MECHANICS OF

SOLIDS

Rakesh D
C V RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY Odisha
 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

REF NO: To be filled by CD office

ME20101:: Mechanics of Solids

Credits: 04 Teaching Scheme: - Theory 03Hrs/Week

Prerequisites: Engineering Mechanics

Course Objectives:

The main objective of the course is to build a strong foundation and to acquaint
the students with the

1. concepts of stress, strain, strain energy and analyze axially loaded members.
2. analysis of stresses, strains and deflections produced in bending of beams.
3. analysis of stresses and strains produced in torsion of circular shafts and
calculation of stresses produced in close-coiled helical spring.
4. calculation of principal stresses and principal strains in plane strain and plane
stress conditions and the application of it to combined bending and twisting
problems.
5. calculation of stresses developed in thin cylindrical and spherical pressure
vessels and Euler's critical load of long columns

Course Details:

Unit 1: Concepts of Stress and Strain (06 Hrs)

U1.1. Load, Stress, Strain, Shear stress, Complimentary shear stress, Shear
strain, Hooke’s law, elastic constants and their relationship, Principle of
St.Venant, Principle of Superposition, Working Stress, Factor of safety.
Analysis of Axially Loaded Members: Deformation of simple and composite
bars in tension and compression, thermal stresses in composite bars, Statically
indeterminate problems.
U1.2. Strain energy in tension and compression, Resilience, Impact loads

Unit 2: Analysis of Simple Bending of Beams (13 Hrs)

U2.1. Shear Force and Bending Moment for Simple Beams: Types of support and
Types of load. Support reactions, Shear force and bending moment.
Relationship between bending moment and shear force, Shear Force and

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Bending Moment diagrams, Point of inflection.

Simple Bending of Beams: Theory of simple bending of initially straight

beams, bending stresses, Section Modulus, Flexural rigidity, Shear stresses in
bending, Distribution of normal and shear stress, Analysis of Composite beams.

Deflection of Beams: Differential equation of the elastic curve, Slope and

deflection of beams by integration method, Macaulay method and area -
moment method.

U2.2. Using singularity functions to determine shear force and bending moment in a
beam.

Unit 3: Torsion of Shafts and Close-Coiled Helical Spring (08 Hrs)

U3.1. Torsion in solid and hollow circular shafts, Power transmitted by a shaft,
Comparison of solid and hollow shaft by strength and weight.

Close-Coiled helical springs: Stresses developed in a spring, Deflection

produced in a spring, Strain energy stored in a spring, Springs in series and
parallel.

U3.2. Torsional rigidity, Shafts in series and parallel.

Unit 4: Concepts of Principal Stress and Principal Strain (08 Hrs)

U4.1. Stress at a point, Stresses on inclined planes, Plane stress, Principal stresses,
Principal planes, Maximum shearing stress, Maximum shearing plane, Mohr's
circle for plane stress, Stresses due to combined bending and torsion, Strength
of shafts in combined bending and twisting.

Plane strain, Mohr’s circle for strain, Principal strains and principal axes of
strain, strain rosette, Calculation of principal stresses from principal strains,
Theories of failure.

U4.2. Stresses due to combined bending and torsion, Strength of shafts in combined
bending and twisting, Graphical representation of theories of failure.

Unit 5: Analysis of Thin Pressure Vessels and Columns (05 Hrs)

U5.1. Stresses in thin cylindrical pressure vessel, thin spherical pressure vessel
under internal pressure, Changes in dimensions of a pressure vessel.

Long column and short column, Euler's critical load for different end conditions,
Slenderness ratio.

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U5.2. Wire winding of thin cylindrical pressure vessel.

Course Outcomes: Student will be able to

CO1: Explain the concepts of stress, strain, strain energy and analyse axially loaded
members.
CO2: Analyze stresses, strains and deflections produced in bending of beams.
CO3: Analyze stresses and strains produced in torsion of circular shafts and apply
the concepts to calculate stresses produced in close-coiled helical spring.
CO4: Calculate principal stresses and principal strains in plane strain and plane
stress conditions and apply it to combined bending and twisting problems.
CO5: Calculate stresses developed in thin cylindrical and spherical pressure vessels
and Euler's critical load of long columns.

