Materials Today: Proceedings 81 (2023) 350–359

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Application of smart materials in civil engineering: A review

Abhilash Mukherjee a, Deepmala b, Prateek Srivastava c,⇑, Jasminder Kaur Sandhu c
a
Chitkara College of Applied Engineering, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
b
Chitkara School of Planning & Architecture, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
c
Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Punjab, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Smart materials have played significant contribution towards the development of buildings. There are
Available online 9 April 2021 various smart materials which can change their properties and behavior under the influence of external
catalyst or stimulus. Such materials are changing the face of traditional engineering materials. Smart
Keywords: materials can be utilized individually as well as it can be incorporated with existing materials to enhance
Smart materials their desirable properties. Smart materials are widespread across all the domains of human inventions
Smart composites due to its multidisciplinary applications. Some of these materials are relatively new while some are being
Innovative design
used from a very long time. Hence it suffices to say that the recently developed smart materials still
Construction technology
Smart technologies
require research. The general classification of smart material is illustrated in this review paper. The paper
intends to identify the various types of available smart materials and also illustrated the application of
such materials in the various fields of civil engineering. Further, the potential benefits and downsides
are also discussed along with their applicability under different conditions. Some innovative materials
are also discussed which can bring potential revolution in the construction industry. The impact or the
benefits related to sustainability also discussed in this review paper.
Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Virtual
Conference on Sustainable Materials (IVCSM-2k20).

