)
Drawing 5 201(F) 204(F)
Drawing brass, description 7
Drawing ratio 36(T) 39(F)
Drawn stress relieved (DSR), definition 9
Drilling 271(F)
with mandrel swaging 211(F)
Dry abrasive cleaning 322
Dynamic corrosion tests 414(T)
Dynamic liquid viscosity, of unalloyed copper 452

Index Terms Links
E
Ears 203 204(F)
Elastic modulus
of brasses (C20100–C28000) 481 482 483 484 485
486 488 489
of brasses, leaded (C31200–C38500) 490 491 492 493 494
495 496 497
of brasses, red (C83300–C83810) 536 537(F) 538
of brasses, silicon (C87300–C87800) 543 544 545 546
of brasses, tin (C40400–C48600) 498 499 500 501 502
503 504 505 506
of brasses, yellow (C85200–C85800) 539
of bronzes, aluminum (C60800–C64210) 510 511(T) 512 513(T) 514
515(T) 516 517 555 556
557 558
of bronzes, leaded phosphor (C53400–C54400) 509
of bronzes, leaded tin (C92200–C94500) 547 548 549(F) 550 551

552(F) 553 554
of bronzes, manganese (C86100–C86800) 540 541 542(F) 543
of bronzes, phosphor (C50100–C52480) 506 507 508 509
of bronzes, silicon (C64700–C66100) 518 519 543 544 545

of bronzes, tin (C90200–C91700) 546 547
478 479 480 529 530
531 532 533 535
559
of coppers, 99.3 min. (C10100–C15815) 453 456 457 458 461
463 464 465 466 467
468 469 529
of copper-zinc alloys (C66300–C69710) 519 520 521
of nickel silvers (C73500–C79830) 525 526 527 528 560
561

Index Terms Links
Elastic modulus (Cont.)

of special alloys (C99300–C99750) 561 562
Elastic strain 248
Electrical conductivity 3 (F,T) 5(F) 15
of brasses (C20100–C28000) 57(T) 64(T) 482 483 485
486 488 489
of brasses, leaded 57(T) 64(T) 490 491 492
493 494 495 496 497
of brasses, red and leaded red 101(T) 536 537 538
of brasses, silicon 101(T) 544 545 546(F)
of brasses, tin 57(T) 64(T) 498 499 500
501 502 504 505 506
of brasses, yellow and leaded yellow 101(T) 539 540
of bronzes, aluminum 57(T) 64(T) 101(T) 510 511
512 513 514 515 516
517 555 556 557 558
559
of bronzes, leaded phosphor 57(T) 64(T) 509
of bronzes, leaded tin (C92200–C94500) 101(T) 548 549 550 551
552 553(F) 554 555
of bronzes, manganese, and leaded manganese 101(T) 540 541 542 543
544(F)
of bronzes, nickel-tin (C94700–C94900) 101(T)
of bronzes, phosphor 57(T) 64(T) 507 508 509
of bronzes, silicon 57(T) 64(T) 101(T) 518 519
544 545 546(F)
of bronzes, tin (C90200–C91700) 101(T) 546 547
of copper alloys, high-copper, cast 101(T) 529 530 531 532
533 534 535
of copper alloys, high-copper, wrought 57(T) 64(T) 65(F) 470(T) 471(T)
472 473(T) 474(T) 475(F,T) 476(T)
477 478 479 480(T) 529
530
of copper alloys, leaded 101(T)

Index Terms Links
Electrical conductivity (Cont.)

copper and copper alloy consumption in U.S. (1997) 3(T)
of copper and copper alloys, cast 100(T) 101(T)
of copper and copper alloys, wrought 57(T) 64(T) 297(T)
of copper-bismuth alloys (C89320–C89940)
and copper-bismuth-selenium alloys 101(T)
of copper-nickels 57(T) 64(T) 65(F) 101(T) 521
522 523 524 525 559
560
of coppers, 99.3 min. (C10100–C15815) 57(T) 64(T) 101(T) 453 456
457 458 462(F) 463 464
465 466 467 468 469
529
of copper-zinc alloys 57(T) 64(T) 519 520 521
of electrolytic copper powder 229(F)
of nickel silvers 57(T) 64(T) 65(F) 101(T) 525
526 527 528 560 561
of pure copper P/M parts 106(F)
of special alloys 101(T) 561 562
of unalloyed copper 446 448(F)
Electrical conductors 68
Electrical contact materials 122 157(T) 229
applications 157(T)
composition 157(T)
silver electroplating 330
Electrical coppers, thermal softening 437 (F)
Electrical discharge machining (EDM) 274 275(F)
Electrical resistivity
of brasses (C20100–28000) 482 483 485 487 488
489
495 496 497
of brasses, silicon (C87300–C87800) 545 546(F)
of brasses, tin (C40400–C48600) 498 499 500 501 502
504 505 506