Text Books:

T1. “Mechanics of Materials”, Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston Jr., Johnston

T. DeWolf, and David F. Mazurek, Tata Mcgraw Hill Education Private Limited,
Fifth Edition, 2011.
T2. “Strength of Materials”, S. Ramamrutham and R. Narayanan, Dhanpat Rai
Publishing Company (P) Limited, Seventeenth Edition, 2011.
T3. “Strength of Materials”, R. Subramanian, Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2010.

Reference Books:

R1. “Strength of Materials”, G.H. Ryder, Macmillan Publishers India Limited, Third
Edition, 2002.
R2. “Engineering Mechanics of Solids”, Egor P. Popov, Pearson, Second Edition,
2006.
R3. “Strength of Materials”, Dr. Sadhu Singh, Khanna Publishers, Eleventh Edition,
2014.
R4. “Mechanics of Materials”, R.C Hibbeler, Printice Hall, Ninth Edition, 2013.
R5. “Strength of Materials”, S.S Ratan, Tata Mcgraw Hill Education Private Limited,
Second Edition, 2008.

Open sources:
 http://nptel.ac.in
 http:// ocw.mit.edu/courses/mechanical-engineering/
 http://www.myopencourses.com/discipline/mechanical-engineering
 https://nptel.ac.in/courses/112/107/112107146/

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 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

 https://nptel.ac.in/courses/112/107/112107147/
 https://nptel.ac.in/courses/112/106/112106141/
REF NO: To be filled by CD office
ME20101:: Mechanics of Solids

Credits: 01 Teaching Scheme: Tutorial 01 Hrs/Week

Prerequisites: Engineering Mechanics

Outcomes: Students will be able to calculate stress, strain and deformation produced
in axially loaded members, bending of beams, torsion of circular shafts, close-coiled
helical spring, thin cylindrical and spherical pressure vessels, columns.

Course Details:

List of Contents

Tutorial No. 1: Numericals on axially loaded members.

Tutorial No. 2: Numericals on Shear force and Bending moment digram of beams.

Tutorial No. 3: Numericals on bending stress in beams.

Tutorial No. 4: Numericals on shear stress in beams.

Tutorial No. 5: Numericals on deflection of beams by Macaulay method.

Tutorial No. 6: Numericals on torsion of shafts.

Tutorial No. 7: Numericals on close-coiled helical spring.

Tutorial No. 8: Numericals on principal stresses using Mohr's circle.

Tutorial No. 9: Numericals on principal strains using Mohr's circle.

Tutorial No. 10: Numericals on thin pressure vessels.

Tutorial No. 11: Numericals on columns.

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Text Books:

T1. “Mechanics of Materials”, Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston Jr.,

Johnston T. DeWolf, and David F. Mazurek, Tata Mcgraw Hill Education
Private Limited, Fifth Edition, 2011.
T2. “Strength of Materials”, S. Ramamrutham and R. Narayanan, Dhanpat Rai
Publishing Company (P) Limited, Seventeenth Edition, 2011.
T3. “Strength of Materials”, R. Subramanian, Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2010.

Reference Books:

R1. “Strength of Materials”, G.H. Ryder, Macmillan Publishers India Limited, Third
Edition, 2002.
R2. “Engineering Mechanics of Solids”, Egor P. Popov, Pearson, Second Edition,
2006.
R3. “Strength of Materials”, Dr. Sadhu Singh, Khanna Publishers, Eleventh Edition,
2014.
R4. “Mechanics of Materials”, R.C Hibbeler, Printice Hall, Ninth Edition, 2013.
R5. “Strength of Materials”, S.S Ratan, Tata Mcgraw Hill Education Private Limited,
Second Edition, 2008.