1. Introduction
Human civilization has seen many ages; from Stone Age to
modern age and with it developed the requirement for construc-
tion of structures. In ancient times, construction methods were rel-
atively simple. Usually naturally available materials were used
with no impact on environment. Requirements of humans has
changed in this era of development, there is a need of smart mate-
rials, which can help is minimizing unprecedented pollution levels
due to construction. So practitioners all over the world require
novel and more efficient material which affects the environment
the least. The requirement of future point towards materials that
are efficient, applicable in multiple fields, have low embodied
energy; prove itself cost-effective and environment friendly. The
existing materials are failing on one or the other requirement
hence it has become imperative to search for new materials to be
used in construction. This has led to extensive research on novel
materials for construction; all over the world. Thus it is high time
to do extensive research on materials. There has to be materials
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: prateek.srivastava@chitkara.edu.in (P. Srivastava).
which possesses all the qualities for a building material and can
be used in many applications. Researchers have been working on
this for a long time now.
This revolution brought several smart materials and advanced
methods for construction and producing materials. Smart materi-
als are those which change their properties as per the required
application when the surrounding environment changes [1]. It
has a purpose and an engineered method to achieve that [2]. The
constraints like required strength, increasing pollution, and lack
of availability have cornered practitioners to look for new smart
materials [3,4]. These new methods and materials have found their
place in the construction industry on a large scale [5–9]. Since the
smart materials are so versatile in applications that they found in
numerous fields such as aerospace, environment electronics, civil,
electrical, medicine, hospitality, agriculture, mechanical, sports,
marine, defense, etc. as shown in Fig. 1 [10–18] and due to its ver-
satility it is bound to find more applications in the future [19–22].
Although there are some researches in the field of civil engineering
which discusses the applications of smart materials [5,9,23,24] but
then again there is scope to review applications of smart materials
in the civil engineering field. This paper will not only give an
overview of all the related work but also will discuss the various
aspects of using such materials.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.03.304
2214-7853/Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Virtual Conference on Sustainable Materials (IVCSM-2k20).
A. Mukherjee, Deepmala, P. Srivastava et al.
a (continued)
Fig. 1. Applications of smart materials in various fields.
2. Smart materials in general
Smart materials are those man-made or natural materials that
produce desirable properties when there is environmental change
around them [25]. It is found in research that the materials which
can change its properties in a defined way, whenever they are
exposed to any external stimuli, are called smart materials. The
stimuli can be an electromagnetic wave, electric current, pressure,
UV rays, friction, chemicals, etc. In response, properties such as
shape, size, ductility, color, etc. may change [26].
2.1. Various types of smart materials
The Table 1 illustrates the various types of smart materials.
S. no Type
1 Piezoelectric materials:Piezoelectric materials
changes properties when a force is applied on them.
These materials shows electric pulses when any
mechanical force is applied and vice versa. The above
phenomenon is termed as converse and direct effects
(Fig. 2). Such material generates electric current with