Index Terms Links
Electrical resistivity (Cont.)

515 516 517 555 556
557 558 559
of bronzes, leaded tin (C92200–C94500) 548 552
of bronzes, manganese (C86100–C86800) 542 544(F)

of bronzes, silicon (C64700–C66100) 518 519 545 546(F)
of bronzes, tin (C90200–C91700) 547
of copper alloys, high-copper, cast 530 531 532 533 534
535
of copper alloys, high-copper, wrought 470 471 472 473 474
476 477 478 479 480
560
of coppers, 99.3 min. (C10100–C15815) 453 456 457 458 462(F)
463 464 465 466 467
468 469
of copper-zinc alloys (C66300–C69710) 519 520 521
of nickel silvers (C73500–C79830) 525 526 527 528
and solubility limits 4(T)
Electrical terminals and connectors 195 196(F)
Electrochemical cleaning 324(T)
Electrochemical equivalent
of coppers, 99.3 min. (C10100-) 459
Electrochemical machining 274 275(F)
Electroforming 127
Electroless copper/nickel plating 143(T)
Electroless copper plating 139(F,T)
additives 140
applications 142(F,T)
bath chemistry 139
bath formulations 140 141(T)
bath reactions 139

Index Terms Links
Electroless copper plating (Cont.)

complexing agents 140
controls 147
deposit properties 140(F)
electromagnetic interference shielding
environmental and safety issues 150
equipment 148
performance criteria 148(F) 149(F)
post-treatment processes 144 145(F) 147
pretreatment processes 144(F)
waste water and handling 150
Electroless nickel plating 143(T) 330
Electroless plating 139(F,T) 330
Electrolysis method, copper powder production 105 106(T)
Electrolytic alkaline cleaning 325
Electrolytically deposited (ED) copper 159(T)
Electrolytic copper powder
addition agents effect 226(F)
applications 229
commercial grades, mechanical properties 229(F)
commercial grades, physical properties 228(T) 229(F)
compacting pressure 228
composition 106(T)
densification 237(F)
dimensional changes 228(F) 229
flow rate 228(F)
green density and green strength 228(F)
particle shape 106(T) 228(F)
production of 225(F,T)
purity 228(T)
specifications 228
surface area 106(T)
Electrolytic etching, for microexamination 339(T)
Electrolytic polishing (electropolishing) 325
applications 326
for microexamination 338(T)

Index Terms Links
Electrolytic solution potential

Electrolytic tough pitch copper. See also Copper, 99.3 min.
Charpy impact energy 34(F)
description 7
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding 127 142(T) 145 146 147
148 149
Electromagnetic forming 205
Electron beam welding 276(T) 299 346(F)
Electron emission, of unalloyed copper 448
Electroplating 328(T)
chromium, for protective coatings 414
Electrorefining 11(F) 12
Electrowinning 12 232
Elevated temperatures, properties 431 (F,T)
Elongation in 50 mm (2 in.)
of beryllium copper-nickel 72C 562(F)
of beryllium copper 21C 562(F)
of brasses (C20100–C28000) 55(T) 481 482(T) 483(T) 484(F,T)
485 486(T) 487(T) 488(F) 489(F,T)
490(F)
of brasses, leaded (C31200–C38500) 55(T) 490 491(T) 492(F,T) 493(T)
494(F,T) 495(F,T) 496(T) 497(F)
of brasses, red and leaded red 95(T) 536 537 538
of brasses, silicon 95(T) 543 544 545 546
of brasses, tin 56(T) 498(T) 499(T) 500(T) 501(T)
502(T) 503(F,T) 504(T) 505(F,T) 506(F,T)
of brasses, yellow and leaded yellow 95(T) 539
of bronzes, aluminum 56(T) 96(T) 509 511(T) 512(T)
513(T) 514 515(T) 516 517(F,T)
555(F) 556(F) 557 558
of bronzes, leaded phosphor 56(T) 509(T)
of bronzes, leaded tin 96(T) 547 548(F) 549 550
551 552(F) 553 554
of bronzes, manganese and leaded manganese 95(T) 540 542(F) 543

