Origins of Islam:

● Islam originated in the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century.

● The founder of Islam is Prophet Muhammad, who was born in the city of Mecca in 570
CE.
● As a young man, Muhammad worked as a merchant and was known for his honesty
and integrity.
● At the age of 40, Muhammad received his first revelation from Allah through the angel
Gabriel, which marked the beginning of his prophethood.
● Muhammad initially faced opposition and persecution from the people of Mecca, who
were polytheistic and resistant to his message of monotheism.
● In 622 CE, Muhammad and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina in an event
known as the Hijra, which marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar.
● In Medina, Muhammad established a community based on the principles of Islam, and
his followers grew in number.
● Over the course of his life, Muhammad received further revelations from Allah, which
were compiled into the Islamic holy book, the Quran.
● After Muhammad's death in 632 CE, his followers continued to spread Islam
throughout the Arabian Peninsula and beyond, eventually establishing a vast empire
that stretched from Spain to India.
● Islam is based on the belief in one God (Allah), who is merciful, just, and all-powerful.
The central message of Islam is the oneness of God and the submission to His will.
● The teachings of Islam are embodied in the Quran and the Sunnah (the sayings and
actions of the Prophet Muhammad).
● The Five Pillars of Islam are the basic practices that every Muslim must follow: (1)
declaration of faith (Shahada), (2) prayer (Salah), (3) fasting during the month of
Ramadan (Sawm), (4) giving to charity (Zakat), and (5) pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) at
least once in a lifetime for those who are physically and financially able.
● The spread of Islam was facilitated by the military conquests of the early Muslim
caliphs, as well as the appeal of the Islamic message to people of different cultures and
backgrounds.
● Islam has had a profound impact on world history, shaping the social, cultural, and
political landscape of the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Asia and Europe.
● Today, Islam is the second-largest religion in the world, with over 1.8 billion followers,
and is practiced in diverse communities around the globe.
 Core Ethical Teachings:

The Process of Islamic Jurisprudence:

- Laws set by the guidelines of the Quran and hadith
- It provides the teachings that are to be
followed by all Muslims and is regarded as normative for all aspects of
slam.
- Where the Qur'an is not sufficiently clear or detailed on a particular
issue, Muslims look to other sources to provide guidance for
appropriate ethical actions.

Hadith Qudsi:
- The most influential of these traditions are known as the sacred hadiths or hadith qudsi.
- These traditions are regarded as part of the revelation of Allah, however, unlike the
Qur'an they are communicated in the words of the Prophet rather than the exact words
of Allah.

Fiqh:
- Process of Jurisprudence is known as Fiqh which means knowledge or understanding

- It refers to the process of studying shari'ah in a scholarly way, relating the legal practice
to the revelation of the Qur'an and the traditions of the Prophet.
Qiyas: 2 Sorts
- Personal judgment on an issue. This is known as ijtihad. clear risk of an individual's
judgment being clouded by their own perspective
- Ijma, more reliable and draws on decisions from scholars.
Consensus amongst authorities
- Sunnies place particular value on the coonsensus (agreement) of the scolars, who have
sufficient expertise(well experience and knowledge) to exercise legitimate Ijtihad.

Mujtahids and Ayatollahs

- Judgments Of certain recognised authorities known either as Mujtahids and Ayatollahs.
- Acts as roles of leading imams and exercise Ijtihad

Madhhabs:
- School of Law
- 5 main:Jafar al-Sadiq, Malik, Abu Hanifa, Shafi'i and Ahmad ibn Hanbal.
- Muslim communities would follows one of these schools
- Followers of these communities there are moderate and modernist who believe there
should be a change in these judgements as time changes
- Where as some followers believe that judgments have been provided and now iits a
matter of applying them faithfully

RECAP:
Jurisprudence
• Jurisprudence is the system of laws applied in a particular country

Shari'ah
• Islamic law
• Differs among different Muslim societies
• Is enforced both politically and spiritually, among communities and individuals
• Is devised by a specific process