the change in dimensions. These materials have
versatile application from aeronautics to civil
engineering [27,28]. Some of the applications are:
a. Micro scale energy harvesting, piezoelectric
transformers are used
b. Use in sensors and actuators like accelerometer
and in automobiles.
c. Frequency standard in clocks,
d. Used as submarie detectors, ultrasound machines.
e. Piezo motor are used in camera lens in medical
application.
2 Electrostrictivematerials:Electrostrictive materials
are similar to piezoelectric materials with respect to
its mode of action. The difference being the
proportional change in the order of 2 degrees (Fig. 3).
When an electric charge is applied in such materials,
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Materials Today: Proceedings 81 (2023) 350–359
S. no Type
all the particles changes their position and rearranges
in a certain direction. All the particles which have
conductivity get aligned so that the properties may be
improved This property has been used for many
applications in smart structures [29,30].
3 Magnetostrictive materials: The materials show a
change in strain (deformation) When any magnetic
field is applied and vice versa (Fig. 4). These materials
find application as actuators and sensors. These are
similar to ferromagnetic materials in its action and all
the particles get aligned in accordance with the
magnetic field applied [31].
4 Rheological materials:These materials are found in
liquid state but as soon as any magnetic or electrical
field is applied, it changes its physical state. The
fluidity of such material may change from stiff to more
liquid form(Fig. 5). Rheological materials have found
their application majorly in the automobile sector.
This material is usually applied at places where the
viscosity of construction material is to be altered [32].
5 Thermo-responsive materials:These materials are in
the form of polymers and drastically change its
physical properties when exposed to any temperature
variation (Fig. 6). Vehicles, aircraft use this material
and these are also used as thermostats. The changes it
undergoes are small to very large and it is continuous
in nature. They are also called stimuli responsive
materials [33,34].
6 Electrochromic materials:These are an imperative
part of today’s liquid crystal display units. Such
materials change its optical properties when an
electric current is passed through it Fig. 7. Lithium-ion
batteries are also made up of these. Also redox
reaction changes its colors if required. When voltage
is applied the ions gets to outer layer through
separator. The layer gets saturated and starts
reflecting light which turns it into opaque or any
other required property [35,36].
7 Fullerenes:These are made up of hexagons and
pentagons. The geometric composition is in the form
of a caged sphere where at nodes it consists of carbon
atoms Fig. 8. These materials find their application in
electronic appliances [37]. These may be found in
many shapes such as tube, ellipsoid, hollow sphere
etc. Fullerene is made up of carbon atoms joined by
single or double bonds. Due to its shape it is highly
stable and versatile in nature. The application of these
material is from corrosion resistance, crack preven-
tion to mechanical durability [38]
8 Biomimetic materials: These are the materials that
are inspired by nature and its geometric shapesas
shown in Fig. 9. Nature has some very simple yet
effective shapes which serves purposes like strength,
camouflage, water proofing, mobility etc. Such
material mimics the geometry of honey comb
structure, and hence generates desirable properties.
The examples can be coconut tree leaves, bird’s flight,
beehive, spider web, water repellency of fish skin, etc.
The applications ranges from self sensing to self
repairing in buildings [39,40].
A. Mukherjee, Deepmala, P. Srivastava et al. Materials Today: Proceedings 81 (2023) 350–359

Table 1
Parameters of smart materials.