Index Terms Links
Elongation in 50 mm (2 in.) (Cont.)

of bronzes, phosphor (C50100–C52480) 56(T) 506(T) 507(T) 508(T) 509(T)
of bronzes, silicon (C64700–C66100) 56(T) 95(T) 518(T) 519(T) 543

544 545
of bronzes, tin 94 96(T) 546 547
of copper alloys, high-copper, cast 95(T) 529 530(T) 531(T) 532(T)
533(T) 535(F) 536(T)
of copper alloys, high-copper, wrought 55(T) 443(T) 470(T) 471(T) 472(T)
473(T) 474(T) 475(F,T) 476(T) 477(T)
478(T) 479(T) 480(T) 481(T)
of copper and copper alloys 55(T)
of copper-bismuth alloys and copper-bismuth-selenium alloys 95(T)
of copper-nickels 56(T) 96(T) 521(T) 522(F,T) 523(T)
524(T) 525(T) 559 560
of coppers, 99.3 min 55(T) 453 454(F,T) 455(F,T) 456(T)
457(T) 461(T) 463 464(T) 465(T)
466(T) 467(T) 468(T) 469(T) 529
of copper-zinc alloys (C66300–C69710) 56(T) 519(T) 520(T) 521(T)
of hard-drawn copper and copper alloy round wire 69 71(T)
of high-temperature, alloys 435(T)
of low-temperature, alloys 431(T)
of nickel silvers 56(T) 96(T) 526(T) 527(T) 528(T)
560 561
of special alloys (C99300–C99750) 96(T) 561 562
of unalloyed copper 451(F,T)
Embossing and swaging 205
Embrittlement 6
Emissivity, of unalloyed copper 449 451(T)
Emulsion cleaning 325
Enamel film, insulation material for wire 73
Engineering drawings 6
Engraver’s brass, description 7
Enthalpy
of coppers, 99.3 min. (C10100-) 458 461(F)
of unalloyed copper 449 450(T)
Entropy, of unalloyed copper 449 450(T)
Epoxy adhesives 318

Index Terms Links
Equilibrium distribution coefficient 361(F)

Erosion-corrosion 388 389(F) 400 415
Ester solutions, corrosion by 409(T)
Etching
of copper alloys, high-copper, wrought 355(T)
for macroexamination 337(T)
Etching procedures, for copper adherends 318(T)
Ethanol amine, corrosion ratings, wrought copper alloys 394(T)
Ethers
Ethyl acetate (esters), corrosion ratings, wrought copper alloys 394(T)
2-ethylbutyric acid, corrosion rates of copper and copper alloys 407(T)
Ethylene glycol
2-ethylhexoic acid, corrosion rates of copper and copper alloys 407(T)
Evaporated metal, electromagnetic interference shielding
Explosive bonding, of corrosion-resistant coatings 150
Extension yield strength (0.5%) 61(T)
Extra-high-leaded brass. See also Brasses, leaded.
composition 7
description 7
Extrusion 5
hot extrusion 213
of tube shells 80
Extrusion bonding, of corrosion-resistant coatings 150
F
Fabrication characteristics 5(F)
Fatigue 440(F,T)
microstructure 443 (F)
and processing 443 (F)
property relationships 443(F)
specifications 441