1. Qur’an
2. Hadith & Sunnah
3. Qiyas
4. Ijma’

Halal and Haram

- Muslim ethical judgment ultimately leads to a decision about what is permitted or halal
and what is forbidden or haraam.
 - In living Shari'ah and making decisions about what should be done a number of aspects
need to be considered.
● Respected Leaders
● Precedent
● Common or Public Good

Haram:
- if something is not forbidden then it is permitted, however, because something is
permitted it does not necessarily mean that it is desirable or appropriate.
Required Actions:
- Examples of these would include the five pillars. Those things which require action are
known as fard or wajib.
- Fard and wajib can be identified in two forms. One involves a personal obligation while
the second is an obligation on the Muslim community as a whole.
Desirable actions:
- . Additional charitable activities or prayers, gestures of hospitality, forgiving
wrongdoing etc are all regarded as mandub or mustahab.
Unclear Actions:
- These actions fall into the realm of the unclear and require the prudent exercise of
personal judgment.
- Mubah Refers to situations where there is no clear guidance in the Qur'an or in
judgments of authorities in Islam.
Hateful Actions:
- Are not recommended or are not approved. These actions are known as makruh and are
officially regarded as hateful, yet are not absolutely forbidden.
 Halal Food with proven certificate, Getting a job as
a women, Charity, Any good actions,Fasting
during Ramadan and Praying

Haram Disrespecting parents, Music with bad

meaning, Lying, Non Halal foods/drinks
(pork,beer,gelatine,cherry ripe chocolate),
Intercourse before marriage, backbiting and
hypocrisy.

Mustahab Assalamualaikum (greetings), Performing

wudu before you sleep, Doing tasbeeh after
prayer and Staying up after Fajr

Quiz

What does the Aqida refer to?

The Islamic Aqeedah comprises six articles of faith. Muslim beliefs include the divine oneness
(Tawhid), the angels, the books of god, the messengers of god, the hereafter and the decree.

What are the implications of the Tawhid for Muslims?

Tawhid keeps believers self aware and conscious of their actions. Muslims are required to
practice the islamic virtue taqwa which means mindfulness. They must constantly be alert
against selfishness, greed and arrogance.

Explain the relationship between the Quran and Hadith.

The Holy Quran presents a thorough philosophy and provides believers with laws and
regulations as well as guidelines for their social and moral conduct. Whereas, the hadiths are
the things the prophet would approve of and his teachings to society at the time. Hadiths are
accepted as authentic sources as they contain the words and actions of the greatest prophets
and work alongside the Quran to guid adherents.
 EXPRESSION OF FAITH:

1. Shahada: The declaration of faith

● The Shahada is the declaration of belief in the oneness of God and the prophethood of
Muhammad.
● It is the most important pillar and is considered the foundation of Islam.
● The Shahada is recited daily in prayer and is also the phrase a person says to convert to
Islam.
2. Salah: Prayer
● Muslims are required to perform five daily prayers at specific times throughout the day.
● The prayers involve facing the Kaaba in Mecca and reciting specific verses from the
Quran.
● Prayer is seen as a means of communication with God and a way to maintain a close
relationship with Him.
3. Sawm: Fasting
● Muslims are required to fast during the month of Ramadan, which is the ninth month of
the Islamic lunar calendar.
● Fasting involves abstaining from food, drink, and other physical needs from dawn until
sunset.
● The purpose of fasting is to develop self-discipline, empathy for those less fortunate, and
a closer connection with God.
4. Zakat: Giving to charity
● Muslims are required to give a percentage of their wealth to those in need.
● Zakat is one of the five pillars and is seen as a way to purify one's wealth and help those
who are less fortunate.
● The amount of Zakat that a person is required to give varies depending on their income
and assets.
5. Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca
● Muslims who are physically and financially able are required to perform the pilgrimage to
Mecca at least once in their lifetime.
● The pilgrimage involves a series of rituals, including circling the Kaaba, standing on the
plain of Arafat, and stoning pillars representing the devil.
● The Hajj is seen as a way to strengthen one's faith and connect with Muslims from
around the world.