Name of Smart Material Advantages Disadvantage Applications

Piezoelectric materials
Magnetostrictive materials
Rheological materials
Thermo-responsive
materials
Electrochromic materials
Fullerenes
Biomimetic materials
Graphite Fibers
Transparent Aluminum
Transparent concrete
Self-healing coating
Shape memory metals
Aerogels
Self-sensing concrete
Smart bricks
Smart wrap
Smart Glass
Phase change material
High stability, high sensitivity [87]
High energy density, Intrinsic robustness
Application of electric or magnetic field
changes its physical state [90,91]
Change physical property when exposed to
temperature variation
Change of optical properties when an electric
current is passed
Highly stable, versatile in nature
Strength, camouflage, Water proofing [40,95]
Excellent tensile strength, Low coefficient of
thermal expansion
High strength
Transmit light effectively, environment
friendly
Self-healing, reconstruct & repair itself
Elastic in nature, High strength
Efficient and adaptable highly porous solid or
semisolid materials used in place of
insulation.
Detect a small change in strain and stress.
Detect stress, sound levels, chemical
changes, moisture content, types of forces &
vibration.
High strength
Temperature control [99]
Modify the amount of light &heat, cost
effective
Absorb or release latent heat, saves energy
Not used for static measurements [87]
Intricacy of material gets increased.
Enough experimental evidence were not
found
Not easily available to work with
Costly
low coloration efficiency and durability
health and environmental impacts
Poor abrasion resistance, Sensitivity to
moisture
Break when compressed, Machining
weakens the GF.
Minimizing impurities, eliminating
micropores, controlling grain
boundaries.
High initial cost, casting is difficult.
High viscosity resin should not be used,
time consuming
Costly to machine and manufacture
Clarity is low, reduced surface area
Inability to detect early stage of damage
Issues of maintenance and durability,
expensive.
Technology is in initial stage
High initial cost
Costly, Compatibility with the material
needs to be identified.
Roads and buildings [88]
Damper, sensor, energy storage.[31,89]
Automobiles, buildings [32,90]
Vehicles, aircraft, thermostat [92]
Liquid crystal display units, Lithium ion
batteries [36,80]
Corrosion resistance, crack prevention to
mechanical durability, electronic appliances
[93,94]
Aircraft, Ships, Satellites[96]
Windows, defense application [97]
Any construction, buildings [42,50,98]
Rust proofing, Cementitious materials [52]
Earthquake proof houses, Bridges [27,58]
As insulation in building, furnace [43,59]
Building structure [65,69]
Building structure [72,74]
Walls and partitions [8]
Can replace wall materials
Buildings, automobiles [100]
Added in concrete to enhance properties,
thermal storage [101,102]

Fig. 4. Magnetostrictive materials.

Fig. 2. Piezoelectric materials.

3. Overview on smart materials

In the field of construction there are various materials which

have more than one application and are versatile in nature. For lit-
erature review, papers were downloaded from Science Direct, IOP.
Keyword for searching the paper were ‘‘smart building materials”,
‘‘smart material”, ‘‘smart material in construction” ‘‘smart material
in civil engineering”, etc. A total of 140articles were downloaded
and 113 articles were shortlisted for this paper on the basis of
prominent application and significant research on smart materials
for civil engineering. The most interesting and more cited papers
were discussed in details in this paper. This paper was written to
discuss all the relevant applications of smart materials were dis-
cussed in the paper. Appropriate images were provided by the
author, it will help in developing better understanding of the sub-
ject matter. The selection process of previous research work is
Fig. 3. Electrostrictive materials. shown in the flow chart below.
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A. Mukherjee, Deepmala, P. Srivastava et al. Materials Today: Proceedings 81 (2023) 350–359

4. Smart materials applications in civil engineering

Use of smart materials in the civil construction industry has

increased in the last decade because of its advantage over tradi-
tional materials and compensates due to fast ROI on investment.
Some of the major advantages of smart materials are enlisted
below.
Fig. 5. Rheological materials.
a) In sensor application it can provide fast response with and
higher accuracy [41].
b) It can provide vital data about durability and service life i.e.
strength and deterioration [42].
c) It increases resistance against corrosion, cracks, fire, chemi-
cals, and fatigue as well [43].
d) Provide means to implement more environment friendly
and energy efficient building design [44]

Keeping the aforementioned points in mind, some smart mate-

rials and their respective applications are provided below
[8,45,46].