Index Terms Links
Fatigue (Cont.)
and temper 440(T)
testing 441 (F,T)
Fatigue life 431(F) 433(F)
Fatigue strength of brasses (C20100–C28000) 482 484 485 486 487(T)
488
of brasses, leaded (C31200–C38500) 495
of brasses, red (C83300–C83810) 537(F)
of brasses, tin (C40400–C48600) 503 504
of bronzes, aluminum (C60800–C64210) 510 511 512 513(T) 514
515 516 555 556 557
558
of bronzes, leaded tin (C92200–C94500) 547 549(F) 551 552(F) 553
554
of bronzes, manganese (C86100–C86800) 540 542(F)
of bronzes, phosphor (C50100–C52480) 506(T) 507 508
of bronzes, silicon (C64700–C66100) 518 519 545

of bronzes, tin (C90200–C91700) 546 547
of copper alloys, high-copper (C16200–C19900) 443(T) 470(T) 471 473 474(T)
475(T) 479(T) 530 531 533
of copper-nickels (C70100–C72950) 522 523 559
of coppers, 99.3 min. (C10100–C15815) 453 454(T) 456 457(T) 458

460(F) 461(T) 464 466 467
468(T) 529
of copper-zinc alloys (C66300–C69710) 519
of soldered joints 317(F,T)
of special alloys (C99300–C99750) 562
Fatty acids, corrosion by 406
Feeding 190(F,T)
ranges 190 191(F)
Ferric chloride

Index Terms Links
Ferric sulfate
Ferrous chloride
Ferrous sulfate
to inhibit corrosion 402
Fick’s law 235
Filler metals 279(T)
for brazing 304 (T) 308 311
Film-induced cleavage (FIC) 427
Filters, of porous P/M bronze 109 111(F,T)
Filtration 183
Final polishing, equipment requirements, speed, and lubricants 324(T)
Finishing processes 320(T)
Finish polishing, for microexamination 338
Fire cracking 244 247
Fire-refined copper, description 7
Flash 213 215 216 217 220
Flash smelting 11(F)
Flash welding (FW) 296 298
Fluorine, corrosion by 410
Fluxes 174(F,T) 177(F) 178(F) 179(F)
for brazing 305 306(T) 309
melt refining 175(F,T) 177(F) 178(F)
mold 176
neutral cover 174(T)
oxidizing 174 175(F)
reducing 175(T)
soldering 313
Fluxing 174(F,T) 177(F) 178(F) 179(F)
chlorine 176
and melting 184
Foil 159(T) 166
applications 166
characteristics 73 76(T)

Index Terms Links
Forging 5 213(F,T)
advantages 82
applications 82
of brasses (C20100–C28000) 490
of brasses, leaded (C31200–38500) 495 497
of brasses, tin (C40400–C48600) 504 505 506
of bronzes, aluminum (C60800–C64210) 511 513 514 516

cold forging 213
of copper alloys, high-copper (C16200–C19900) 478
copper and copper alloys, wrought 82(T) 215(T) 567(T)
of coppers, 99.3 min. (C10100–C15815) 453 460 462 463 465
of copper-zinc alloys (C66300–C69710) 521
hot forging 213(F,T)
minimum-draft 217(T)
specifications 83(T)
Forging brass. See also Brasses, leaded.
composition 7
description 7
Formaldehyde (aldehydes)
Formate solutions, corrosion by 413
Formic acid
corrosion by 406(T)
Forming 195(F,T)
bending 199(F,T)
blanking and piercing 198
of brasses (C20100–C28000) 487 490
495 496 497
of brasses, tin (C40400–C48600) 498 499 500 501 502
504 505 506
517

Index Terms Links
Forming (Cont.)

bulk forming 213
coining 202(F) 203
cold work effect 195
composition effect 195
contour roll forming 200(T) 204
478 479 480
copper alloys vs. other alloys 198 199(F)
of coppers, 99.3 min. (C10100–C15815) 453 460 462 463 464

465 467 468 469
drawing 201(F) 204(F)
electromagnetic forming 205
embossing and swaging 205
heat treatment effect 195(T)
hydraulic forming 205
metallurgical parameters 195
of nickel silvers (C73500–C79830) 526 527 528
rod, bar, and shapes 82
rubber-pad forming 204
spinning 204
springback 205(F)
stretch-forming 201(F) 204(F)
temper designations for copper and copper alloys 195(T) 196
wire 211
Forming limit analysis 207(F,T)
Forming limit curve (FLC) 207(F,T) 208(F)
Free-cutting alloys 7 265(F)
Free-cutting brass. See Brasses, leaded. Free-cutting phosphor bronze.
See Bronzes, phosphor. Free-machining copper. See Brasses, leaded.
Freezing front 364(F)