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Contents
U1.1. Classification of loads.............................................................................................................. 8
U1.2. Stress ....................................................................................................................................... 9
U1.3. Shear stress ............................................................................................................................. 9
U1.4. Complimentary Shear stress ................................................................................................. 10
U1.5. Strain ..................................................................................................................................... 10
U1.6. Poisson’s Ratio ...................................................................................................................... 12
U1.7. Types of Strain....................................................................................................................... 12
U1.8. Hooke’s Law .......................................................................................................................... 20
U1.9. Stress concentration ............................................................................................................. 23
U1.10. Saint Venant's principle ........................................................................................................ 23
U1.11. Elastic Constants ................................................................................................................... 24
U1.12. Relation between Elastic Constants...................................................................................... 25
U1.13. Deformation of a body due to force acting on it. ................................................................. 30
U1.14. Deformation of a body due to self-weight............................................................................ 32
U1.15. Principle of Superposition ..................................................................................................... 35
U1.16. Working Stress ...................................................................................................................... 35
U1.17. Factor of Safety ..................................................................................................................... 36
U1.18. Analysis of Axially Loaded Members: ................................................................................... 38
U1.19. Stress and strain in bars of varying sections ......................................................................... 39
U1.20. Bars with Continuously Varying Cross-Sections .................................................................... 41
U1.21. Composite/Compound Bars .................................................................................................. 44
U1.22. Thermal Stresses ................................................................................................................... 48
U1.23. Thermal Stresses in Compound Bars .................................................................................... 50
U1.24. Statically indeterminate problems........................................................................................ 52
U1.25. Types of Statically Indeterminate Structures........................................................................ 53
U1.26. Strain Energy and Impact Loading ........................................................................................ 59

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U1.17. Factor of Safety

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Lecture-4 Notes
Topics
Unit 1: Concepts of Stress and Strain
 Analysis of Axially Loaded Members

 Stress and strain in bars of varying sections

 Bars with Continuously Varying Cross-Sections

 Composite/Compound Bars

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U1.18. Analysis of Axially Loaded Members:

Example 1.18. A circular rod of diameter 16 mm and 500 mm long is subjected to a tensile
force 40 kN. The modulus of elasticity for steel may be taken as 200 kN/mm2. Find stress,
strain and elongation of the bar due to applied load

Example 1.19. A Surveyor’s steel tape 30 m long has a cross-section of 15 mm × 0.75 mm.
With this, line AB is measure as 150 m. If the force applied during measurement is 120 N
more than the force applied at the time of calibration, what is the actual length of the
line? Take modulus of elasticity for steel as 200 kN/mm2.

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U1.19. Stress and strain in bars of varying sections

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Example 1.20. The bar shown in Fig. 8.16 is tested in universal testing machine. It is observed
that at a load of 40 kN the total extension of the bar is 0.280 mm. Determine the Young’s
modulus of the material.

Example 1.21. The stepped bar shown in Fig. 8.17 is made up of two different materials. The
material 1 has Young’s modulus = 2 × 105 N/mm, while that of material 2 is 1 × 105 N/mm2.
Find the extension of the bar under a pull of 30 kN if both the portions are 20 mm in
thickness.

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U1.20. Bars with Continuously Varying Cross-Sections

When the cross-section varies continuously, an elemental length of the bar should be
considered and general expression for elongation of the elemental length derived. Then the
general expression should be integrated over entire length to get total extension. The
procedure is illustrated with following Examples.

Example 1.22. A bar of uniform thickness ‘t’ tapers uniformly from a width of b1 at one end
to b2 at other end in a length ‘L’ as shown in Fig. 8.18. Find the expression for the change
in length of the bar when subjected to an axial force P.

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Example 1.23. A tapering rod has diameter d1 at one end and it tapers uniformly to a
diameter d2 at the other end in a length L as shown in Fig. 8.20. If modulus of elasticity of
the material is E, find its change in length when subjected to an axial force P.

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Example 1.24. A steel flat of thickness 10 mm tapers uniformly from 60 mm at one end to 40
mm at other end in a length of 600 mm. If the bar is subjected to a load of 80 kN, find its
extension. Take E = 2 × 105 MPa. What is the percentage error if average area is used for
calculating extension?

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U1.21. Composite/Compound Bars

Example 1.25. A compound bar of length 600 mm consists of a strip of aluminium 40 mm wide
and 20 mm thick and a strip of steel 60 mm wide × 15 mm thick rigidly joined at the ends.
If elastic modulus of aluminium and steel are 1 × 105 N/mm2 and 2 × 105 N/mm2,
determine the stresses developed in each material and the extension of the compound
bar when axial tensile force of 60 kN acts.

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Example 1.26. A compound bar consists of a circular rod of steel

of 25 mm diameter rigidly fixed into a copper tube of
internal diameter 25 mm and external diameter 40 mm as
shown in Fig. 8.37. If the compound bar is subjected to a
load of 120 kN, find the stresses developed in the two
materials.

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