Fig. 6. Thermo-responsive materials.

4.1. Graphite fibers (GF)

They have high-performance standards and are being used in

various fields, right from aircraft, ships, and satellites to mobile
phone covers. GFs are thin carbon strands combined to provide
much-desired engineering properties such as excellent tensile
strength, conductance with a low coefficient of thermal expansion,
inflammability, high strength, and premium finish. Its strength is
almost five times compared to construction grade steel while
weighing one-third of its weight. Since it is lightweight and pos-
sesses a high strength it is often used to give structural strength
to concrete, timber and steel structures. It has its applications in
interiors such as doors and bathtubs. Graphite fibers are costly,
low compressive strength and non-recyclable, it is not used for
Fig. 7. Electrochromic materials.
general application. Application of graphite fibre is still on priority
when it comes to delicate design, sensitive work, and high-end
projects. Fig. 10 shows the application of graphene fiber in differ-
ent fields. Construction industry uses around 6% of total Graphite
production worldwide [47].

Fig. 8. Fullerenes.

Fig. 9. Biomimetic materials. Fig. 10. Application of graphite fibers in various fields.

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A. Mukherjee, Deepmala, P. Srivastava et al. Materials Today: Proceedings 81 (2023) 350–359

4.2. Transparent materials

This is a relatively new product in construction industry but can

be found in various applications of civil engineering. A few materi-
als and their applications were explained below.

4.2.1. Transparent aluminum

These are transparent (greater than 84% visibility) ceramic
materials made up of Aluminum, Nitrogen, and Oxygen with a
basic form of (AlN) x
(Al2O3)1 x, 0.30  x  0.37. It is four times
harder compared to ordinary glasses. It is also acid and radiation-
resistant in nature. It is used for rods, glass and military usage. It is
one of the hardest materials available for the construction of win-
dows and other applications [48].
Fig. 11. Illustration of Self-healing concrete.
4.2.2. Transparent concrete
Concreteis one of the most commonly used constructionmateri-
als, It can be made more environment friendly and versatile in
serving its purpose. Transparent or translucent concrete, which with a catalyst to activate the process. The self-healing process in
can transmit light effectively, can be made by adding transparent coatings increases durability decreases maintenance and retains
material in the mix or embedding fiber in the concrete mix. It is basic desirable pixel properties. This type of coating is typically
also the most recent and environment-friendly concrete so far used in rust proofing, cementitious materials and civil construction
[42]. Structure made of transparent concrete provides premium projects where serviceability is an important aim.
finish and aesthetically artistic structures [49]. In the pursuit of
developing unique material, it is of paramount importance to build
4.4. Shape memory metals
structures that are environment friendly, economic and struc-
turally sound [50]. Transparent concrete is not only a greener
These materials remember its original shape and can return to
material but also economic. It can produce light by absorbing light
its original shape after being deformed; hence these materials
during the day and shine with glimmer at night [51]. Structure
are often called as shape-shifting materials.
made of transparent Aluminum looks much brighter during the
Fig. 12 shows the schematic showing behavior of shape mem-
day. It has a significant advantage in economic construction also
ory metal. Shape memory metals may undergo some strain when
since it can save lighting bills and can provide insulation during
exposed to external force but with time it returns to its original
winters due to its embedded carbon fibers [49]. It may be used
form, these may be used in bridges. When any tornado or wind
in walls, pavements, interior components, and non-structural
sway, distorts some component made of a shape memory alloy,
members as well [50].
it will get back to its original shape with time [57,58]. For now,
such materials are not widely used in the construction industry
4.3. Self-healing materials
due to a lack of research and safety purposes. But many proposed
applications may be implemented with time and extensive
Self-healing materials have an inherent capability to heal any
research. These alloys are lightweight and have structural proper-
internal or surface damage. Hence these materials itself or when
ties such as high yield and plastic strength. Hence shape-shifting
added in any other material improves durability and efficiency.
materials may be used in producing smart reinforced concrete,
earthquake resistant structures, pipe couplings, etc. Despite all
4.3.1. Self-healing concrete
the structural properties, there is very little research background
In this era of construction, concrete is most commonly used due
for these materials. These materials may catch rust quickly and
to its versatility and ease of production. But it has a major draw-
are much expansive than structural steel. Extracting such material
back that under any tensile force, abrupt temperature change or
results in environmental pollution.
improper curing it tends to crack, which reduces its strength and
durability. They are also called as microbial concrete due to the
presence of ‘‘Bacillus pseudofirmus” bacteria which uses calcium 4.5. Aero gels
lactate to produce limestone, Fig. 11shows the illustration of self-
healing concrete) [52]. The limestone heals cracks and deforma- Aerogels are generally highly porous solid or semisolid materi-
tions [1,7]. These bacteria are mixed in the concrete during produc- als with a density of around 3 kg/m3 [59]. These materials can
tion and batching. This self-healing phenomenon increases the replace thick layers of insulations being used in buildings, which
durability and gives long term strength of concrete [53,54]. The
layer of CaCO3 (calcium carbonate) prevents water and gas entry
into concrete [55].

