11/14/2022 Elementary Linear Algebra - 9781118473504 - Exercise 18 | Quizlet

Step 1 1 of 9

We can write the system as

y′ = Ay

where

y = [ 1]
y
y2

and

1 3
A=[ ]
2 4

is the coefficient matrix of the system.

Let's find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of A.

The characteristic polynomial of A = det(λI − A)
λ−1 −3
= det [ ]
−2 λ−4
= (λ − 1)(λ − 4) − 6
= λ2 − 5λ + 4 − 6
= λ2 − 5λ − 2

5± (−5)2 − 4(1)(−2) 5 ± 33
The eigenvalues of A are = .
2 2

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11/14/2022 Elementary Linear Algebra - 9781118473504 - Exercise 18 | Quizlet

Step 2 2 of 9

Let v= (p, q) an eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue

5 + 33
. Then,
2

( I − A) v = 0
5+ 33
2

[ 2 ]
5+ 33
−1 −3 0
[ ] [ ]
p
=
−2 5+ 33
−4 q 0
2

[ 2 ]
3+ 33
−3 0
[ ] [ ]
p
=
−2 −3+ 33 q 0
2

3+ 33
The first row of the above matrix equation implies p − 3q = 0.
2
Hence, we can take (3, ) as the eigenvector corresponding
3+ 33
2
5+ 33
to eigenvalue .
2

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11/14/2022 Elementary Linear Algebra - 9781118473504 - Exercise 18 | Quizlet

Step 3 3 of 9

Let v= (p, q) an eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue

5 − 33
. Then,
2

( I − A) v = 0
5− 33
2

[ 2 ]
5− 33
−1 −3 0
[ ] [ ]
p
=
−2 5− 33
−4 q 0
2

[ 2 ]
3− 33
−3 0
[ ] [ ]
p
=
−2 −3− 33 q 0
2

3− 33
The first row of the above matrix equation implies p − 3q = 0.
2
Hence, we can take (3, ) as the eigenvector corresponding
3− 33
2
5− 33
to eigenvalue .
2

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11/14/2022 Elementary Linear Algebra - 9781118473504 - Exercise 18 | Quizlet

Step 4 4 of 9

Now construct P by taking the eigenvectors as its columns.

⎡ 3 3 ⎤
P =
⎣ ⎦
3+ 33 3− 33
2 2
Find P −1 .

⎡ −3 + 33 3 ⎤
1 2
P −1 =
3 33 ⎣ 3 + 33
−3⎦
2
This P diagonalizes A. That is,

⎡5 + 33
0 ⎤
P −1 AP = 2 =D
⎣ ⎦
5− 33
0
2

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11/14/2022 Elementary Linear Algebra - 9781118473504 - Exercise 18 | Quizlet

Step 5 5 of 9

Define u = P −1 y. Hence, y = P u. Then, the system can be written as

P u′ = A(P u)

Or alternatively,

u′ = P −1 AP u

u′ = Du

⎡5 + 33
0 ⎤
u′1
[ ′] [ 1]
2 u
=
⎣ ⎦
u2 5− 33 u2
0
2
This gives the following system.

5+ 33
u′1 = u1
2
5 − 33
u′2 = − u2
2

The solution of this system is the following.

5+ 33
x
u1 = c1 e 2

5− 33
x
u2 = c2 e 2

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11/14/2022 Elementary Linear Algebra - 9781118473504 - Exercise 18 | Quizlet

Step 6 6 of 9

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11/14/2022 Elementary Linear Algebra - 9781118473504 - Exercise 18 | Quizlet

Step 7 7 of 9

Now, if y1 (0)
= 5 and y2 (0) = 6, then it means that y1 = 5 when x = 0
and y2 = 6 when x = 0.

Substitute x = 0, y1 = 5 and y1 = 6 in the expressions for y1 , y2 above

and get the following.

(−3 + 33)c1 c
5= + 2 (1)
6 33 33
(3 + 33)c1 c
6= − 2 (2)
6 33 33

Adding equations (1) and (2) gives

1
11 = c1
3
which implies c1 = 33.
Substituting this in equation (2) gives

c2 (3 + 33) 33
= −6
33 6

(3 + 33)(33)
c2 = − 6 33
6
33 + 11 33
c2 = − 6 33
2
33 − 33
c2 =
2

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11/14/2022 Elementary Linear Algebra - 9781118473504 - Exercise 18 | Quizlet

Step 8 8 of 9

Now we substitute the values of c1 and c2 in the expressions for y1 , y2

and get the particular solution.

(−3 + 33)(33) 5+ 2 33 x 33 − 33 5− 2 33 x
y1 = e + e
6 33 2 33

y1 = ( )e 2 x + ( )e 2 x
− 33 + 11 5+ 33 33 − 1 5− 33

2 2

(3 + 33)(33) 5+ 33 x 33 − 33 5− 33 x
y2 = e 2 − e 2
6 33 2 33

y2 = ( )e −( )e 2 x
33 + 11 5+ 33
2 x 33 − 1 5− 33

2 2

Result 9 of 9

y1 = ( )e 2 x + ( )e 2 x
− 33 + 11 5+ 33 33 − 1 5− 33

2 2

y2 = ( )e 2 x − ( )e 2 x
33 + 11 5+ 33 33 − 1 5− 33

2 2

Exercise 17 Exercise 19

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