Index Terms Links
Freon
Freshwater, corrosion by 398 414(T)
Fretting 389
Friction coefficient
of coppers, 99.3 min. (C10100-) 458
of unalloyed copper 452(T)
Friction materials, copper-base 112(T) 114(F)
Friction welding 299
Fuel oil
Functional plating-on-plastic (POP) 142(T) 145 146 147 148
149
Furfural
Furnace brazing 305(F,T)
Furnaces 172(F) 176
batch-type atmosphere 249
bell 250 254(F)
for brazing 307
continuous atmosphere 250 253(F)
continuous conveyer 253(F)
electric induction coreless type 173(F)
electric induction, core type 173(F)
electric induction, lift swing 174(F)
forced-convection 250
for sintering 240
fuel-fired 172(F) 176
induction 173(F) 232
open-flame 173
pit retort 250 254(F)
reverberatory 10 12(F)

Index Terms Links
G
Gallium
Galvanic activation, with electroless plating 331
Galvanic corrosion 387 388(T) 400(T)
Galvanic plating 331
Galvanic series in seawater 388(T)
Gamma phase
Gas-atomized copper powders 229(F,T)
Gases, corrosion by 410(F) 412(T)
Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) 6 276(T) 277(T) 278 279
280(T) 281(T) 284 285(T) 286
289(T) 291 293(T) 295(T)
Gasoline
Gassing 6
Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) 6 276(T) 277(T) 278 279
280(T) 281(F) 286(T) 287 288
289(T) 290(F,T) 291 292(T) 294(T)
Gating systems 187(F,T)
Gelatin
General buffing, equipment requirements, speed, and lubricants 324(T)
General corrosion 387
General thinning, characteristics and preventive measures 387(T)
Germanium
Gilding. See also Brasses.

Index Terms Links
Gilding, 95%
applications 8
composition 8
Glucose
Glue
Glycerin
Gold
unalloyed, physical properties 4(T) 5(T)
Gold electroless plating 331
Gold electroplating 328
Gold immersion plating 331
Grain-boundary diffusion coefficients 235
Grain growth 243(F) 244(F) 245(F) 246(F) 247(F)
248(T)
Grain refining 183(F)
Grain size 6
and annealing 243
drawing and stretch forming of annealed strip 203(T)
effect on copper-zinc alloys 36 38(F)
effect on drawing and stretch forming 203
effect on heat-treated material properties 255
effect on machinability 268
effect on stress-corrosion cracking 423(F)
effect on tensile strength of strip 77(F)
for sheet and strip 78(T)
Grain structure 363(F,T)
Gray iron, galvanic corrosion 401(T)

Index Terms Links
Grinding 274 275(T)

for microexamination 337
Groundwaters, corrosion by 397 398(F,T)
Guinier-Preston zones 66 444
Gunmetals
H
Hall coefficient, of brasses, wrought 487
Hall effect
of coppers, 99.3 min., wrought 459
Hall-Petch relationship 6
Halogen gases, corrosion by 410
Hard drawing, wire 69 71(T) 75(T)
Hardening precipitates, of copper alloys, high-copper, wrought 357
Hardfacing alloys 150(T)
Hardness
of beryllium copper-nickel 72C 562(F)
of beryllium copper 21C 562(F)
of brasses (C20100–C28000) 481 482(T) 483(T) 484(T) 485
486(T) 487(T) 488(F) 489(F,T)
of brasses, leaded (C31200–C38500) 490 491(T) 492(F,T) 493(T) 494(T)
495(T) 496(T) 497(F)
of brasses, red and leaded red 95(T) 536 537(F) 538
of brasses, silicon 95(T) 543 545 546
of brasses, tin (C40400–C48600) 498(T) 499(T) 500(T) 501(T) 502(T)
503(F,T) 504(T) 505(T) 506(T)
of brasses, yellow and leaded yellow 95(T) 539
of bronzes, aluminum (C60800–C64210) 96(T) 510 511(T) 512(T) 513(T)
514 515(T) 516 517(T) 555
556 557 558
of bronzes, leaded phosphor (C53400–C54400) 509(T)
of bronzes, leaded tin (C92200–C94500) 96(T) 547 548 549(F) 550