4.3.2. Self-healing coating

This material works much like self-healing concrete. It has an
intrinsic ability to reconstruct and repair any wear and tear on
the surface. The healing process may be externally or internally
generated. It has three types of working methods; healing based
on injected capsules, healing based on the vascular system and
polymer-based healing [52]. There are also many pieces of research
which provides means for self-healing in paints and coatings [56].
Self-healing is generally achieved by putting a healing agent along Fig. 12. Behavior pattern of shape memory metals.

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A. Mukherjee, Deepmala, P. Srivastava et al.
occupies more space [43]. These materials are more efficient and
adaptable. These materials have the best in class properties such
as low thermal conductivity, low density and lowest refractive
index [60]. The properties of Aerogel which make it versatile in
application and unique in nature are its extraordinary heat and
sound insulation, bacteria and dust particle capturing nature,
non-flammable composition and its recyclability.
Aerogels are being used extensively in many fields after a lot of
research. Silica aerogel is used as fire-retardant owing to its capa-
bility to withstand up to 1400°C without any fume or gases. These
are applicable right from kitchen setup to as small as electronic
components. For insulation, Aerogel blankets are used over walls
and roofs. Aerogel insulation sheets are made up of fibrous rein-
forcement and silica aerogel [59]. A house has a lot of gases pro-
duced from inside such as cooking food, burners, paints and
furniture [61]. These harmful particles and gases may be absorbed
by efficient porous materials, aerogels have excellent absorption
capacity to mitigate the toxic gases owning to its relatively large
specific surface area [59]. As mentioned previously aerogel serves
as an excellent sound absorber due to its high porosity and large
surface area. The velocity of sound waves is almost one third
through aerogel when compared to air [62–64]. Even these quali-
ties are enhanced when paired with fiber reinforcement [63]. Aero-
gel insulation sheets are more efficient for sure but costlier than
regular insulation sheets.
4.6. Other construction components
There are some smart materials which have been tested and
tried extensively and have found their applications in the civil con-
struction industry. These materials are available in the market and
can be see1n in various sites. Some smart materials are briefly
explained below.
4.6.1. Self-sensing concrete
This type of concrete can detect a small change in strain and
stress to its electric resistance. Smart concrete is also known as car-
bon fiber reinforced concrete because, during the concrete produc-
tion, small carbon fibers are added into it. In this type of concrete, a
sensory network of carbon fibers gets formed which locates elec-
trodes on the structure. Due to these changes in stress or strain
in the concrete, result in different electric resistivity which can
be measured by any probe placed outside surface [65–67]. In some
smart concrete carbon, strands can be replaced with steel fibers for
additional properties [68]. These types of concrete are very useful
in detecting stress in the buried portion of concrete or detecting
stress change before earthquakes [69].
4.6.2. Smart bricks
Smart bricks can be used to track many properties of structure
very efficiently. For some bricks, electrodes are embedded along
with conductive nanofiller in them to measure strain [70] while
some are embedded with three basic electronics components; sen-
sors, signal processors and a communicator [71]. When used in
structure these bricks may detect various forces and parameters
such as a change in stress, sound levels, chemical changes, mois-
ture content, types of forces, vibration, etc. [72]. Various types of
sensors are used for different purposes. These features will add
advantage during unforeseen situations like fire hazards, earth-
quake damage assessment, etc. [73]. The use of these bricks may
not only increase safety but also increases occupant’s health by
providing vital information about building environmental parame-
ters [74].
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Materials Today: Proceedings 81 (2023) 350–359
4.6.3. Smart wrap
These are ultra-thin and ultra-light sheets that can be applied
over walls and partitions or can replace wall materials completely
[8]. They can change color, control the indoor climate, regulate
lighting, display information and provide shelter [75,76]. These
are typically madeup of 6 layers. One layer is of carbon nanotube
which provides strength to it, four layers of smart layers to include
features such as temperature control, visuals, etc. and another
layer of polyethelyne terephthalate (PET) to hold all the layers
together. The four layers of smart materials contain control cir-
cuitry also. PET is a material generally used as ship sails and hence
provides exceptional waterproofing and wind protection [45]. This
technology has the potential to revolutionize the concept of walls
as we know it. It is not only economic from HVAC and portability
point of view but also gives a lot of customization options to
change the theme of the house.
4.6.4. Smart glass
Smart glasses can change their properties depending upon the
requirement and it is cost-effective as well [77]. It can modify
the amount of light, heat glare entering through it. It can be used
in the doors, sunroofs, sun shades and windows for better indoor
climate control.
Smart glasses are of 2 types one is active type while other is a
passive type. Passive type smart glasses changes its characteristics
on its own, stimulated by the sunlight and heat [78]. Common
examples of such glasses are photochromic and thermochromic
glasses. While in the active type smart glass we pass an electric
current through it to change the transmission properties [46,79].
The active type of smart glass provides better privacy since it can
turn a transparent glass into an opaque glass with just a press of
a button. (Fig. 13) But these are lesser environmentally friendly
as compared to passive type glasses. Passive type smart glasses
provide lesser custom settings for light and heat admittance while
Active type smart glasses provide detailed settings [80].
5. Phase change material
Phase change material (PCM): When these materials undergo a
phase change i.e. solid to liquid or liquid to solid they absorb or
release latent heat. In building application PCM is either used as
a thermal storage or it is added in concrete to enhance energy effi-
ciency and thermal comfort of the building [81]. Fig. 14Different
Fig. 13. Cross-section of active type smart glass.
A. Mukherjee, Deepmala, P. Srivastava et al.
Fig. 14. Different method of incorporation of PCM into concrete [81].
method of incorporation of PCM into concrete [81] shows the dif-
ferent method of incorporation of PCM into concrete.
A numerical model was developed using finite difference
method to analyze the thermal performance of a house whose
walls are made up of multilayer phase change material [82]. PCM
layer and insulation layer on wall was optimized to achieve 30%
reduction in annual energy consumption. An experimental study
to produce PCM added in mortar using form-stable method was
investigated [83]. Benchmarking of PCM was performed for selec-
tion of a building having radiant cooling walls to achieve long term
thermal stabilityout of all available options in the market was done
[84]. Hybrid PCM wallboard (combination of three PCMs) which
can be used for wide phase-change temperature range was fabri-
cated [85]. Energy consumption in Hybrid PCM wallboard is 30%
less compared togypsum wallboard. Thermal properties of PCM
and thermal process parameters of prefabricated concrete (PC) cur-
ing was developed for greenhouse [86].
6. Challenges and restraints in developing any novel smart
material
Smart materials can be instrumental in constructing economic,
eco-friendly and efficient construction components [103–105].
Despite all these possibilities, these materials are not used in reg-
ular construction due to some issues. Some of the fundamental
issues have been identified and enlisted below along with its con-
ceivable solution if possible:
i. High Cost: Raw materials and processing such high-end
materials are costly which makes the end product even cost-
lier. But with high demand and regular application in struc-
tures, the cost may be reduced significantly by mass
production. The cost may reduce with savings due to the
efficiency of such materials [106].
ii. Lesser research: Since these materials are relatively new in
construction and hence not much research has been con-
ducted on it [66]. Therefore the lack of awareness about
these materials leads to fear in practitioners using such
materials. Solid research and open access for it may reduce
this fear [107].
iii. Fear of change/new practice: It is evident that we fear to try
out new materials when old materials work just fine [108].
This perception may be changed with widespread vigilance
and application of such materials [66] at public places.
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Materials Today: Proceedings 81 (2023) 350–359
iv. Lesser application on live projects: Due to high cost and
lesser research leads to a lesser application of such materials
in real-world projects [109]. This problem may be solved by
following the above-stated points.
7. Future scope of smart materials
For the futuristic technological need, smart materials will
emerge as a reasonable answer. With the identification of more
smart technologies and their implementations will be used in
the construction sector for a vast scope of applications from
micro to macro scale [110]. The properties like durability, effi-
ciency, adaptability, sensitivity and cost-effectiveness will
increase the demand for smart materials. The extensive use of
smart materials mitigates the negative impact of the environ-
ment and provides quality of life [111]. Sector mentioned in
Fig. 1and other future potential sectors will use these synthe-
sized or diversified materials with unique intelligence sense to
achieve sustainability. The application of smart materials in con-
struction can be used in a diversified manner. The use of such
materials in construction is valuable to boost the economy of a
country as the cost related to the construction is considered
instrumental to the nation’s growth [112]. Use of smart material
can minimize the energy consumption and CO2 emission in the
civil engineering. Following are some of the scope suggested
for future research:
 Smart materials can be interlinked to create/analyze building
status.
 Pre-disaster alert and post disaster maintenance warning for
building structure through using smart material application.
 Development of technology to manufacture smart material for
large scale production.
 Improving cost effectiveness is required to penetrate the
market.
 Smart material to provide health monitoring data of civil struc-
ture using IOT.
 Development of smart material to maintain acoustics and
humidity in the civil structure.
 Integration of artificial intelligence with smart materials for
self-healing and warning.
 Life cycle assessment for the smart materials.
 Experimental study for showing energy efficiency and potential
for application of combination of smart materials in civil
structures.
8. Conclusion
Materials used in the past are now becoming obsolete with
the growing demand for multidisciplinary applications of materi-
als. This paper shows the fields of engineering and their
advancements are more demanding than ever before. Therefore,
the smart materials promise more efficient tomorrow and vast
applicability of one material in many dimensions. An in-depth
understanding of materials is unlocking new horizons of applica-
bility in all the fields which is the ultimate aim for science and
research. These materials hold the key to an advanced society
and will surely enhance the quality of living. Along with all
the benefits, these materials come at a high cost. Since smart
materials are relatively new in the construction field, it lacks
research and practical evidence of their application and effi-
ciency. While some materials like aerogels and self-healing con-
crete have proved their economic and practical efficiency in the
construction industry. A few materials still need to prove their
applicability and viability. Despite all the doubts and applicabil-
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