Index Terms Links
Hardness (Cont.)
551 552 553 554
of bronzes, manganese and leaded manganese 95(T) 540 541 542(F) 543
of bronzes, phosphor (C50100–C52480) 506(T) 507(T) 508(T) 509(T)
of bronzes, silicon (C87300–C87800) 95(T) 518(T) 519(T) 543 545
of bronzes, tin (C90200–C91700) 96(T) 546 547

of copper alloys, high-copper, cast 95(T) 529 530(T) 531(F,T) 532(T)
533(T) 534(F) 535(F) 536(T)
of copper alloys, high-copper, wrought 470(T) 471(T) 472(T) 473(T) 474(T)
475(T) 476(T) 477(T) 478(T) 479(T)
480(T) 481(T)
of copper-bismuth alloys and copper-bismuth-selenium alloys 95(T)
of copper-nickels (C70100–C72950) 96(T) 521(T) 522(F,T) 523(T) 524(T)
525(T) 559 560
of coppers, 99.3 min. cast 95(T) 529
of coppers, 99.3 min.
wrought 453 454(T) 455(T) 456(T) 457(T)
458 460(F) 461(T) 463 464(T)
465(T) 466(T) 467 468(T) 469(T)
of copper-zinc alloys (C66300–C69710) 520(T) 521(T)
equivalent hardness numbers for cartridge brass 589(T)
equivalent hardness numbers for wrought coppers 588(T)
of nickel silvers (C73500–C79830) 96(T) 526(T) 527(T) 528(T) 560
561
of special alloys (C99300–C99750) 96(T) 561 562
Hardware bronze. See Brasses, leaded.
Heat exchangers 124(F,T) 161(T) 195 197(F) 385
386 389 391
corrosion of 398 403 408 414
Heat transfer, copper and copper alloy consumption in U.S. (1997) 3(T)
Heat treatment 242(F,T) 392(T)
annealing 243(F) 248(T) 249(T) 250(F) 251(F,T)
beryllium-copper alloys 253(F,T) 258(F,T) 259(F) 562 563
of brasses 482 483 484(F) 485 486(F)

Index Terms Links
Heat treatment (Cont.)

487(F) 488(F) 489 490(F)
of brasses, leaded 490 491 492 493 494(F)
495(F) 496 497(F) 498
of brasses, red (C83300–C83810) 536
of brasses, silicon (C87300–C87800) 544 545 546
brasses, tin 498 499 500 501 502
503(F) 504 505(F) 506
of bronzes, aluminum 262(F,T) 510 511 512 513
514 515 516 517(F) 518
555 557 558 559
of bronzes, leaded tin (C92200–C94500) 548 549 550 551 552
553 554
of bronzes, manganese (C86100–C86800) 540 541 542 543
of bronzes, phosphor 507 508 509
of bronzes, silicon 518 519 544 545
chromium-copper alloys 257(T)
copper alloys, high-copper 253(F,T) 258(F,T) 259(F) 470 471
473 475(F) 476 477 478
479 480(T) 481 529
of copper-aluminum alloys 46(T) 52
of copper-beryllium alloys 47(T) 49(T) 52(F) 53
of copper-nickels 522 523 524 525 560
of coppers, 99.3 min 453 456 457 459(F) 460
462 463(F) 464 465 466
467 468 469
of copper-zinc alloys 36 38(F) 520 521
effect on formability 195(T)
effect on machinability 268
effect on stress-corrosion cracking 423
equipment 249 253(F) 254(F)
and forming 195(F,T)
hardening 248 252(T) 253(F)
homogenizing 242(F)
of nickel silvers 526 527 528 560 561
postforming 197
protective atmospheres 251
quench hardening and tempering 249

Index Terms Links
Heat treatment (Cont.)

sensitization 424
of sheet and strip 77(F,T)
of special alloys (C99300–C99750) 561
spinodal-hardening alloys 259(F,T)
stress relieving 247 252(T)
to close pores on P/M parts 327
of zirconium-copper alloys 259 260(T)
High brass. See Brasses.
High-conductivity copper
description 7
physical properties 7
High-copper alloys. See also Copper alloys, high copper 6 68
High-frequency resistance welding (HFRW) 296
High-leaded brass. See Brasses, leaded.
High-leaded tin bronze. See Bronzes, tin.
High-silicon bronze (A). See Bronzes, silicon.
Hole wall pullaway 148
Homogenization (interdiffusion) 236 362(F)
Homogenization, of spinodal-hardening alloys 261
Homogenizing 242(F)
Honing 323
Horizontal bending machines 210
Horizontal continuous casting 74
Hot cracking 278
Hot extrusion 221(F,T)
Hot forging 213(F,T)
alloy choice 214(T)
applications 213
cleaning and finishing 217(T)
closed-die forging 213(F) 214(F)
dies 215 216(F,T)
heating of billets or slugs 216(T)
heating of dies 216(T)
lubricants 216
machines for forging 215
multistroke and cored forging 214

Index Terms Links
Hot forging (Cont.)

open-die forging 213(F)
ring rolling 214
sawing 216
shearing 215
trimming 216
Hot-roll bonding, of corrosion-resistant coatings 150
Hot rolling, slabs 75
Hot shortness 34
Hot shortness temperature
of bronzes, aluminum 512 513 514
of copper alloys, high-copper 471 473 475 476
Hot topping 192 193(F)
Hot working
of brasses (C20100–C28000) 482 483 485 488 489
490
498
of brasses, tin (C40400–C48600) 498 499 500 501 502
504 505 506
515 516 517 518
of bronzes, phosphor (C50100–C52480) 507

477 478 481
of coppers, 99.3 min. (C10100–C15815) 453 456 457 460 462

463 464 465 466 467
468
definition 9
Hydraulic forming 205
Hydraulic presses, for bending rod 209
Hydrazine 399
Hydrobromic acid, corrosion ratings, wrought copper alloys 394(T)
Hydrocarbons, corrosion ratings, wrought copper alloys 394(T)

Next Page
Index Terms Links
Hydrochloric acid
corrosion by 405(T)
Hydrochloric acid (muriatic), corrosion ratings, wrought copper alloys 394(T)
Hydrocyanic acid
Hydrodynamic lubrication 107 108(F)
Hydrodynamic pressure, in bronze P/M bearings 107 108(F)
Hydrofluoric acid
corrosion by 405(T)
Hydrofluosilicic acid
Hydrogen
corrosion by 410 (F)
and degassing 176 179(F) 180(T)
Hydrogen embrittlement 4 230(F) 246
Hydrogen overvoltage
Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen sulfide
corrosion by 410
Hydrometallurgical powder 106(T)
Hydrometallurgical processing, of copper powder 105 106(T) 231(F,T)
Hydroxide solutions, corrosion by 413

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Subject Index

Index Terms Links

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of bronzes, phosphor (C50100–C52480) 507 508 509

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of other copper-zinc alloys (C66300–C69710) 520 521

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Brasses (C201xx–C280xx) (Cont.)

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Brasses (C201xx–C280xx) (Cont.)

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Brasses, leaded (C312xx–C385xx) (Cont.)

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Brasses, red and leaded red (C83300–C83810) 90

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Brasses, semi-red and leaded semi-red (C84200–C84800) (Cont.)

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Brasses, yellow and leaded yellow (C85200–C85800) 90

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Bronzes, aluminum (C60800–C64210 and C95200–C95900) (Cont.)

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Bronzes, leaded tin (C92200–C94500) 91

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Bronzes, manganese and leaded manganese

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Bronzes, phosphor (C50100–C52480) (Cont.)

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Bronzes, silicon (C64700–C66100 and C87300–C87800) (Cont.)

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Bronzes, tin (C90200–C91700) (Cont.)

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Catalyzation (sensitization) 146

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Chvorinov’s equation 191

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Cold pressure welding 300(F) 301(F)

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Compressive strength (Cont.)

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Copper alloy powders (Cont.)

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Copper alloys (Cont.)

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Copper alloys, high-copper (C81400–C82800) (Cont.)

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Copper alloys, high-copper (C16200–C19900 and C81400–C82800) (Cont.)

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Copper-beryllium alloys 49(T) 50(F) 51(F) 52(F)

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Copper, commercially pure 31(F)